ABCMdb

ABCC1 p.Gly671Val

Predicted by SNAP2:	A: D (91%), C: D (91%), D: D (95%), E: D (95%), F: D (95%), H: D (95%), I: D (95%), K: D (95%), L: D (95%), M: D (95%), N: D (85%), P: D (95%), Q: D (95%), R: D (95%), S: D (91%), T: D (95%), V: D (95%), W: D (95%), Y: D (95%),
Predicted by PROVEAN:	A: D, C: D, D: D, E: D, F: D, H: D, I: D, K: D, L: D, M: D, N: D, P: D, Q: D, R: D, S: D, T: D, V: D, W: D, Y: D,

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[hide] Role of pharmacogenetics of ATP-binding cassette t... Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;112(2):457-73. Cascorbi I
Role of pharmacogenetics of ATP-binding cassette transporters in the pharmacokinetics of drugs.
Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Nov;112(2):457-73., [PMID:16766035]

Abstract [show]
Interindividual differences of drug response are an important cause of treatment failures and adverse drug reactions. The identification of polymorphisms explaining distinct phenotypes of drug metabolizing enzymes contributed in part to the understanding of individual variations of drug plasma levels. However, bioavailability also depends on a major extent from the expression and activity of drug transport across biomembranes. In particular efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family such as ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein, P-gp), the ABCC (multidrug resistance-related protein, MRP) family and ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein, BCRP) have been identified as major determinants of chemoresistance in tumor cells. They are expressed in the apical membranes of many barrier tissue such as the intestine, liver, blood-brain barrier, kidney, placenta, testis and in lymphocytes, thus contributing to plasma, liquor, but also intracellular drug disposition. Since expression and function exhibit a broad variability, it was hypothesized that hereditary variances in the genes of membrane transporters could explain at least in part interindividual differences of pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome of a variety of drugs. This review focuses on the functional significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, and ABCG2 in in vitro systems, in vivo tissues and drug disposition, as well as on the clinical outcome of major indications.

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840 In a recent study on genetic determinants of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy in non-hodgkin lymphoma patients, the ABCC1 Gly671Val variant as well as a haplotype of ABCC2 were shown to be significantly associated with acute doxorubicine toxicity. Login to comment
852 Table 5 Frequency of ABCC1 genetic variants in different populations, position on DNA, putative effect, and frequencies (according to Le Saux et al., 2000; Ito et al., 2001; Moriya et al., 2002; Conrad et al., 2002; Oselin et al., 2003b; Wang et al., 2004) Position/ Nucleotide Aminoacid or effect Orientals Caucasians Function 128G>C C43S 0.01 - elevateda 218C>T T73I 0.00-0.04 - 257C>T S92F 0.00 0.00 decreaseda 350C>T T117M - 0.02 (decreased)a 689G>A R230N 0.00 0.00 (decreased)a 816G>A synonymous - 0.04 825T>C synonymous - 0.30 1057G>A V353M 0.00 0.005 elevateda 1299G>T R433S - 0.01 elevated Vmax of doxorubicin, decreased transport of LTC4 a,b 1684T>C synonymous - 0.80 1898G>A R633Q - 0.01 (decreased)a 2012G>T G671V - 0.03 doxorubicine-induced cardiomyopathyc 2168G>A R723Q 0.01-0.07 - decreaseda 2965G>A A989T 0.00 0.005 (decreased)a 3140G>C C1047S 0.00 0.00 3173G>A R1058Q 0.01 - 4002G>A synonymous - 0.28 4535C>T S1512L - 0.03 decreaseda a Letourneau et al. (2005). Login to comment

[hide] Pharmacogenetics/genomics of membrane transporters... Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007 Mar;26(1):183-201. Huang Y
Pharmacogenetics/genomics of membrane transporters in cancer chemotherapy.
Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007 Mar;26(1):183-201., [PMID:17323126]

Abstract [show]
Inter-individual variability in drug response and the emergence of adverse drug reactions are main causes of treatment failure in cancer therapy. Recently, membrane transporters have been recognized as an important determinant of drug disposition, thereby affecting chemosensitivity and -resistance. Genetic factors contribute to inter-individual variability in drug transport and targeting. Therefore, pharmacogenetic studies of membrane transporters can lead to new approaches for optimizing cancer therapy. This review discusses genetic variations in efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family such as ABCB1 (MDR1, P-glycoprotein), ABCC1 (MRP1), ABCC2 (MRP2) and ABCG2 (BCRP), and uptake transporters of the solute carrier (SLC) family such as SLC19A1 (RFC1) and SLCO1B1 (SLC21A6), and their relevance to cancer chemotherapy. Furthermore, a pharmacogenomic approach is outlined, which using correlations between the growth inhibitory potency of anticancer drugs and transporter gene expression in multiple human cancer cell lines, has shown promise for determining the relevant transporters for any given drugs and predicting anticancer drug response.

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124 Moreover, Letourneau et al. examined 10 non-synonymous ABCC1 SNPs to determine Table 2 Summary of genetic variants in ABC transporters ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2 and ABCG2 involved in cancer chemotherapy Variants (location, effect) Phenotype Drug Sample Reference ABCB1 +103T>C (5'flanking, non-coding) Increased transcription Doxorubicin vincristine osteosarcoma Stein et al., 1994 [19] +8T>C (5'flanking, non-coding) Unknown Leukemia Rund et al., 1999 [21] 1236C>T (exon12, synonymous) Higher expression AML blasts Illmer et al., 2002 [47] Lower clearance Irinotecan Cancer patients Sai et al., 2003 [44] Higher exposure Irinotecan, SN-38 Cancer patients Mathijssen et al., 2003 [45] 2677G>T/A (exon21, A893S/T) Lower expression placenta Tanabe et al., 2001 [42] Lower expression placenta Hitzl et al., 2004 [37] Higher expression AML blasts Illmer et al., 2002 [47] Allele specific expression Cell lines, lymphoma Mickley et al., 1998 [22] Lower clearance Irinotecan Cancer patients Sai et al., 2003 [44] Survival leukemia Illmer et al., 2002 [47] Survival leukemia van den Heuvel-Eibrink et al., 2001 [48] Worse survival AML blasts Kim et al., 2006 [10] Higher efficacy Paclitaxel Ovarian cancer Green et al., 2006 [50] 2995G>A (exon24, A999T) None Cell lines, lymphoma Mickley et al., 1998 [22] 3435C>T (exon26, synonymous) Lower expression Duodenal protein Hoffmeyer et al., 2000 [26] Lower expression placenta Hitzl et al., 2004 [37] Higher expression Intestine mRNA Nakamura et al., 2002 [32] Higher expression AML blasts Illmer et al., 2002 [47] Lower clearance Irinotecan Cancer patients Sai et al., 2003 [44] Lower efflux Digoxin CD56+ NK cells Hitzl et al., 2001 [27] Higher plasma level Digoxin Healthy volunteers Hoffmeyer et al., 2000 [26] Higher AUC Cyclosporin transplant patients Bonhomme-Faivre et al., 2004 [36] Lower CNS relapse Cancer patients Stanulla et al., 2005 [46] Better survival leukemia Illmer et al., 2002 [47] Higher efficacy Breast cancer Kafka et al., 2003 [49] Higher activity, worse survival AML Kim et al., 2006 [10] Better survival Platinums Esophageal cancer Wu et al., 2006 [43] No difference Docetaxel patients Puisset et al., 2004 [41] No difference Irinotecan Cancer patients Mathijssen et al., 2004 [39] No difference Vincristine patients Plasschaert et al., 2004 [40] No difference colon Taniguchi et al., 2003 [24] ABCC1 -260G>C (5'flanking, non-coding) Higher activity Transfected cell line Wang et al., 2005 [62] Table 2 (Continued) Variants (location, effect) Phenotype Drug Sample Reference 128G>C (exon2, C43S) Reduced resistance Vincristine, arsenite Transfected cell line Leslie et al., 2003 [60] 1299G>T (exon10, R433S) Reduced transport of LTC4, increased resistance to doxorubicin Leukotriene C4, doxorubicin Transfected cell line Conrad et al., 2002 [59] 2012G>T (exon16, G671V) No change in activityLeukotriene C4 Transfected cell line Conrad et al., 2001 [58] Heart toxicity Doxorubicin nLon-Hodgkin lymphoma Wojnowski et al., 2005 [63] 2965G>A (exon22, A989T) Reduced transport Estradiol 17β-glucuronide Transfected cell line Letourneau et al., 2005 [61] ABCC2 1271A>G (exon10, R421G) Reduced drug elimination, increased nephrotoxicity Methotrexate One lymphoma patient Hulot et al., 2005 [79] 3972C>T (exon28, nonsynonymous) Reduced drug clearance Irinotecan Cancer patients Innocenti et al., 2004 [80] ABCG2 376C>T (exon4, Q126stop) Reduced transport Porphyrin Trensfected cell Tamura et al., 2006 [104] 421C>A (exon5, Q141K) Lower expression Transfected cell lines Imai et al., 2002 [94] Lower expression Transfected cell lines Kondo et al., 2004 [95] Lower expression Placenta Kobayashi et al., 2005 [98] Reduced ATPase activity Trensfected cell lines Mizuarai et al., 2004 [97] Higher plasma levels Diflomotecan patients Sparreboom et al., 2004 [100] Increased bioavailability Topotecan patients Sparreboom et al., 2005 [101] Increased bioavailability 9-Aminocamptothecin patients Zamboni et al., 2006 [81] Increased drug accumulation Imatinib Transfected cell lines Gardner et al., 2006 [96] Increased drug accumulation Topotecan Trensfected cell lines Imai et al., 2002 [94] No difference Imatinib patients Gardner et al., 2006 [96] No difference intestine Zamber et al., 2003 [99] No difference MTX Trensfected cell lines Kondo et al., 2004 [95] the effects on expression and function of this transporter in transfected HEK293T cells [61]. Login to comment
121 The 2012G>T mutation in exon 16 which leads to the substitution of a highly conserved Gly residue at position 671 with Val did not show functional differences with the wild type ABCC1 gene [58]. Login to comment

[hide] Pharmacogenomics of MRP transporters (ABCC1-5) and... Drug Metab Rev. 2008;40(2):317-54. Gradhand U, Kim RB
Pharmacogenomics of MRP transporters (ABCC1-5) and BCRP (ABCG2).
Drug Metab Rev. 2008;40(2):317-54., [PMID:18464048]

Abstract [show]
Elucidation of the key mechanisms that confer interindividual differences in drug response remains an important focus of drug disposition and clinical pharmacology research. We now know both environmental and host genetic factors contribute to the apparent variability in drug efficacy or in some cases, toxicity. In addition to the widely studied and recognized genes involved in the metabolism of drugs in clinical use today, we now recognize that membrane-bound proteins, broadly referred to as transporters, may be equally as important to the disposition of a substrate drug, and that genetic variation in drug transporter genes may be a major contributor of the apparent intersubject variation in drug response, both in terms of attained plasma and tissue drug level at target sites of action. Of particular relevance to drug disposition are members of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of efflux transporters. In this review a comprehensive assessment and annotation of recent findings in relation to genetic variation in the Multidrug Resistance Proteins 1-5 (ABCC1-5) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) are described, with particular emphasis on the impact of such transporter genetic variation to drug disposition or efficacy.

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80 There is, however, one interesting publication that associated the aforementioned Gly671Val polymorphism in MRP1 with anthracyclin-induced cardiotoxicity (ACT) among Figure 1 Predicted membrance topology of MRP1 (ABCC1) based on hydrophobicity analysis. Locations of the non-synonymous polymorphisms are indicated with arrows. See Table 1 for allele frequencies and description of funtional consequences. Login to comment
81 MRP1 (ABCC1) NH2 NBD NBD in out Membrane Cys43Ser Ser92Phe Thr117Met Arg230Gln Val353Met Arg633Gln Gly671Val Arg723Gln Arg433Ser Ala989Thr Cys1047Ser Val1146Ile Arg1058Gln Thr1401Met Ser1512Leu Thr73Ile COOH NBD NBD COOH NBD COOH NBD NBD Table1MRP1(ABCC1)singlenucleotidepolymorphisms.Location,allelefrequencyandfunctionaleffects. Positionin codingsequence Aminoacid exchangeLocation Allelefrequency EffectNCBIIDReferenceAfCaJpothers 128G>CCys43SerExon2--1[1]-Decreaseinvincristineresistance[2]rs41395947 Disruptedplasmamembranetraffickingin transfectedcells[2] 218C>TThr73IleExon2--1[1]3.7Chinese[3]Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles[4] rs41494447 257C>TSer92PheExon30a 0a 0a 0Chinese[3]Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles[4] 350C>TThr117MetExon3-100[5]--Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles[4] 689G>AArg230GlnExon70a 0a 0a 0Chinese[3]Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles[4] 1057G>AVal353MetExon90a 0.5a 0a -- 1299G>TArg433SerExon10-1.4[6]--Changesintransportandresistance[7] 1898G>AArg633GlnExon13-[8]--Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles[4] 2012G>TGly671ValExon16-2.8[6]--Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles[6] Associatedwithanthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity[9] 2168G>AArg723GlnExon17--7.3[1]5.6Chinese[3]Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles[4]noinfluenceonmRNA expressioninenterocytes(n=1)[10] rs4148356 2965G>AAla989ThrExon220a 0.5a 0a -Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles(non-significantreduction inE17βGtransport)[4] 323 3140G>CCys1047SerExon234.5a 0a 0a -Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles[4] rs13337489 3173G>AArg1058GlnExon23--1[1]-Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles[4] rs41410450 3436G>AVal1146IleExon24-----rs28706727 4102C>TThr1401MetExon29-----rs8057331 4535C>TSer1512LeuExon31-[5]--Noinfluenceonexpressionandtransportin membranevesicles[4] ReferencewithoutfrequencymeansthatSNPwasdetectedbutnofrequencydetermined. Login to comment

[hide] Pharmacogenetics of ATP-binding cassette transport... Methods Mol Biol. 2010;596:95-121. Cascorbi I, Haenisch S
Pharmacogenetics of ATP-binding cassette transporters and clinical implications.
Methods Mol Biol. 2010;596:95-121., [PMID:19949922]

Abstract [show]
Drug resistance is a severe limitation of chemotherapy of various malignancies. In particular efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette family such as ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein), the ABCC (multidrug resistance-associated protein) family, and ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein) have been identified as major determinants of chemoresistance in tumor cells. Bioavailability depends not only on the activity of drug metabolizing enzymes but also to a major extent on the activity of drug transport across biomembranes. They are expressed in the apical membranes of many barrier tissues such as the intestine, liver, blood-brain barrier, kidney, placenta, testis, and in lymphocytes, thus contributing to plasma, liquor, but also intracellular drug disposition. Since expression and function exhibit a broad variability, it was hypothesized that hereditary variances in the genes of membrane transporters could explain at least in part interindividual differences of pharmacokinetics of a variety of anticancer drugs and many others contributing to the clinical outcome of certain leukemias and further malignancies.

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146 In a study on genetic determinants of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients, the ABCC1 Gly671Val variant as well as a haplotype of ABCC2 turned out to be significant risk factors. Login to comment
155 ABCC2 (Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2) Table 6.5 Frequency of ABCC1 genetic variants in different populations, position on DNA, putative effect, and frequencies (according to (33, 77-80, 136)) Position Amino acid or effect Orientals Caucasians Function c.128G>C C43S 0.01 - Elevateda c. 218C>T T73I 0.00-0.04 - c. 257C>T S92F 0.00 0.00 Decreaseda c. 350C>T T117M - 0.02 (Decreased)a c. 689G>A R230N 0.00 0.00 (Decreased)a c. 816G>A Synonymous - 0.04 c. 825T>C Synonymous - 0.30 c. 1057G>A V353M 0.00 0.005 Elevateda c. 1299G>T R433S - 0.01 Elevated vmax of doxorubicin, decreased transport of LTC4 a,b c. 1684T>C Synonymous - 0.80 c. 1898G>A R633Q - 0.01 (Decreased)a c. 2012G>T G671V - 0.03 Doxorubicine-induced cardiomyopathyc c. 2168G>A R723Q 0.01-0.07 - Decreaseda c. 2965G>A A989T 0.00 0.005 (Decreased)a c. 3140G>C C1047S 0.00 0.00 c. 3173G>A R1058Q 0.01 - c. 4002G>A Synonymous - 0.28 c. 4535C>T S1512L - 0.03 Decreaseda References: a [81], b [77], c [84] an inducible expression of ABCC2, which contributes also to the phenomenon of drug resistance. Login to comment

[hide] Pharmacogenetics of membrane transporters: an upda... Mol Biotechnol. 2010 Feb;44(2):152-67. Sissung TM, Baum CE, Kirkland CT, Gao R, Gardner ER, Figg WD
Pharmacogenetics of membrane transporters: an update on current approaches.
Mol Biotechnol. 2010 Feb;44(2):152-67., [PMID:19950006]

Abstract [show]
This review provides an overview of the pharmacogenetics of membrane transporters including selected ABC transporters (ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, and ABCG2) and OATPs (OATP1B1 and OATP1B3). Membrane transporters are heavily involved in drug clearance and alters drug disposition by actively transporting substrate drugs between organs and tissues. As such, polymorphisms in the genes encoding these proteins may have significant effects on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of compounds, and may alter pharmacodynamics of many agents. This review discusses the techniques used to identify substrates and inhibitors of these proteins and subsequently to assess the effect of genetic mutation on transport, both in vitro and in vivo. A comprehensive list of substrates for the major drug transporters is included. Finally, studies linking transporter genotype with clinical outcomes are discussed.

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67 Those studied include C43S, T73I, S92F, T117M, R230Q, V353M, R433S, R633Q, G671V, R723Q, A989T, C1047S, R1058Q, A1337T, and S1512L. Login to comment

[hide] Identification of human multidrug resistance prote... J Hum Genet. 2001;46(11):656-63. Conrad S, Kauffmann HM, Ito K, Deeley RG, Cole SP, Schrenk D
Identification of human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) mutations and characterization of a G671V substitution.
J Hum Genet. 2001;46(11):656-63., [PMID:11721885]

Abstract [show]
The multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transport proteins can confer resistance to multiple natural product drugs and methotrexate in human tumor cells. In addition, MRP1 is expressed in normal tissues acting as an efflux pump for glutathione, glucuronate, and sulfate conjugates and may thus influence the pharmacokinetic properties of many drugs. Using polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, we screened 36 Caucasian volunteers for mutations in the coding exons of the MRP1 gene, including the adjacent intron sequences. Among several mutations found, two are expected to cause amino acid substitutions. One of these mutations (G671V) was of special interest because it is located near the first nucleotide binding domain. To determine whether this mutation caused a change in the MRP1 phenotype, a mutant MRP1 expression vector was constructed and transfected into SV40-transformed human embryonic kidney cells (HEKSV293T) and the transport properties of the mutant protein were examined. Transport of the MRP1 substrates leukotriene C4, 17beta-estradiol 17beta-(D)-glucuronide, and estrone sulfate by membrane vesicles prepared from transiently transfected HEKSV293T cells was comparable to that of wild-type MRP1.

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0 J Hum Genet (2001) 46:656-663 (c) Jpn Soc Hum Genet and Springer-Verlag 2001 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Identification of human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) mutations and characterization of a G671V substitution Silke Conrad · Hans-Martin Kauffmann · Ken-ichi Ito Roger G. Deeley · Susan P.C. Cole · Dieter Schrenk S. Conrad · H.-M. Kauffmann · D. Login to comment
6 One of these mutations (G671V) was of special interest because it is located near the first nucleotide binding domain. Login to comment
45 Site-directed mutagenesis The mutation of Gly671 to Val was generated using the sense primer 5ЈP-CTCCATCCCCGAAGTGGCTTTGGTGGC CG-3Ј (substituted nucleotides are bold and underlined) with the U.S.E. mutagenesis kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Quebec, Canada), according to the manufacturer`s instructions. Login to comment
78 Mutations in the MRP1 gene and median mRNA expression levels of samples with different MRP1 genotypes Position Location SNPs Change FRE EXPa Intron 7 809ϩ54 C/A Intronic 2.8 101 Exon 8b 825 T/C Silent 2.8 51 Intron 8 1040ϩ13 T/C Intronic 16.7 95 Exon 10 1299 G/T Arg433Ser 1.4 156 Intron 11b 1474-48 C/T Intronic 2.8 146 Intron 11 1474-8 T/C Intronic 9.7 72 Intron 12 1678-9 DEL T Intronic 11.1 106 Exon 13b 1684 T/C Silent 8.3 106 Exon 13 1704 C/T Silent 2.8 59 Exon 16 2012 G/T Gly671Val 2.8 43 Intron 20 2736-36 T/C Intronic 2.8 132 Intron 20 2736-18 CC/TT Intronic 2.8 132 Intron 20 2736-6 T/C Intronic 2.8 132 Intron 21 2871ϩ17 G/A Intronic 1.4 132 Intron 26 3819ϩ7 G/A Intronic 1.4 124 Exon 28b 4002 G/A Silent 2.8 95 Intron 30 4487ϩ5 A/T Intronic 2.8 137 Intron 30 4487ϩ18 A/G Intronic 1.4 142 Intron 30 4487ϩ28 C/G Intronic 2.8 137 Densitometrical analysis was performed with TINA software (Raytest, Straubenhardt, Germany), average relative MRP1 expression was set as 100% FRE, allelic frequency in %; EXP, expression level; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism a The average expression level of all samples was 100 Ϯ 55 b Recently described by Ito et al. 2001b Fig. 2. Login to comment
88 These mutations include heterozygous silent mutations in exon 8 and 13 and one heterozygous mutation in exon 16 that could alter the amino acid sequence (G671V). Login to comment
91 These results, together with the localization of G671V close to the first ATP-binding site and the highly conserved nature of Gly671 among ABC proteins (Figure 2) prompted us to analyze the functional importance of this amino acid. Login to comment
92 This was accomplished by introducing the G671V substitution into the pcDNA3.1(-)wt-MRP1K expression vector by site-directed mutagenesis, followed by a transient transfection of the construct into HEKSV293T cells. Login to comment
96 Transport activity of wild-type and mutant G671V-MRP1 in transiently transfected human embryonic kidney (HEKSV293T) cells. Login to comment
97 A Vesicles protein expression levels of pcDNA3.1(-) as control, pcDNA3.1(-)wt-MRP1k (wt-MRPk-1), and pcDNA3.1(-)-MRPk-1- G671V (G671V) were determined by immunoblotting with the MRP1-specific murine Mab QCRL-1. Login to comment
99 B Time course of E217 G uptake in membrane vesicles prepared from HEKSV293T cells transiently transfected with wild-type MRP1 (wt-MRPk-1, solid square), mutant (G671V-MRPk-1, triangle), and empty control (pcDNA3.1(-), open square) cDNA expression vectors. Results shown are means (Ϯ SD) of triplicate determinations in a single experiment. Login to comment
101 C Time course of LTC4 uptake in membrane vesicles prepared from HEKSV293T cells transiently transfected with wild-type MRP1 (wt-MRPk-1, solid square), mutant (G671V-MRPk-1, triangle), and empty control (pcDNA3.1(-), open square) cDNA expression vectors. Results shown are means (Ϯ SD) of triplicate determinations in a single experiment. Login to comment
103 D Determination of Km and Vmax for ATP-dependent uptake of [3 H]LTC4 in membrane vesicles from transiently transfected HEKSV293T cells (wt-MRPk-1, solid square; G671V-MRPk-1, triangle). Login to comment
107 For the [3 H]LTC4 and [3 H]E217 G transport experiments shown in Figures 3B and C, the levels of uptake by G671V-MRP1 were comparable to wild-type MRP1. Login to comment
109 Our findings were supported by Eadie-Hofstee transformation (Figure 3D) of the data obtained from a ATP-dependent [3 H]LTC4 uptake experiment with various substrate concentrations, which yielded similar Km (175.8 and 151.0nM, respectively) and Vmax (107.9 and 111.3pmol/mg/min, respectively) values for G671V-MRP1 and wild-type MRP1, respectively. Login to comment
111 In accordance with previous findings, both wild-type MRP1 and G671V exhibited a markedly enhanced uptake of [3 H]estrone sulfate in the presence of GSH (Qian et al. 2001). Login to comment
113 Thus, the G671V mutant showed a phenotype similar to wild-type MRP1 (Figures 3 and 4) in all transport assays performed. Login to comment
118 They are located in the second transmembrane spanning domain (R433S) and in the vicinity of the first ATP-binding site (G671V). Login to comment
119 G671V is located only six amino acids upstream from the conserved Walker A motif in the nucleotide binding domain, and previous studies have shown that mutations in and near the Walker A motifs can cause a decrease in transport activity (Gao et al. 2000; Szakacs et al. 2000; Ramjeesingh et al. 1999). Login to comment
133 Of all the mutations detected in the present study, we specifically examined the functional consequences of the G671V substitution for three reasons: (1) the reduced mRNA expression of the affected individuals; (2) the high conservation of Gly671 in several subfamily C ABC-transporters; and (3) the location of the exchange position near the essential Walker A motif of NBD1. Login to comment
136 Although organic anion transport appears unaffected, it is possible the G671V substitution could affect drug resistance, since the two properties are not always linked. Login to comment

[hide] A naturally occurring mutation in MRP1 results in ... Pharmacogenetics. 2002 Jun;12(4):321-30. Conrad S, Kauffmann HM, Ito K, Leslie EM, Deeley RG, Schrenk D, Cole SP
A naturally occurring mutation in MRP1 results in a selective decrease in organic anion transport and in increased doxorubicin resistance.
Pharmacogenetics. 2002 Jun;12(4):321-30., [PMID:12042670]

Abstract [show]
The human 190 kDa multidrug resistance protein, MRP1, is a polytopic membrane glycoprotein that confers resistance to a wide range of chemotherapeutic agents. It also transports structurally diverse conjugated organic anions, as well as certain unconjugated and conjugated compounds, in a reduced glutathione-stimulated manner. In this study, we characterized a low-frequency (<1%) naturally occurring mutation in MRP1 expected to cause the substitution of a conserved arginine with serine at position 433 in a predicted cytoplasmic loop of the protein. Transport experiments with membrane vesicles prepared from transfected human embryonic kidney cells and HeLa cells revealed a two-fold reduction in the ATP-dependent transport of the MRP1 substrates, leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and oestrone sulphate. Kinetic analysis showed that this reduction was due to a decrease in Vmax for both substrates but Km was unchanged. In contrast, 17beta-oestradiol-17beta-(D-glucuronide) transport by the Arg433Ser mutant MRP1 was similar to that by wild-type MRP1. Fluorescence confocal microscopy showed that the mutant MRP1 was routed correctly to the plasma membrane. In contrast to the reduced LTC4 and oestrone sulphate transport, stably transfected HeLa cells expressing Arg433Ser mutant MRP1 were 2.1-fold more resistant to doxorubicin than cells expressing wild-type MRP1, while resistance to VP-16 and vincristine was unchanged. These results provide the first example of a naturally occurring mutation predicted to result in an amino acid substitution in a cytoplasmic region of MRP1 that shows an altered phenotype with respect to both conjugated organic anion transport and drug resistance.

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118 Of all the mutations detected, two are predicted to cause amino acid substitutions in the protein, Gly671 Val and Arg433 Ser. Login to comment
119 The Gly671 Val polymorphism is located near the Walker A motif of the first nucleotide binding domain of MRP1. Login to comment
122 In the present study, we found that this mutation, in contrast to Gly671 Val, results in significant substrate-specific alterations of MRP1 function. Login to comment

[hide] Polymorphisms of MRP1 (ABCC1) and related ATP-depe... Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Aug;15(8):523-33. Conseil G, Deeley RG, Cole SP
Polymorphisms of MRP1 (ABCC1) and related ATP-dependent drug transporters.
Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Aug;15(8):523-33., [PMID:16006996]

Abstract [show]
Genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and targets are established determinants of adverse drug reactions and interactions, but less is known about the role of genetic polymorphisms in membrane transport proteins. MRP1 (ABCC1) is one of 13 polytopic membrane proteins that comprise the 'C' subfamily of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transport proteins. MRP1 and related ABCC family members, including MRP2, 3, 4 and 5 (ABCC2, 3, 4 and 5), each have a distinctive pattern of tissue expression and substrate specificity. Together, these five transporters play important roles in the disposition and elimination of drugs and other organic anions, and in maintenance of blood-tissue barriers, as confirmed by enhanced chemosensitivity of respective knockout mice. Moreover, Mrp2 (Abcc2) deficient animals display mild conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, corresponding to a human condition known as Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS). Naturally occurring mutations in MRP/ABCC-related drug transporters have been reported, some of which are non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms. The consequences of the resulting amino acid changes can sometimes be predicted from in vitro site-directed mutagenesis studies or from knowledge of mutations of analogous (conserved) residues in ABCC proteins that cause DJS, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (ABCC6), cystic fibrosis (CFTR/ABCC7) or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (SUR1/ABCC8). Continual updating of databases of sequence variants and haplotype analysis, together with in vitro biochemical validation assays and pharmacological studies in knockout animals, should make it possible to determine how genetic variation in the MRP-related transporters contributes to the range of responses to drugs and chemicals observed in different human populations.

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143 For example, although the polymorphic exon 16 variant G2012 Tcauses a highly conserved Gly residue at position 671 close to the WA motif of NBD1 to be replaced with Val, no detectable functional differences between the Gly671Val mutant and wild-type MRP1 proteins were observed [36]. Login to comment
148 Fig. 3 Exon 1 2 3 MSDMSD NBD1 MSD NBD2 C4535T(S1512L) G3173A (R1058Q) G3140C (C1047S) G2965A (A989T) G2168A (R723Q) G2012T(G671V) G1898A (R633Q) G1299T(R433S) G1057A (V353M) G689A (R230Q) C350T(T117M) C257T(S92F) C218T(T73I) C128C (C43S) (TM1-5) (TM6-11) (TM12-17) 4 5 6 7 8 9101112 1314 151617 1819 20 21 22 23 242526272829 30 31 Location of non-synonymous SNPs in the coding regions of the genes in the MRP1/ABCC1 gene. Login to comment
266 Hum Mut 2002; 17:74-75. 36 Conrad S, Kauffmann H-M, Ito K, Deeley R, Cole SPC, Schrenk D. Identification of human MRP1 mutations and characterization of a G671V substitution. Login to comment

[hide] Functional characterization of non-synonymous sing... Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Sep;15(9):647-57. Letourneau IJ, Deeley RG, Cole SP
Functional characterization of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1).
Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2005 Sep;15(9):647-57., [PMID:16041243]

Abstract [show]
The 190-kDa ATP-binding cassette (ABC) multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) encoded by the MRP1/ABCC1 gene mediates the active cellular efflux of glucuronide, glutathione and sulfate conjugates. It can also confer resistance to a diverse spectrum of chemotherapeutic agents and transport a variety of toxicants. In the present study, we examined 10 MRP1/ABCC1 missense genetic variants [non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] to determine whether or not they affect expression or function of the transporter. Variants 218C>T (Thr73Ile), 257C>T (Ser92Phe), 350C>T (Thr117Met), 689G>A (Arg230Gln), 1898G>A (Arg633Gln), 2168G>A (Arg723Gln), 2965G>A (Ala989Thr), 3140G>C (Cys1047Ser), 3173G>A (Arg1058Gln) and 4535C>T (Ser1512Leu) were recreated using site-directed mutagenesis and transfected into human embryonic kidney cells. Immunoblotting experiments showed that all mutant proteins were expressed at levels comparable to wild-type MRP1. Vesicular transport assays revealed that the Ala989Thr mutation caused a significant decrease in estradiol 17beta-glucuronide transport due to a decrease in apparent affinity (Km) for this organic anion. The transport properties of the other mutants were comparable to wild-type MRP1. When the MRP1/ABCC1 non-synonymous SNPs were evaluated by the SIFT algorithm using subsets of homologs and orthologs of MRP1/ABCC1, Arg230Gln, Val353Met, Arg433Ser, Gly671Val and Arg1058 mutations were predicted to be deleterious, whereas the PolyPhen algorithm predicted Ser92Phe and Gly671Val to be potentially damaging. Thus most predictions of these algorithms were not in accordance with our experimental results. In conclusion, our data suggest that none of the MRP1/ABCC1 variants studied are likely by themselves to have major deleterious effects in healthy individuals, and the SIFT and PolyPhen algorithms appear to be poor predictors of the phenotypic consequences of these MRP1 mutations at least in vitro.

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7 When the MRP1/ABCC1 non-synonymous SNPs were evaluated by the SIFT algorithm using subsets of homologs and orthologs of MRP1/ABCC1, Arg230Gln, Val353Met, Arg433Ser, Gly671Val and Arg1058 mutations were predicted to be deleterious, whereas the PolyPhen algorithm predicted Ser92Phe and Gly671Val to be potentially damaging. Login to comment
28 Of these mutations, the Fig. 1 128G >C (C43S) 128G >T(T73I) 689G >A (R230Q)1057G >A (V353M) 1299G >T(R433S) 1898G >A (R633Q) 2012G >T(G671V) 2168G >A (R723Q) 3173G >A (R1058Q) 4535C >T(S1512L) 3140G >C (C1047S) 2965G >A (A989T) 350C >T(T117M) 257C >T(S92F) 313029282726252423222120181716151413121110987654321 19 MSD1 MSD1 MSD2 MSD3 MSD2 NBD1 MSD3 NBD2 TM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Val353Met Ala989Thr Cys1047Ser Arg1058Gln NBD2NBD1 Ser1512Leu Arg633Gln Arg433Ser Arg723Gln Thr73lle Thr117Met Arg230Gln Cys43Ser Ser92Phe Gly671Val 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 (a) (b) Location of reported non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MRP1/ABCC1. Login to comment
36 Finally, the Gly671Val (2012G > T) mutation located in NBD1 caused no discernible changes in MRP1 function, even though this Gly residue is highly conserved among members of the human ABCC family and also in other species [20]. Login to comment
46 The template for generating Table 1 Frequencies of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in MRP1/ABCC1 Variant Amino acid substitution Allelic frequency Population References 128G > C Cys43Ser 0% (0/26) Japanese [16] 1% (1/96) Japanese [17] 218C > T Thr73Ile 0% (0/26) Japanese [16] 1% (1/96) Japanese [17] 3.7% (2/54) Chinese [37] 257C > T Ser92Phe 0% (0/220) Caucasian www.pharmGKB.org 0.5% (1/200) African-American 0% (0/60) Japanese 0% (0/14) Pacific-Islander 350C > T Thr117Met 1.6% (1/64) Caucasian [28] 689G > A Arg230Gln 0% (0/220) Caucasian www.pharmGKB.org 0.5% (1/200) African-American 0% (0/60) Japanese 0% (0/14) Pacific-Islander 1057G > A Val353Met 0.5% (1/220) Caucasian www.pharmGKB.org 0% (0/200) African-American 0% (0/60) Japanese 0% (0/14) Pacific-Islander 1299G > T Arg433Ser 1.4% (1/72) Caucasian [20] 0% (0/110) Caucasian [19] 1898G > A Arg633Gln 0.8% (2/234) Caucasian [29] 2012G > T Gly671Val 2.8% (2/72) Caucasian [20] 2.6% (6/234) Caucasian [29] 2168G > A Arg723Gln 3.8% (1/26) Japanese [16] 1% (1/96) Japanese [30] 7.3% (7/96) Japanese [17] 5.6% (3/54) Chinese [37] 2965G > A Ala989Thr 0.5% (1/220) Caucasian www.pharmGKB.org 0% (0/200) African-American 0% (0/60) Japanese 0% (0/14) Pacific-Islander 3140G > C Cys1047Ser 0% (0/220) Caucasian www.pharmGKB.org 4.5% (9/200) African-American 0% (0/60) Japanese 0% (0/14) Pacific-Islander 3173G > A Arg1058Gln 0% (0./26) Japanese [16] 1% (1/96) Japanese [17] 4535C > T Ser1512Leu 3.1% (2/24) Caucasian [28] Characterization of MRP1/ABCC1 variants in vitro Le´tourneau et al. 649 the Arg633Gln and Arg723Gln mutants was created by subcloning a HindIII fragment (1329 bp) encoding amino acids 517-959 into pGEM-3z [20]. Login to comment
94 Results from previously characterized non-synonymous SNPs, Cys43Ser, Arg433Ser and Gly671Val, were included where available for comparison [18-20]. Login to comment
123 Previous mutagenesis and inhibition studies have Fig. 3 Cys43Ser Thr73lle Ser92Phe Thr117Met Arg230Gln Arg433Ser Arg633Gln Gly671Val Arg723Gln Ala989Thr Cys1047Ser Arg1058Gln Ser1512Leu Cys43Ser Thr73lle Ser92Phe Thr117Met Arg230Gln Arg433Ser Arg633Gln Gly671Val Arg723Gln Ala989Thr Cys1047Ser Arg1058Gln Ser1512Leu Thr73lle Ser92Phe Thr117Met Arg230Gln Arg633Gln Arg723Gln Ala989Thr Cys1047Ser Arg1058Gln Ser1512Leu LTC4 % WT-MRP1 uptake 0 25 50 75 100 125 E217βG % WT-MRP1 uptake 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 MTX % WT-MRP1 uptake 0 25 50 75 100 125 (b) (c) (a) ATP-dependent vesicular transport of organic anions by mutant MRP1 proteins. Login to comment
128 Hatched bars represent previously published data on non-synonymous SNPs, Cys43Ser, Arg433Ser and Gly671Val, using membrane vesicles from stably transfected HeLa cells and are included for comparison [18-20]. Login to comment
134 Thus, when the subset included the human homologs MRP2, MRP3 and MRP6, the SIFT analysis predicted that the Arg433Ser, Gly671Val and Arg1058Gln substitutions would be deleterious for MRP1 function. Login to comment
135 However, when the analysis was expanded to include the six known mammalian orthologs of MRP1, the Arg230Gln, Val353Met, Arg433Ser and Gly671Val mutations were also predicted to be deleterious. Login to comment
140 Thus, PolyPhen predicted that the Ser92Phe and Gly671Val mutations would likely be deleterious to MRP1 function which our present and previous experimental data show it is not the case, at least in vitro [20]. Login to comment
158 This observation may be construed as being Table 2 Conservation of the amino acids substituted by non-synonymous SNP of human MRP1/ABCC1a Protein Speciesb C43S T73I S92F T117Mc R230Q V353M R433S R633Qc G671V R723Q A989T C1047S R1058Q S1512L MRP1 Human C T S T R V R R G R A C R S Monkey C T S M R V R R G Q A C R S Dog C T S M R V R R G R A R R S Cow C A S M Q V R R G R A R R S Rat C A S M Q V R W G R A R R S Mouse C T S M H V R R G R A R R S MRP2 Human L A V T K A K R G K A I R E Monkey L A V T K A K R G K A I R E Dog L A V T K A K R G K A I Q Q Rat L A A T K V K R G K A A R E Mouse L A A T K V K V G K A T R E Rabbit L A V T K V K R G K A I R E MRP3 Human C L S M Y I R K G Q A V R A Rat C L S M L L R K G Q A L R V MRP4 Human - - - - I F K R G R Y T K Y MRP5 Human - - - - V T R S G R T R R S MRP6 Human P A A M R I R S G V A L R A CFTR Human - - - - R Y K A G K L I Q Q SUR1 Human V L L A T V Q R G E L R L E SUR2 Human V L H T Q V Q R G E I N L P Pgp Human - - - - - E K S G A G R R Q YCF1 Saccharomyces cervisiae A I L V T V K L G K S Y R G Mrp1 Caenorhabditis elegans T L D F L I R T G R G L R K Mrp2 Caenorhabditis elegans T F D I L I K T G R G I R K AtMRP2 Arabidopsis thaliana Q L R W L M S P G R R K R E AtMRP1 Arabidopsis thaliana H T A V L M S P G R R K R E a Aligned using Clustal W (http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/). Login to comment

[hide] NAD(P)H oxidase and multidrug resistance protein g... Circulation. 2005 Dec 13;112(24):3754-62. Epub 2005 Dec 5. Wojnowski L, Kulle B, Schirmer M, Schluter G, Schmidt A, Rosenberger A, Vonhof S, Bickeboller H, Toliat MR, Suk EK, Tzvetkov M, Kruger A, Seifert S, Kloess M, Hahn H, Loeffler M, Nurnberg P, Pfreundschuh M, Trumper L, Brockmoller J, Hasenfuss G
NAD(P)H oxidase and multidrug resistance protein genetic polymorphisms are associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
Circulation. 2005 Dec 13;112(24):3754-62. Epub 2005 Dec 5., 2005-12-13 [PMID:16330681]

Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: A significant number of patients treated with anthracyclines develop cardiotoxicity (anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity [ACT]), mainly presenting as arrhythmias (acute ACT) or congestive heart failure (chronic ACT). There are no data on pharmacogenomic predictors of ACT. METHODS AND RESULTS: We genotyped participants of the German non-Hodgkin lymphoma study (NHL-B) who were followed up for the development of heart failure for a median of >3 years. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from 82 genes with conceivable relevance to ACT. Of 1697 patients, 55 developed acute and 54 developed chronic ACT (cumulative incidence of either form, 3.2%). We detected 5 significant associations with polymorphisms of the NAD(P)H oxidase and doxorubicin efflux transporters. Chronic ACT was associated with a variant of the NAD(P)H oxidase subunit NCF4 (rs1883112, -212A-->G; symbols with right-pointing arrows, as edited?' odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3 to 5.0). Acute ACT was associated with the His72Tyr polymorphism in the p22phox subunit (rs4673; OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.9) and with the variant 7508T-->A (rs13058338; OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 5.1) of the RAC2 subunit of the same enzyme. In agreement with these results, mice deficient in NAD(P)H oxidase activity, unlike wild-type mice, were resistant to chronic doxorubicin treatment. In addition, acute ACT was associated with the Gly671Val variant of the doxorubicin efflux transporter multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 8.4) and with the Val1188Glu-Cys1515Tyr (rs8187694-rs8187710) haplotype of the functionally similar MRP2 (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.4). Polymorphisms in adrenergic receptors previously demonstrated to be predictive of heart failure were not associated with ACT. CONCLUSIONS: Genetic variants in doxorubicin transport and free radical metabolism may modulate the individual risk to develop ACT.

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10 In addition, acute ACT was associated with the Gly671Val variant of the doxorubicin efflux transporter multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 8.4) and with the Val1188Glu-Cys1515Tyr (rs8187694-rs8187710) haplotype of the functionally similar MRP2 (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.4). Login to comment
117 Distribution of Genotypes and Probability Values for Gene Variants Showing Associations With Cardiotoxicity After Doxorubicin Treatment Cardiotoxicity Gene Variant Genotype Distribution P vs Controls Genotypes* n Freidlin Test Fisher Test Acute CYBA His72Tyr(rs4673) CC/CT/TT 13/28/3 0.048 0.054 RAC2 7508T3A(rs13058338) TT/TA/AA 15/23/5 0.002 0.005 NCF4-212A3G(rs1883112) GG/GA/AA 10/22/9 0.372 0.519 MRP1 Gly671Val GG/GT/TT 33/8/1 0.001 0.005 MRP2 Val1188Glu(rs8187694) TT/TA/AA 36/8/0 0.049 0.06 MRP2Cys1515Tyr(rs8187710) GG/GA/AA 36/8/0 0.049 0.06 Chronic CYBA His72Tyr(rs4673) CC/CT/TT 13/27/3 0.062 0.074 RAC2 7508T3A(rs13058338) TT/TA/AA 24/15/4 0.28 0.747 NCF4-212A3G(rs1883112) GG/GA/AA 14/14/15 0.007 0.013 MRP1 Gly671Val GG/GT/TT 39/4/0 0.586 0.537 MRP2 Val1188Glu(rs8187694) TT/TA/AA 37/6/0 0.274 0.269 MRP2Cys1515Tyr(rs8187710) GG/GA/AA 37/6/0 0.274 0.269 Chronic or acute CYBA His72Tyr(rs4673) CC/CT/TT 26/55/6 0.009 0.01 RAC2 7508T3A(rs13058338) TT/TA/AA 39/38/9 0.013 0.04 NCF4-212A3G(rs1883112) GG/GA/AA 24/36/24 0.022 0.031 MRP1 Gly671Val GG/GT/TT 72/12/1 0.012 0.029 MRP2 Val1188Glu(rs8187694) TT/TA/AA 73/14/0 0.044 0.05 MRP2Cys1515Tyr(rs8187710) GG/GA/AA 73/14/0 0.044 0.05 None (controls) CYBA His72Tyr(rs4673) CC/CT/TT 164/154/45 1 1 RAC2 7508T3A(rs13058338) TT/TA/AA 211/132/19 1 1 NCF4-212A3G(rs1883112) GG/GA/AA 106/186/62 1 1 MRP1 Gly671Val GG/GT/TT 331/24/1 1 1 MRP2 Val1188Glu(rs8187694) TT/TA/AA 331/32/0 1 1 MRP2Cys1515Tyr(rs8187710) GG/GA/AA 331/32/0 1 1 *Genotype(s) predisposing to ACT is underlined. Login to comment
126 The predisposing allele A of the MRP1 variant Gly671Val conferred an OR of 3.6 (95% CI, 1.6 to 8.4). Login to comment
16 In addition, acute ACT was associated with the Gly671Val variant of the doxorubicin efflux transporter multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) (OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to 8.4) and with the Val1188Glu-Cys1515Tyr (rs8187694-rs8187710) haplotype of the functionally similar MRP2 (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.4). Login to comment
122 Distribution of Genotypes and Probability Values for Gene Variants Showing Associations With Cardiotoxicity After Doxorubicin Treatment Cardiotoxicity Gene Variant Genotype Distribution P vs Controls Genotypes* n Freidlin Test Fisher Test Acute CYBA His72Tyr(rs4673) CC/CT/TT 13/28/3 0.048 0.054 RAC2 7508T3A(rs13058338) TT/TA/AA 15/23/5 0.002 0.005 NCF4-212A3G(rs1883112) GG/GA/AA 10/22/9 0.372 0.519 MRP1 Gly671Val GG/GT/TT 33/8/1 0.001 0.005 MRP2 Val1188Glu(rs8187694) TT/TA/AA 36/8/0 0.049 0.06 MRP2Cys1515Tyr(rs8187710) GG/GA/AA 36/8/0 0.049 0.06 Chronic CYBA His72Tyr(rs4673) CC/CT/TT 13/27/3 0.062 0.074 RAC2 7508T3A(rs13058338) TT/TA/AA 24/15/4 0.28 0.747 NCF4-212A3G(rs1883112) GG/GA/AA 14/14/15 0.007 0.013 MRP1 Gly671Val GG/GT/TT 39/4/0 0.586 0.537 MRP2 Val1188Glu(rs8187694) TT/TA/AA 37/6/0 0.274 0.269 MRP2Cys1515Tyr(rs8187710) GG/GA/AA 37/6/0 0.274 0.269 Chronic or acute CYBA His72Tyr(rs4673) CC/CT/TT 26/55/6 0.009 0.01 RAC2 7508T3A(rs13058338) TT/TA/AA 39/38/9 0.013 0.04 NCF4-212A3G(rs1883112) GG/GA/AA 24/36/24 0.022 0.031 MRP1 Gly671Val GG/GT/TT 72/12/1 0.012 0.029 MRP2 Val1188Glu(rs8187694) TT/TA/AA 73/14/0 0.044 0.05 MRP2Cys1515Tyr(rs8187710) GG/GA/AA 73/14/0 0.044 0.05 None (controls) CYBA His72Tyr(rs4673) CC/CT/TT 164/154/45 1 1 RAC2 7508T3A(rs13058338) TT/TA/AA 211/132/19 1 1 NCF4-212A3G(rs1883112) GG/GA/AA 106/186/62 1 1 MRP1 Gly671Val GG/GT/TT 331/24/1 1 1 MRP2 Val1188Glu(rs8187694) TT/TA/AA 331/32/0 1 1 MRP2Cys1515Tyr(rs8187710) GG/GA/AA 331/32/0 1 1 *Genotype(s) predisposing to ACT is underlined. Login to comment
131 The predisposing allele A of the MRP1 variant Gly671Val conferred an OR of 3.6 (95% CI, 1.6 to 8.4). Login to comment

[hide] Nucleotide sequence analyses of the MRP1 gene in f... BMC Genomics. 2006 May 10;7:111. Wang Z, Sew PH, Ambrose H, Ryan S, Chong SS, Lee EJ, Lee CG
Nucleotide sequence analyses of the MRP1 gene in four populations suggest negative selection on its coding region.
BMC Genomics. 2006 May 10;7:111., [PMID:16684361]

Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: The MRP1 gene encodes the 190 kDa multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) and effluxes diverse drugs and xenobiotics. Sequence variations within this gene might account for differences in drug response in different individuals. To facilitate association studies of this gene with diseases and/or drug response, exons and flanking introns of MRP1 were screened for polymorphisms in 142 DNA samples from four different populations. RESULTS: Seventy-one polymorphisms, including 60 biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), ten insertions/deletions (indel) and one short tandem repeat (STR) were identified. Thirty-four of these polymorphisms have not been previously reported. Interestingly, the STR polymorphism at the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) occurs at high but different frequencies in the different populations. Frequencies of common polymorphisms in our populations were comparable to those of similar populations in HAPMAP or Perlegen. Nucleotide diversity indices indicated that the coding region of MRP1 may have undergone negative selection or recent population expansion. SNPs E10/1299 G>T (R433S) and E16/2012 G>T (G671V) which occur at low frequency in only one or two of four populations examined were predicted to be functionally deleterious and hence are likely to be under negative selection. CONCLUSION: Through in silico approaches, we identified two rare SNPs that are potentially negatively selected. These SNPs may be useful for studies associating this gene with rare events including adverse drug reactions.

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8 SNPs E10/1299 G>T (R433S) and E16/2012 G>T (G671V) which occur at low frequency in only one or two of four populations examined were predicted to be functionally deleterious and hence are likely to be under negative selection. Login to comment
45 We found that SNPs E10/1299G>T, which resulted in arginine-serine substitution at amino acid position 433 (R433S) and E16/2012G>T, which resulted in glycine-valine substitution at amino acid position 671 (G671V), may potentially adversely affect the function of MRP1. Login to comment
127 2000 SNPe11 E16/2007 C>T - - - 1.39 0 0 0 SNPe12* E16/2012 G>T G671V 0.00** probably damaging -3.50442 0 0 1.43 2.78 Conrad et al . Login to comment
147 Significantly, all of the three different algorithms predicted that SNP E16/2012 G>T, which resides close to Walker A and results in G671V substitution, was likely to have a potentially deleterious effect on protein function (Fig. 2C). Login to comment
150 The lower expression of the MRP1 G671V transcript is suggestive of greater accumulation of MRP1 drugs in the cells which may lead to adverse drug reactions. Login to comment
151 Curiously, that report also found that the G671V polymorphism did not affect the transport of MRP1 substrates including leukotriene C4, 17β-estradiol 17β-(D)-glucuronide and estrone sulfate by membrane vesicles prepared from transiently transfected HEKSV293T cells [12]. Login to comment
153 The observation that the G671V polymorphism did not affect MRP1 protein expression or transport ability of some MRP1 substrates in vitro [12,51] does not rule out the possibility of functional significance of this polymorphism in vivo especially since the same group reported decreased transcript expression in individuals carrying this polymorphism. Login to comment

[hide] Genetic variations and haplotype structures of the... Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2007 Feb 25;22(1):48-60. Fukushima-Uesaka H, Saito Y, Tohkin M, Maekawa K, Hasegawa R, Kawamoto M, Kamatani N, Suzuki K, Yanagawa T, Kajio H, Kuzuya N, Yasuda K, Sawada J
Genetic variations and haplotype structures of the ABC transporter gene ABCC1 in a Japanese population.
Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2007 Feb 25;22(1):48-60., 2007-02-25 [PMID:17329911]

Abstract [show]
Multidrug resistance-related protein 1 (MRP1), an ATP-binding cassette transporter encoded by the ABCC1 gene, is expressed in many tissues, and functions as an efflux transporter for glutathione-, glucuronate- and sulfate-conjugates as well as unconjugated substrates. In this study, the 31 exons and their flanking introns of ABCC1 were comprehensively screened for genetic variations in 153 Japanese subjects to elucidate the linkage disequilibrium (LD) profiles and haplotype structures of ABCC1 that is necessary for pharmacogenetic studies of the substrate drugs. Eighty-six genetic variations including 31 novel ones were found: 1 in the 5'-flanking region, 1 in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR), 20 in the coding exons (9 synonymous and 11 nonsynonymous variations), 4 in the 3'-UTR, and 60 in the introns. Of these, eight novel nonsynonymous variations, 726G>T (Trp242Cys), 1199T>C (Ile400Thr), 1967G>C (Ser656Thr), 2530G>A (Gly844Ser), 3490G>A (Val1164Ile), 3550G>A (Glu1184Lys), 3901C>T (Arg1301Cys), and 4502A>G (Asp1501Gly), were detected with an allele frequency of 0.003. Based on the LD profiles, the analyzed regions of the gene were divided into five LD blocks (Blocks -1 and 1 to 4). The multiallelic repeat polymorphism in the 5'-UTR was defined as Block -1. For Blocks 1, 2, 3 and 4, 32, 23, 23 and 13 haplotypes were inferred, and 9, 7, 7 and 6 haplotypes commonly found on > or = 10 chromosomes accounted for > or = 91% of the inferred haplotypes in each block. Haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms for each block were identified to capture the common haplotypes. This study would provide fundamental and useful information for the pharmacogenetic studies of MRP1-dependently effluxed drugs in Japanese.

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26 In Caucasian populations, 1299GÀT (Arg433Ser), 1898GÀA (Arg633Gln), 2012GÀT (Gly671Val), and 4535CÀT (Ser1512Leu) have been reported.79) In addition, Arg433Ser decreases the transport activity for LTC4 and estrone sulfate, but not for estradiol 17b-glucuronide, in vitro.10) Ito et al. found 16 genetic polymorphisms, including 4 nonsynonymous and 8 synonymous ones, in 48 Japanese subjects.11) An in vitro functional study showed that one of the non-synonymous variations, 2168GÀA (Arg723Gln), leads to reduced transport activity for LTC4, estradiol 17b-glucuronide and methotrexate.12) However, no haplotype analysis has been reported for the Japanese population. Login to comment
69 We also detected three known nonsynonymous variations, 218CÀT (Thr73Ile), 2168GÀA (Arg723Gln), and 3173GÀA (Arg1058Gln) at frequencies of 0.007, 0.065 and 0.003, respectively. These frequencies were similar to those found in the earlier reports for Japanese11) and Chinese.21) One of the variations, Arg723Gln, leads to reduced transport activities for LTC4, estradiol 17b-glucuronide and methotrexate.12) We did not detect three previously reported variations: 2012GÀT (Gly671Val; found with approximately 0.03 frequency in Caucasians), 3140GÀC (Cys1047Ser; 0.05 in African-Americans), and 4535CÀT (Ser1512Leu; 0.03 in Caucasians).8,9,12) These SNPs might be ethnic- specic. Login to comment

[hide] Multidrug resistance associated proteins as determ... Curr Drug Metab. 2007 Dec;8(8):787-802. Yu XQ, Xue CC, Wang G, Zhou SF
Multidrug resistance associated proteins as determining factors of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Curr Drug Metab. 2007 Dec;8(8):787-802., [PMID:18220559]

Abstract [show]
The multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, MRP5, MRP6, MRP7, MRP8 and MRP9) belong to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily (ABCC family) of transporters. They are expressed differentially in the liver, kidney, intestine, brain and other tissues. These transporters are localized to the apical and/or basolateral membrane of the hepatocytes, enterocytes, renal proximal tubule cells and endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Several MRPs (mainly MRP1-3) are associated with tumor resistance which is often caused by an increased efflux and decreased intracellular accumulation of natural product anticancer drugs and other anticancer agents. MRPs transport a structurally diverse array of important endogenous substances and xenobiotics and their metabolites (in particular conjugates) with different substrate specificity and transport kinetics. Most MRPs are subject to induction and inhibition by a variety of compounds. Several nuclear receptors, including pregnane X receptor (PXR), liver X receptor (LXR), and farnesoid receptor (FXR) participate in the regulation of MRPs. MRPs play an important role in the absorption, distribution and elimination of various drugs in the body and thus may affect their efficacy and toxicity and cause drug-drug interactions. MRPs located in the blood-brain barrier can restrict the penetration of compounds into the central nervous system. Mutation of MRP2 causes Dubin-Johnson syndrome, while mutations in MRP6 are responsible for pseudoxanthoma elasticum. More recently, mutations in mouse Mrp6/Abcc6 gene is associated with dystrophic cardiac calcification (DCC), a disease characterized by hydroxyapatite deposition in necrotic myocytes. A single nucleotide polymorphism, 538G>A in the MRP8/ABCC11 gene, is responsible for determination of earwax type. A better understanding of the function and regulating mechanism of MRPs can help minimize and avoid drug toxicity, unfavourable drug-drug interactions, and to overcome drug resistance.

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405 Important Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of MRP Genes MRP Chromosomal location Amino acid variation Nucleotide variation Location References Cys43Ser Thr73Ile G128C C218T Exon2 Exon2 [239] Arg433Ser G1299T Exon10 [258] Gly671Val G2012T Exon16 [259] Arg723Gln G2168A Exon17 [239] MRP1 16p13.11-p13.12 Arg1058Gln G3173A Exon23 [239] C-24T Promoter [100, 239] Val417Ile G1249A Exon10 [100, 238, 239] Gly676Arg G2026C Exon16 [237] Try709Arg T2125C Exon17 [236] Arg768Trp Ser789Phe C2302T C2366T Exon18 Exon18 [100, 238, 239] I1173F R1150H A3517T G3449A Exon25 Exon25 [240] Ile1324Ile C3972T Exon28 [100, 239] MRP2 10q23-24 Ala1450Thr G4348A Exon31 [100, 238, 239] (Table 2) contd…. Login to comment

[hide] ABCB1 and ABCC1 expression in peripheral mononucle... Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Jan 1;77(1):66-75. Epub 2008 Sep 21. Rebecchi IM, Rodrigues AC, Arazi SS, Genvigir FD, Willrich MA, Hirata MH, Soares SA, Bertolami MC, Faludi AA, Bernik MM, Dorea EL, Dagli ML, Avanzo JL, Hirata RD
ABCB1 and ABCC1 expression in peripheral mononuclear cells is influenced by gene polymorphisms and atorvastatin treatment.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2009 Jan 1;77(1):66-75. Epub 2008 Sep 21., 2009-01-01 [PMID:18851956]

Abstract [show]
This study investigated the effects of atorvastatin on ABCB1 and ABCC1 mRNA expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and their relationship with gene polymorphisms and lowering-cholesterol response. One hundred and thirty-six individuals with hypercholesterolemia were selected and treated with atorvastatin (10 mg/day/4 weeks). Blood samples were collected for serum lipids and apolipoproteins measurements and DNA and RNA extraction. ABCB1 (C3435T and G2677T/A) and ABCC1 (G2012T) gene polymorphisms were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction (PCR)-RFLP and mRNA expression was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by singleplex real-time PCR. ABCB1 polymorphisms were associated with risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) (p<0.05). After atorvastatin treatment, both ABCB1 and ABCC1 genes showed 50% reduction of the mRNA expression (p<0.05). Reduction of ABCB1 expression was associated with ABCB1 G2677T/A polymorphism (p=0.039). Basal ABCB1 mRNA in the lower quartile (<0.024) was associated with lower reduction rate of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (33.4+/-12.4%) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) (17.0+/-31.3%) when compared with the higher quartile (>0.085: LDL-c=40.3+/-14.3%; apoB=32.5+/-10.7%; p<0.05). ABCB1 substrates or inhibitors did not affect the baseline expression, while ABCB1 inhibitors reversed the effects of atorvastatin on both ABCB1 and ABCC1 transporters. In conclusion, ABCB1 and ABCC1 mRNA levels in PBMC are modulated by atorvastatin and ABCB1 G2677T/A polymorphism and ABCB1 baseline expression is related to differences in serum LDL cholesterol and apoB in response to atorvastatin.

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31 The ABCC1 G2012T (rs45511401) is a non-synonymous SNP (Gly671Val) located in the exon 16 at the nucleotide binding domain of the protein [13]. Login to comment

[hide] Characterization and analyses of multidrug resista... Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009 Mar;19(3):206-16. Yin JY, Huang Q, Yang Y, Zhang JT, Zhong MZ, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ
Characterization and analyses of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) polymorphisms in Chinese population.
Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009 Mar;19(3):206-16., [PMID:19214144]

Abstract [show]
OBJECTIVE: To explore the distribution frequencies of four common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MRP1/ABCC1 in a mainland Chinese population and investigate whether these SNPs affect the expression and function of the MRP1/ABCC1. METHODS: The genotype of 208 healthy volunteers was determined using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The four candidated SNPs were recreated by site-directed mutagenesis and tested for their effect on MRP1/ABCC1 expression and multidrug resistance function in stable transfected HEK293 and CHO-K1 cell lines. Real-time PCR, western blot and confocal microscopy were used to determine the mRNA, protein expression, and protein trafficking. At last, the effect of mutations on MRP1/ABCC1-mediate drug resistance was determined using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. RESULTS: The allelic frequencies of Cys43Ser (128G>C), Thr73Ile (218C>T), Arg723Gln (2168G>A), and Arg1058Gln (3173G>A) in mainland Chinese were 0.5, 1.4, 5.8, and 0.5%, respectively. None of these mutations had any effect on MRP1/ABCC1 expression and trafficking, but that Arg723Gln mutation significantly reduced MRP1/ABCC1-mediated resistance to daunorubicin, doxorubicin, etoposide, vinblastine, and vincristine. The Cys43Ser mutation did not affect all tested drug resistance. In contrast, the Thr73Ile mutation reduced resistance to methotrexate and etoposide, whereas the Arg1058Gln mutation increased the response of two anthracycline drugs and etoposide in HEK293 and CHO-K1 cells as well as vinblastine and methotrexate in CHO-K1 cells. CONCLUSION: The allelic frequency of the Arg723Gln mutation is relatively higher than other SNPs in mainland Chinese population and therefore this mutation significantly reduces MRP1/ABCC1 activity in multidrug resistance.

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25 To date, only three naturally occurring mutations of MRP1/ABCC1 (Gly671Val, Arg433Ser, and Cys43Ser) have been fully investigated for their effects on MRP1/ ABCC1-mediated MDR [18-20]. Login to comment
157 It has also been reported that Gly671Val and Arg433Ser mutations were found in Caucasian, but not in Asian populations [15,18,19]. Login to comment

[hide] ABCC1 polymorphisms contribute to level and declin... Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009 Sep;19(9):675-84. Siedlinski M, Boezen HM, Boer JM, Smit HA, Postma DS
ABCC1 polymorphisms contribute to level and decline of lung function in two population-based cohorts.
Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009 Sep;19(9):675-84., [PMID:19687781]

Abstract [show]
OBJECTIVE: The ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCC1 [i.e. multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1)] is a membrane-bound pump excreting a variety of xenobiotics from the cell, and thus ABCC1 may play an important role in smoking-related lung function loss and development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We earlier showed that bronchial epithelium of COPD patients have lower ABCC1 expression than that of healthy controls, with even further decrements in more severe COPD stages. In line with these results, we now aimed to assess effects of ABCC1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on both the level and the longitudinal course of lung function in the general population. METHODS: All 51 prevalent (minor allele frequency >5%) and noncorrelated (r<0.8) ABCC1 SNPs were analyzed in two independent, prospective, population-based cohorts, that is, Doetinchem (n = 1152) and Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen (n = 1390) studies (three and seven median lung function measurements, respectively, per patient), using linear regression and linear mixed-effect models. RESULTS: SNPs rs4148382 and rs212093 in the 3'-ABCC1 region were significantly associated with a higher and lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), respectively, in both the cohorts. Another rs35621 SNP (intron 14) was significantly associated with a highly excessive FEV1 decline in both cohorts. All replicated associations were additionally confirmed by permutation testing. CONCLUSION: This is the first study showing a significant relationship between ABCC1 SNPs and lung function in two independent cohorts. These SNPs are therefore putative candidates for studies aiming to prevent COPD and investigating pharmacogenetics in established COPD.

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72 Table 2 Additive effects of 53 ABCC1 SNPs on the level and change of FEV1 in the Doetinchem cohort (n = 1152) Additive effect on the level of FEV1 (ml)a Additive effect on the change of FEV1 (ml/year)b SNP Position MAF (%) HWE P value B SE P B SE P rs4148330 50 region 34.2 0.96 - 63.2 20.4 0.002 - 1.8 1.4 0.20 rs504348 [28] 50 region 19.3 0.61 - 54.9 24.7 0.03 - 2.4 1.7 0.15 rs152022 Intron 1 20.3 0.12 9.0 24.0 0.71 0.4 1.6 0.83 rs215049 Intron 1 31.9 0.72 - 32.5 21.1 0.12 - 1.5 1.5 0.31 rs215068 Intron 1 30.9 0.21 22.7 21.5 0.29 - 0.7 1.5 0.64 rs215079 Intron 1 21.0 0.24 3.2 23.9 0.89 - 1.5 1.7 0.37 rs215100 Intron 1 32.1 0.77 - 48.8 20.9 0.02 - 1.0 1.4 0.50 rs246220 Intron 1 12.6 0.34 - 19.0 30.1 0.53 1.2 2.1 0.55 rs4781699 Intron 1 31.4 0.63 - 56.6 20.9 0.01 - 2.2 1.4 0.13 rs8060750 Intron 1 12.7 0.52 24.4 29.2 0.40 - 1.1 2.0 0.59 rs8045000 Intron 1 32.8 - - 51.2 20.8 0.01 - 1.8 1.4 0.20 rs7190484 Intron 1 38.1 - - 48.8 20.1 0.02 - 1.8 1.4 0.19 rs7196970 Intron 1 40.6 - - 28.6 20.1 0.15 - 1.0 1.4 0.49 rs215101 Intron 1 10.5 - 36.2 33.1 0.27 - 0.9 2.2 0.70 rs4781711 Intron 1 6.9 - - 22.0 41.5 0.60 0.3 2.9 0.91 rs215059 Intron 1 14.2 - 15.6 28.8 0.59 0.8 2.0 0.69 rs4148337 Intron 3 31.9 0.72 - 25.4 21.0 0.23 - 1.0 1.4 0.51 rs4781718 Intron 3 14.3 0.39 - 0.1 27.8 0.99 - 2.1 1.9 0.28 rs246213 Intron 5 8.8 0.97 - 46.9 34.9 0.18 - 2.9 2.4 0.24 rs246240 Intron 5 18.0 0.28 3.1 25.3 0.90 - 0.7 1.7 0.71 rs7188937 Intron 5 46.4 - - 22.0 19.2 0.25 - 1.9 1.3 0.14 rs246233 Intron 6 9.0 - - 8.8 37.7 0.82 1.8 2.6 0.49 rs246230 Intron 7 14.6 0.42 - 5.2 27.5 0.85 - 0.1 1.9 0.97 rs193537 Intron 7 29.5 - - 14.0 22.3 0.53 - 0.2 1.5 0.89 rs60782127 (Arg433Ser) [29,30] Exon 10 2.2 1.00 - 25.2 68.0 0.71 3.3 4.7 0.48 rs12445600 Intron 10 27.8 0.57 - 22.8 22.0 0.30 - 0.5 1.5 0.74 rs4148344 Intron 10 15.7 - 12.5 28.4 0.66 0.5 1.9 0.80 rs35596 Intron 12 23.1 0.44 - 11.0 23.7 0.64 0.9 1.6 0.57 rs35597 Intron 12 46.7 0.33 32.9 20.1 0.10 3.1 1.4 0.02 rs35610 Intron 13 15.8 0.30 - 38.0 27.5 0.17 - 1.6 1.9 0.41 rs35621 Intron 14 10.7 0.61 -7.8 31.4 0.80 - 3.0 2.1 0.17 rs4148353 Intron 15 14.8 0.46 - 4.5 28.3 0.87 0.4 2.0 0.84 rs45511401 (Gly671Val) [30,31] Exon 16 4.9 1.00 22.5 45.4 0.62 - 0.7 3.1 0.81 rs2074086 Intron 18 31.9 0.43 11.7 21.0 0.58 - 1.0 1.4 0.49 rs2074087 Intron 18 14.2 - 42.1 30.6 0.17 - 3.6 2.1 0.08 rs4148358 Intron 19 23.5 0.94 11.1 23.2 0.63 - 0.1 1.6 0.93 rs2283515 Intron 19 46.6 - - 17.5 19.8 0.38 - 2.8 1.3 0.04 rs12449239 Intron 19 14.9 - - 20.4 29.8 0.49 - 0.7 2.0 0.74 rs11864374 Intron 21 22.6 0.62 - 27.4 24.2 0.26 - 2.9 1.6 0.08 rs9933511 Intron 21 27.1 0.09 9.5 22.7 0.68 - 0.5 1.5 0.75 rs3819552 Intron 21 49.0 0.57 6.6 19.9 0.74 2.7 1.4 0.04 rs2238475 Intron 23 4.6 0.16 - 10.8 46.0 0.82 1.2 3.2 0.71 rs2238476 Intron 23 5.9 0.74 28.0 41.5 0.50 - 1.5 2.8 0.59 rs12599429 Intron 26 31.8 0.85 17.7 21.5 0.41 2.0 1.5 0.17 rs212079 Intron 26 4.1 0.85 - 20.3 50.0 0.69 - 5.9 3.4 0.09 rs212083 Intron 27 19.5 0.46 - 10.6 24.6 0.67 - 3.9 1.7 0.02 rs2230671 (Ser1334Ser) Exon 28 29.8 0.98 5.7 21.6 0.79 1.9 1.5 0.19 rs3743527 30 UTR 22.5 0.09 - 58.6 23.5 0.01 - 1.3 1.6 0.44 rs212090 30 UTR 45.5 - - 11.2 19.4 0.56 4.3 1.3 0.001 rs212093 30 region 45.3 0.10 - 42.5 19.3 0.03 - 2.9 1.3 0.03 rs4148382 30 region 9.7 1.00 94.2 33.4 0.005 - 3.6 2.3 0.11 rs212094 30 region 18.0 - 15.9 25.8 0.54 - 5.3 1.8 0.003 rs12448760 30 region 29.1 - -7.5 21.6 0.73 2.7 1.5 0.07 The lack of HWE P values indicates haplotype-tagged SNPs. Login to comment

[hide] Structural and functional properties of human mult... Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(3):439-81. He SM, Li R, Kanwar JR, Zhou SF
Structural and functional properties of human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1).
Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(3):439-81., [PMID:21143116]

Abstract [show]
Multidrug ABC transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1/ABCB1) and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) play an important role in the extrusion of drugs from the cell and their overexpression can be a cause of failure of anticancer and antimicrobial chemotherapy. Recently, the mouse P-gp/Abcb1a structure has been determined and this has significantly enhanced our understanding of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of mammalian ABC transporters. This paper highlights our current knowledge on the structural and functional properties and the SAR of human MRP1/ABCC1. Although the crystal structure of MRP1/ABCC1 has yet to be resolved, the current topological model of MRP1/ABCC1 contains two transmembrane domains (TMD1 and TMD2) each followed by a nucleotide binding domain (NBD) plus a third NH2-terminal TMD0. MRP1/ABCC1 is expressed in the liver, kidney, intestine, brain and other tissues. MRP1/ABCC1 transports a structurally diverse array of important endogenous substances (e.g. leukotrienes and estrogen conjugates) and xenobiotics and their metabolites, including various conjugates, anticancer drugs, heavy metals, organic anions and lipids. Cells that highly express MRP1/ABCC1 confer resistance to a variety of natural product anticancer drugs such as vinca alkaloids (e.g. vincristine), anthracyclines (e.g. etoposide) and epipodophyllotoxins (e.g. doxorubicin and mitoxantrone). MRP1/ABCC1 is associated with tumor resistance which is often caused by an increased efflux and decreased intracellular accumulation of natural product anticancer drugs and other anticancer agents. However, most compounds that efficiently reverse P-gp/ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance have only low affinity for MRP1/ABCC1 and there are only a few effective and relatively specific MRP1/ABCC1 inhibitors available. A number of site-directed mutagenesis studies, biophysical and photolabeling studies, SAR and QSAR, molecular docking and homology modeling studies have documented the role of multiple residues in determining the substrate specificity and inhibitor selectivity of MRP1/ABCC1. Most of these residues are located in the TMs of TMD1 and TMD2, in particular TMs 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16, and 17, or in close proximity to the membrane/cytosol interface of MRP1/ABCC1. The exact transporting mechanism of MRP1/ABCC1 is unclear. MRP1/ABCC1 and other multidrug transporters are front-line mediators of drug resistance in cancers and represent important therapeutic targets in future chemotherapy. The crystal structure of human MRP1/ABCC1 is expected to be resolved in the near future and this will provide an insight into the SAR of MRP1/ABCC1 and allow for rational design of anticancer drugs and potent and selective MRP1/ABCC1 inhibitors.

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816 There are at least 15 naturally occurring mutations identified in MRP1/ABCC1, including Cys43Ser in TM1, Thr73Ile in CL1, Ser92Phe in TM2, Arg230Asn in L0, Val353Met at TM6/TM7 interface, Arg433Ser in TM8, Gly671Val in TM11, Arg723Gln located between the Walker A and Walker B motifs of NBD1, Ala861Thr at NBD1/TM12 interface, Ala989Thr in TM12, Cys1047Ser in TM13, Arg1058Gln in CL7, Val1146Ile in CL7, Thr1337Ala between the Walker A and Walker B motifs of NBD2, and Thr1401Met, and many of them have been found to affect its transport activity [171, 362, 363, 366, 367, 377-384]. Login to comment

[hide] ABCC1 polymorphism Arg723Gln (2168G > A) is associ... Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2011 Sep;38(9):632-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05571.x. Yin JY, Han LF, Huang Q, Xu XJ, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ
ABCC1 polymorphism Arg723Gln (2168G > A) is associated with lung cancer susceptibility in a Chinese population.
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2011 Sep;38(9):632-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05571.x., [PMID:21736601]

Abstract [show]
1. In a previous in vitro study, we showed that the Arg723Gln (2168G > A) polymorphism significantly ABCC1-induced multidrug resistance. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the association of this polymorphism with lung cancer susceptibility and chemotherapy response in a Chinese population. 2. A total of 77 lung cancer patients (54 men, 23 women) and 71 cancer-free controls (49 men, 22 women) were enrolled in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and all samples were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. 3. Individuals carrying the 723Gln (A) allele have a 3.4-fold increased risk (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-9.06; P = 0.013) of lung cancer compared with wild-type individuals. Further stratified analysis indicated that older individuals (> 50 years) carrying the 723Gln (A) allele have the highest susceptibility to lung cancer (adjusted OR 4.10; 95% CI 1.25-13.48; P = 0.020). However, no substantial association was found between the Arg723Gln (2168G > A) polymorphism and chemotherapy response in Chinese lung cancer patients. 4. In conclusion, the Arg723Gln (2168G > A) polymorphism of ABCC1 appears to be a potential susceptibility marker for lung cancer in the Chinese population, especially in older people.

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25 For instance, 1684T>C affected the pharmacokinetics of the drug irinotecan in cancer patients.9 In another study, is was found that individuals with the Gly671Val (2012C>T) mutation have just half of the MRP1/ABCC1 mRNA expression level in peripheral blood compared with wild-type subjects.10 In a large sample size case control study, it was shown that non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients carrying the Gly671Val allele had increased propensity to anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.11 Although it has been shown that MRP1/ABCC1 polymorphisms cause significant alterations in protein function, the association between MRP1/ABCC1 polymorphisms and disease susceptibility, as well as the response to chemotherapy, remains unclear. Login to comment

[hide] Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: mutations in the MRP6 ge... Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 23;97(11):6001-6. Ringpfeil F, Lebwohl MG, Christiano AM, Uitto J
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: mutations in the MRP6 gene encoding a transmembrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 May 23;97(11):6001-6., 2000-05-23 [PMID:10811882]

Abstract [show]
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), the prototypic heritable connective tissue disorder affecting the elastic structures in the body, manifests with cutaneous, ophthalmologic, and cardiovascular findings, with considerable morbidity and mortality. The molecular basis of PXE has remained unknown, but the disease locus has recently been mapped to an approximately 500-kb interval on chromosome 16p13.1, without evidence for locus heterogeneity. In this study, we report pathogenetic mutations in MRP6, a member of the ABC transporter gene family, in eight kindreds with PXE. The mutation detection strategy consisted of heteroduplex scanning of coding sequences in the MRP6 gene, which were amplified by PCR by using genomic DNA as template, followed by direct nucleotide sequencing. A total of 13 mutant MRP6 alleles were disclosed in the eight probands with PXE. These genetic lesions consisted of either single base pair substitutions resulting in missense, nonsense, or splice site mutations, or large deletions resulting in allelic loss of the MRP6 locus. Examination of clinically unaffected family members in four multiplex families identified heterozygous carriers, consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. Collectively, identification of mutations in the MRP6 gene provides the basis to examine the pathomechanisms of PXE and allows development of DNA-based carrier detection, prenatal testing, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis in families with a history of this disease.

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59 NM004996) revealed a neutral polymorphism (2031G3C; V677V) in one PXE family (family 4 in Fig. 1), and a heterozygous glycine-to-valine polymorphism (2012G3T; G671V) in another (family 2 in Fig. 1). Login to comment

[hide] Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporter... Pharmacol Rev. 2010 Mar;62(1):1-96. Epub 2010 Jan 26. Klaassen CD, Aleksunes LM
Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporters: function and regulation.
Pharmacol Rev. 2010 Mar;62(1):1-96. Epub 2010 Jan 26., [PMID:20103563]

Abstract [show]
Transporters influence the disposition of chemicals within the body by participating in absorption, distribution, and elimination. Transporters of the solute carrier family (SLC) comprise a variety of proteins, including organic cation transporters (OCT) 1 to 3, organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN) 1 to 3, organic anion transporters (OAT) 1 to 7, various organic anion transporting polypeptide isoforms, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, peptide transporters (PEPT) 1 and 2, concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT) 1 to 3, equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 to 3, and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters (MATE) 1 and 2, which mediate the uptake (except MATEs) of organic anions and cations as well as peptides and nucleosides. Efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, such as ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), multidrug resistance proteins (MDR) 1 and 2, bile salt export pump, multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP) 1 to 9, breast cancer resistance protein, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G members 5 and 8, are responsible for the unidirectional export of endogenous and exogenous substances. Other efflux transporters [ATPase copper-transporting beta polypeptide (ATP7B) and ATPase class I type 8B member 1 (ATP8B1) as well as organic solute transporters (OST) alpha and beta] also play major roles in the transport of some endogenous chemicals across biological membranes. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of these transporters (both rodent and human) with regard to tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and substrate preferences. Because uptake and efflux transporters are expressed in multiple cell types, the roles of transporters in a variety of tissues, including the liver, kidneys, intestine, brain, heart, placenta, mammary glands, immune cells, and testes are discussed. Attention is also placed upon a variety of regulatory factors that influence transporter expression and function, including transcriptional activation and post-translational modifications as well as subcellular trafficking. Sex differences, ontogeny, and pharmacological and toxicological regulation of transporters are also addressed. Transporters are important transmembrane proteins that mediate the cellular entry and exit of a wide range of substrates throughout the body and thereby play important roles in human physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and toxicology.

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7118 Nucleotide Change Amino Acid Change In Vitro Function Protein Expression/Localization ABCC1 MRP1 G128C C43S 1↔ Intracellular C218T T73I 1↔ Normal C257T S92F 2↔ Normal C350T T117M 2↔ Normal G689A R230Q ↔ Normal G1057A V353M N.D. N.D. G1299T R433S 2↔ Normal G1898A R633Q 2↔ Normal G2012T G671V ↔ Normal G2168A R723Q 2 Normal G2965A A989T 2↔ Normal G3140C C1047S 1↔ Normal G3173A R1058Q ↔ Normal C4535T S1512L ↔ Normal ABCC2 MRP2 C-24T N.D. N.D. G1058A R353H N.D. N.D. G1249A V417I ↔ Normal C2366T S789F 12 Intracellular T2780G L927R N.D. N.D. C3298T R1100C N.D. N.D. G3299A R1100H N.D. N.D. T3563A V1188E N.D. N.D. G4348A A1450T ↔ Normal/Intracellular G4544A C1515Y N.D. N.D. ABCC3 MRP3 G32A G11D ↔ Normal C202T H68Y N.D. N.D. G296A R99Q N.D. Normal C1037T S346F 2 Normal C1537A Q513K N.D. N.D. T1643A L548Q N.D. N.D. G1820A S607N 2 Normal C2221T Gln741STOP N.D. N.D. G2293C V765L ↔ Normal G2395A V799M N.D. N.D. C2758T P920S 1 Normal G2768A R923Q 1 Normal C3657A S1219R N.D. N.D. C3856G R1286G ↔ Normal G3890A R1297H N.D. N.D. C4042T R1348C 1 Normal A4094G Q1365R ↔ Normal C4141A R1381S ↔ Intracellular C4217T T1406M N.D. N.D. G4267A G1423R N.D. N.D. ABCC4 MRP4 C52A L18I N.D. N.D. C232G P78A 2↔ Normal T551C M184T N.D. N.D. G559T G187W 2 Reduced A877G K293E ↔ Normal G912T K304N ↔ Normal C1067T T356M N.D. N.D. C1208T P403L 2↔ Normal G1460A G487E 2 Normal A1492G K498E ↔ Normal A1875G I625M N.D. N.D. C2000T P667L N.D. N.D. A2230G M744V ↔ Normal G2269A E757K N.D. Intracellular G2459T R820I N.D. N.D. G2560T V854F N.D. N.D. G2698T V900L N.D. N.D. G2867C C956S 1↔ Normal G3211A V1071I ↔ Normal C3425T T1142M N.D. N.D. G3659A R1220Q N.D. N.D. A3941G Q1314R N.D. N.D. 2, reduced function; 1, increased function; ↔, no change in function; N.D. not determined. Login to comment
7115 Nucleotide Change Amino Acid Change In Vitro Function Protein Expression/Localization ABCC1 MRP1 G128C C43S 1࢒ Intracellular C218T T73I 1࢒ Normal C257T S92F 2࢒ Normal C350T T117M 2࢒ Normal G689A R230Q ࢒ Normal G1057A V353M N.D. N.D. G1299T R433S 2࢒ Normal G1898A R633Q 2࢒ Normal G2012T G671V ࢒ Normal G2168A R723Q 2 Normal G2965A A989T 2࢒ Normal G3140C C1047S 1࢒ Normal G3173A R1058Q ࢒ Normal C4535T S1512L ࢒ Normal ABCC2 MRP2 C-24T N.D. N.D. G1058A R353H N.D. N.D. G1249A V417I ࢒ Normal C2366T S789F 12 Intracellular T2780G L927R N.D. N.D. C3298T R1100C N.D. N.D. G3299A R1100H N.D. N.D. T3563A V1188E N.D. N.D. G4348A A1450T ࢒ Normal/Intracellular G4544A C1515Y N.D. N.D. ABCC3 MRP3 G32A G11D ࢒ Normal C202T H68Y N.D. N.D. G296A R99Q N.D. Normal C1037T S346F 2 Normal C1537A Q513K N.D. N.D. T1643A L548Q N.D. N.D. G1820A S607N 2 Normal C2221T Gln741STOP N.D. N.D. G2293C V765L ࢒ Normal G2395A V799M N.D. N.D. C2758T P920S 1 Normal G2768A R923Q 1 Normal C3657A S1219R N.D. N.D. C3856G R1286G ࢒ Normal G3890A R1297H N.D. N.D. C4042T R1348C 1 Normal A4094G Q1365R ࢒ Normal C4141A R1381S ࢒ Intracellular C4217T T1406M N.D. N.D. G4267A G1423R N.D. N.D. ABCC4 MRP4 C52A L18I N.D. N.D. C232G P78A 2࢒ Normal T551C M184T N.D. N.D. G559T G187W 2 Reduced A877G K293E ࢒ Normal G912T K304N ࢒ Normal C1067T T356M N.D. N.D. C1208T P403L 2࢒ Normal G1460A G487E 2 Normal A1492G K498E ࢒ Normal A1875G I625M N.D. N.D. C2000T P667L N.D. N.D. A2230G M744V ࢒ Normal G2269A E757K N.D. Intracellular G2459T R820I N.D. N.D. G2560T V854F N.D. N.D. G2698T V900L N.D. N.D. G2867C C956S 1࢒ Normal G3211A V1071I ࢒ Normal C3425T T1142M N.D. N.D. G3659A R1220Q N.D. N.D. A3941G Q1314R N.D. N.D. 2, reduced function; 1, increased function; ࢒, no change in function; N.D. not determined. Login to comment

[hide] Pharmacogenomic prediction of anthracycline-induce... J Clin Oncol. 2012 May 1;30(13):1422-8. Epub 2011 Sep 6. Visscher H, Ross CJ, Rassekh SR, Barhdadi A, Dube MP, Al-Saloos H, Sandor GS, Caron HN, van Dalen EC, Kremer LC, van der Pal HJ, Brown AM, Rogers PC, Phillips MS, Rieder MJ, Carleton BC, Hayden MR
Pharmacogenomic prediction of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in children.
J Clin Oncol. 2012 May 1;30(13):1422-8. Epub 2011 Sep 6., [PMID:21900104]

Abstract [show]
PURPOSE: Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (ACT) is a serious adverse drug reaction limiting anthracycline use and causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to identify genetic variants associated with ACT in patients treated for childhood cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a study of 2,977 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 220 key drug biotransformation genes in a discovery cohort of 156 anthracycline-treated children from British Columbia, with replication in a second cohort of 188 children from across Canada and further replication of the top SNP in a third cohort of 96 patients from Amsterdam, the Netherlands. RESULTS: We identified a highly significant association of a synonymous coding variant rs7853758 (L461L) within the SLC28A3 gene with ACT (odds ratio, 0.35; P = 1.8 x 10(-5) for all cohorts combined). Additional associations (P < .01) with risk and protective variants in other genes including SLC28A1 and several adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporters (ABCB1, ABCB4, and ABCC1) were present. We further explored combining multiple variants into a single-prediction model together with clinical risk factors and classification of patients into three risk groups. In the high-risk group, 75% of patients were accurately predicted to develop ACT, with 36% developing this within the first year alone, whereas in the low-risk group, 96% of patients were accurately predicted not to develop ACT. CONCLUSION: We have identified multiple genetic variants in SLC28A3 and other genes associated with ACT. Combined with clinical risk factors, genetic risk profiling might be used to identify high-risk patients who can then be provided with safer treatment options.

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98 We found one variant in ABCC1 (rs4148350) to be associated with ACT. This variant is located in close proximity (Ͻ 3 Kb) and within the same haplotype block as the previously associated nonsynonymous variant G671V,10 suggesting these variants are likely in linkage disequilibrium. Login to comment

[hide] Genetic association analysis of transporters ident... Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012 Jun;22(6):447-65. Grover S, Gourie-Devi M, Bala K, Sharma S, Kukreti R
Genetic association analysis of transporters identifies ABCC2 loci for seizure control in women with epilepsy on first-line antiepileptic drugs.
Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012 Jun;22(6):447-65., [PMID:22565165]

Abstract [show]
OBJECTIVE: The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters is known to efflux antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) primarily in the brain, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and kidneys. In addition, they are also known to be involved in estrogen disposition and may modulate seizure susceptibility and drug response. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of genetic variants from ABC transporters in seizure control in epilepsy patients treated with monotherapy of first-line AEDs for 12 months. METHODS: On the basis of gene coverage and functional significance, a total of 98 single nucleotide polymorphisms from ABCB1, ABCC1, and ABCC2 were genotyped in 400 patients from North India. Of these, 216 patients were eligible for therapeutic assessment. Genetic variants were compared between the 'no-seizures' and the 'recurrent-seizures' groups. Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons and adjustment for covariates were performed before assessment of associations. RESULTS: Functionally relevant promoter polymorphisms from ABCC2: c.-1549G>A and c.-1019A>G either considered alone or in haplotype and diplotype combinations were observed for a significant association with seizure control in women (odds ratio>3.5, P<10, power>95%). Further, low protein-expressing CGT and TGT (c.-24C>T, c.1249G>A, c.3972C>T) haplotypes were always observed to be present in combination with the AG (c.-1549G>A, c.-1019A>G) haplotype that was over-represented in women with 'no seizures'. CONCLUSION: The distribution of the associated variants supports the involvement of ABCC2 in controlling seizures in women possibly by lowering of its expression. The biological basis of this finding could be an altered interaction of ABCC2 with AEDs and estrogens. These results necessitate replication in a larger pool of patients.

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87 - 330-21247T > C Intron 1 0.005 6 rs4148731 chr7:87239329 c.-330 - 8935C > T Intron 1 0.000 7 rs9282564 chr7:87229440 c.61A > G Exon 3 (Asn21Asp) 0.000 8 rs9282565 chr7:87214875 c.239C > A Exon 5 (Ala80Glu) 0.000 9 rs28381826 chr7:87214531 c.286 + 297G > A Intron 5 0.000 10 rs1989830 chr7:87205663 c.287 - 6124C > T Intron 5 0.135 11 rs2520464 chr7:87201086 c.287 - 1547A > G Intron 5 0.409 12 rs2235023 chr7:87190452 c.827+ 127G > A Intron 9 0.000 13 rs10276036 chr7:87180198 c.1000 - 44C > T Intron 10 0.401 14 rs2229109 chr7:87179809 c.1199G > A Exon 12 (Ser400Asn) 0.000 15 rs1128503 chr7:87179601 c.1236T > C Exon 13 (Gly412Gly) 0.390 16 rs2235036 chr7:87175271 c.1795G > A Exon 16 (Ala599Thr) 0.000 17 rs2235039 chr7:87165854 c.2401G > A Exon 21 (Val801Met) 0.000 18 rs2235040 chr7:87165750 c.2481 + 24G > A Intron 21 0.155 19 rs2032581 chr7:87160810 c.2485A > G Exon 22 (Ile829Val) 0.000 20 rs2032582 chr7:87160618 c.2677T/A > G Exon 22 (Ser/Thr893Ala) 0.318 21 rs7779562 chr7:87144816 c.3085 -72G > C Intron 25 0.043 22 rs2707944 chr7:87144641 c.3188C > G Exon 26 (Ala1063Gly) 0.000 23 rs2229107 chr7:87138659 c.3421A > T Exon 27 (Thr1141Ser) 0.000 24 rs1045642 chr7:87138645 c.3435T > C Exon 27 (Ile1145Ile) m Expression and activity [28] m mRNA expression [29] Altered substrate specificity [30] 0.375 25 rs2235048 chr7:87138511 c.3489 + 80C > T Intron 27 0.381 26 rs17064 chr7:87133470 c.3932A > T 30 UTR 0.000 ABCC1 1 rs504348 chr16:16043174 rs50438C > G Near gene region k Promoter activity [31] 0.135 2 rs215106 chr16:16047542 c.48 + 3886A > G Intron 1 0.210 3 rs215049 chr16:16070768 c.48 + 27112G > C Intron 1 0.245 4 rs246220 chr16:16082128 c.49 - 19545C > G Intron 1 0.118 5 rs119774 chr16:16086833 c.49 - 14840G > A Intron 1 0.089 6 rs246217 chr16:16090354 c.49 - 11319C > A Intron 1 0.118 7 rs2014800 chr16:16099966 c.49 - 1707C > T Intron 1 0.398 8 rs41494447 chr16:16101842 c.218C > T Exon 2 (Thr73Ile) 0.000 9 rs4781712 chr16:16103232 c.226 - 401A > G Intron 2 0.355 10 rs246240 chr16:16119024 c.616 -7942A > G Intron 5 0.114 11 rs924135 chr16:16123459 c.616 - 3507A > T Intron 5 0.412 12 rs903880 chr16:16130514 c.809 + 54C > A Intron 7 0.147 13 rs8187852 chr16:16139709 c.1057G > A Exon 9 (Met353Val) 0.000 14 rs35587 chr16:16139714 c.1062T > C Exon 9 (Asn354Asn) 0.182 15 rs35592 chr16:16141823 c.1219 - 176T > C Intron 9 0.172 16 rs60782127 chr16:16142079 c.1299G > T Exon 10 (Arg433Ser) k Transport of leukotriene C4 and estrone sulfate [32] 0.008 17 rs3765129 chr16:16149901 c.1474 - 48C > T Intron 11 0.032 18 rs35597 chr16:16158034 c.1678 - 3979G > A Intron 12 0.320 19 rs35621 chr16:16168608 c.1913 - 1575C > T Intron 14 0.103 20 rs45511401 chr16:16173232 c.2012G > T Exon 16 (Gly671Val) 0.024 21 rs4148356 chr16:16177275 c.2168G > A Exon 17 (Arg723Gln) 0.000 22 rs3851713 chr16:16184873 c.2644 + 428A > T Intron 19 0.340 23 rs2239995 chr16:16192565 c.2645 - 3919G > A Intron 19 0.324 24 rs11864374 chr16:16201885 c.2871 + 1155G > A Intron 21 0.338 25 rs35529209 chr16:16205325 c.2965G > A Exon 22 (Thr989Ala) k Transport of estradiol 17b-glucuronide [32] 0.000 26 rs3887893 chr16:16205501 c.3079 + 62G > A Intron 22 0.448 27 rs13337489 chr16:16208683 c.3140G > C Exon 23 (Ser1047Cys) 0.000 28 rs2299670 chr16:16220858 c.3819 + 1090A > G Intron 26 0.399 29 rs8057331 chr16:16230411 c.4202C > T Exon 29 (Thr1401Met) 0.000 30 rs212090 chr16:16236004 c.5462T > A 30 UTR 0.357 31 rs212093 chr16:16237754 rs212093G > A Near gene region 0.429 32 rs4148382 chr16:16238494 rs4148382G > A Near gene region 0.034 ABCC2 1 g.-1774G > delG chr10:101535688 g.-1774G > delG Near gene region k Promoter activity [33] 0.000 2 rs1885301 chr10:101541053 c.-1549G > A Near gene region k Promoter activity [haplotype containing (- 1549A)-(- 24T)] [33] k Clearance of irinotecan (ABCC2*2 containing the G allele) [34] 0.379 450 Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 2012, Vol 22 No 6 Table 2 (continued) N dbSNP ida Positionb Allelesc Gene location (effect) Function MAF 3 rs2804402 chr10:101541583 c. Login to comment

[hide] Identification and functional characterization of ... Pharmacogenetics. 2004 Apr;14(4):213-23. Lee YM, Cui Y, Konig J, Risch A, Jager B, Drings P, Bartsch H, Keppler D, Nies AT
Identification and functional characterization of the natural variant MRP3-Arg1297His of human multidrug resistance protein 3 (MRP3/ABCC3).
Pharmacogenetics. 2004 Apr;14(4):213-23., [PMID:15083066]

Abstract [show]
The human multidrug resistance protein 3 (MRP3, symbol ABCC3) is an ATP-binding cassette transporter that mediates the efflux of organic anions, including lipophilic substances conjugated with glucuronate, sulphate or glutathione, across the basolateral membrane of polarized cells (e.g. hepatocytes) into blood. Genetic variants of MRP3 may affect the transport of these substances out of cells. The aims of this study were: (i) to identify MRP3 polymorphisms; (ii) to functionally characterize one relatively frequent MRP3 polymorphism; and (iii) to establish whether MRP3 transports bilirubin glucuronosides. Exonic nucleotide variants in the ABCC3 gene were identified by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. The 3890G>A mutation, resulting in MRP3-ArgHis, was introduced into the ABCC3 cDNA which was stably transfected into MDCKII cells. For the functional characterization of MRP3-ArgHis in comparison with MRP3, ATP-dependent transport was analysed in isolated membrane vesicles. Two non-synonymous MRP3 variants were identified with an allele frequency of 0.003 for 1643T>A (MRP3-LeuGln) and 0.08 for 3890G>A (MRP3-ArgHis). Because of the high frequency of the 3890G>A mutation, and because of the close proximity of Arg to the second nucleotide-binding domain, we pursued the functional characterization of the MRP3-ArgHis polymorphic variant. MRP3-ArgHis was correctly localized to the basolateral membrane of polarized MDCKII cells. We identified monoglucuronosyl bilirubin, bisglucuronosyl bilirubin and leukotriene C4 as substrates for both MRP3 and MRP3-ArgHis. Dehydroepiandrosterone-3-sulphate and 17beta-glucuronosyl oestradiol were transported with similar kinetics by MRP3 and MRP3-ArgHis. This experimental setup provides a useful tool to analyse the functional consequences of polymorphic variants of MRP3.

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210 By contrast, another natural polymorphic variant, MRP1-Gly671 Val, which is located near the first NBD of MRP1, had similar transport characteristics as MRP1 [46]. Login to comment

[hide] Therapeutic and biological importance of getting n... Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002 Nov 18;54(10):1333-42. Adachi M, Reid G, Schuetz JD
Therapeutic and biological importance of getting nucleotides out of cells: a case for the ABC transporters, MRP4 and 5.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2002 Nov 18;54(10):1333-42., [PMID:12406648]

Abstract [show]
The energy dependent transport of drugs contributes to cellular resistance and is undoubtedly a prime suspect in chemotherapeutic failure of a variety of disease processes. Early studies focused on a single gene, the multidrug resistance gene, MDR1, as a main contributor to chemotherapeutic failure. However, the multifaceted nature of cellular resistance lead to the discovery of the MRP gene. This pivotal finding and the concurrent rapid development of gene databases lead to the expansion of the MRP gene family. The purpose of this review is to discuss two of the recently described MRP family members that were orphans until their role in drug resistance was discovered. This review will provide an overview of the current state of our understanding of MRP4 and 5.

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226 G671V substitution, J. Hum. Genet. 46 (2001) 656-663. Login to comment
221 G671V substitution, J. Hum. Genet. 46 (2001) 656-663. Login to comment

[hide] Structure, function, expression, genomic organizat... Int J Toxicol. 2006 Jul-Aug;25(4):231-59. Choudhuri S, Klaassen CD
Structure, function, expression, genomic organization, and single nucleotide polymorphisms of human ABCB1 (MDR1), ABCC (MRP), and ABCG2 (BCRP) efflux transporters.
Int J Toxicol. 2006 Jul-Aug;25(4):231-59., [PMID:16815813]

Abstract [show]
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute a large family of membrane proteins, which transport a variety of compounds through the membrane against a concentration gradient at the cost of ATP hydrolysis. Substrates of the ABC transporters include lipids, bile acids, xenobiotics, and peptides for antigen presentation. As they transport exogenous and endogenous compounds, they reduce the body load of potentially harmful substances. One by-product of such protective function is that they also eliminate various useful drugs from the body, causing drug resistance. This review is a brief summary of the structure, function, and expression of the important drug resistance-conferring members belonging to three subfamilies of the human ABC family; these are ABCB1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein of subfamily ABCB), subfamily ABCC (MRPs), and ABCG2 (BCRP of subfamily ABCG), which are expressed in various organs. In the text, the transporter symbol that carries the subfamily name (such as ABCB1, ABCC1, etc.) is used interchangeably with the corresponding original names, such as MDR1P-glycoprotein, MRP1, etc., respectively. Both nomenclatures are maintained in the text because both are still used in the transporter literature. This helps readers relate various names that they encounter in the literature. It now appears that P-glycoprotein, MRP1, MRP2, and BCRP can explain the phenomenon of multidrug resistance in all cell lines analyzed thus far. Also discussed are the gene structure, regulation of expression, and various polymorphisms in these genes. Because genetic polymorphism is thought to underlie interindividual differences, including their response to drugs and other xenobiotics, the importance of polymorphism in these genes is also discussed.

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311 Another SNP G2012T in exon 16 (Gly671Val) was found to have no functional consequences, whereas exon 10 SNP G1299T (Arg433Ser; in the cytosolic interface of transmembrane segment 8) resulted in significant decrease in the transport ability of many organic anions but increased doxorubicin resistance (Conseil, Deeley, and Cole 2005). Login to comment

[hide] Acute exposure to doxorubicin results in increased... J Pharm Sci. 2011 Sep;100(9):3951-8. doi: 10.1002/jps.22622. Epub 2011 May 17. Budde T, Haney J, Bien S, Schwebe M, Riad A, Tschope C, Staudt A, Jedlitschky G, Felix SB, Kroemer HK, Grube M
Acute exposure to doxorubicin results in increased cardiac P-glycoprotein expression.
J Pharm Sci. 2011 Sep;100(9):3951-8. doi: 10.1002/jps.22622. Epub 2011 May 17., [PMID:21590773]

Abstract [show]
Doxorubicin is a frequently used anticancer drug, but its use is restricted due to the occurrence of severe side effects, namely strong cardiotoxicity. It is known from cancer cells that doxorubicin enhanced the expression of its efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which may modulate local drug concentrations. We therefore studied the cardiac expression of P-gp in doxorubicin-treated mice. Mice were treated with doxorubicin, and P-gp expression was studied after 1, 3, and 5 days. Thereby, we could show a significant upregulation of abcb1a (162 +/- 15% of control) and abcb1b (418 +/- 110% of control) mRNA transcripts after 3 days. On protein level, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining revealed a similar finding 5 days after doxorubicin administration. In addition, these results could be confirmed by in vitro models using primary rat cardiomyocytes and the murine cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells. Besides an enhanced mRNA and protein expression, doxorubicin-treated HL-1 cells also demonstrated an enhanced P-gp function as assessed by a daunorubicin accumulation assay. Our in vivo and in vitro results demonstrate a cardiac upregulation of P-gp in doxorubicin-treated mice on expression and functional level. This finding may be relevant for cardiac tissue concentrations of P-gp substrates and may represent a mechanism in cardiac self-protection against xenobiotics.

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125 OCTN1 for doxorubicin transport, but data on their role for cardiac uptake are missing.29,30 In contrast, efflux transporters of the ABC transporter family have already been shown to affect pharmacokinetics of their substrates and are present and functionally active in the heart.31,32 Among them MRP1 and P-gp are capable to transport doxorubicin, thereby possibly affecting cardiac drug concentrations.9,10 Therefore, it was not surprising that cardiac MRP1 expression and function have been associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy.18,33 These findings were underlined by a human study indicating an association between a MRP1 polymorphism (Gly671Val) and acute anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.34 In contrast to MRP1, the effect of doxorubicin on cardiac P-gp expression has not been investigated so far. Login to comment

[hide] The G671V variant of MRP1/ABCC1 links doxorubicin-... Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012 Apr;22(4):273-84. Jungsuwadee P, Zhao T, Stolarczyk EI, Paumi CM, Butterfield DA, St Clair DK, Vore M
The G671V variant of MRP1/ABCC1 links doxorubicin-induced acute cardiac toxicity to disposition of the glutathione conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal.
Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012 Apr;22(4):273-84., [PMID:22293538]

Abstract [show]
OBJECTIVE: Doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity is associated with the Gly671Val (G671V; rs45511401) variant of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1). Doxorubicin redox cycling causes lipid peroxidation and generation of the reactive electrophile, 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE). Glutathione forms conjugates with HNE, yielding an MRP1 substrate, GS-HNE, whose intracellular accumulation can cause toxicity. METHODS: We established stable HEK293 cell lines overexpressing wild-type MRP1 (HEKMRP1), G671V (HEKG671V), and R433S (HEKR433S), a variant not associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and investigated the sensitivity of HEKG671V cells to doxorubicin and transport capacity of G671V toward GS-HNE. RESULTS: In ATP-dependent transport studies using plasma membrane-derived vesicles, the Vmax (pmol/min/mg) for GS-HNE transport was the lowest for G671V (69+/-4) and the highest for R433S (972+/-213) compared with wild-type MRP1 (416+/-22), whereas the Km values were 2.8+/-0.4, 6.0 or more, and 1.7+/-0.2 micromol/l, respectively. In cells, the doxorubicin IC50 (48 h) was not different in HEKMRP1 (463 nmol/l) versus HEKR433S (645 nmol/l), but this parameter was significantly lower in HEKG671V (181 nmol/l). HEKG671V retained significantly (approximately 20%) more, whereas HEKR433S retained significantly less intracellular doxorubicin than HEKMRP1. Similarly, HEKG671V cells treated with 1.5 micromol/l of doxorubicin for 24 h retained significantly more GS-HNE. In cells treated with 0.5 micromol/l of doxorubicin for 48 , glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels and the glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio were significantly decreased in HEKG671V versus HEKMRP1; these values were similar in HEKR433S versus HEKMRP1. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that decreased MRP1-dependent GS-HNE efflux contributes to increased doxorubicin toxicity in HEKG671V and potentially in individuals carrying the G671V variant.

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0 The G671V variant of MRP1/ABCC1 links doxorubicin-induced acute cardiac toxicity to disposition of the glutathione conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal Paiboon Jungsuwadeea,c , Tianyong Zhaoa , Elzbieta I. Stolarczyka , Christian M. Paumia , D. Allan Butterfieldb , Daret K. St Claira and Mary Vorea Objective Doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity is associated with the Gly671Val (G671V; rs45511401) variant of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1). Login to comment
3 Methods We established stable HEK293 cell lines overexpressing wild-type MRP1 (HEKMRP1), G671V (HEKG671V), and R433S (HEKR433S), a variant not associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and investigated the sensitivity of HEKG671V cells to doxorubicin and transport capacity of G671V toward GS-HNE. Login to comment
4 Results In ATP-dependent transport studies using plasma membrane-derived vesicles, the Vmax (pmol/min/mg) for GS-HNE transport was the lowest for G671V (69 ± 4) and the highest for R433S (972 ± 213) compared with wild-type MRP1 (416 ± 22), whereas the Km values were 2.8 ± 0.4, 6.0 or more, and 1.7 ± 0.2 lmol/l, respectively. Login to comment
9 Conclusion These data suggest that decreased MRP1-dependent GS-HNE efflux contributes to increased doxorubicin toxicity in HEKG671V and potentially in individuals carrying the G671V variant. Login to comment
20 Among several variants, they identified Arg433Ser (R433S), Original article 273 1744-6872 c 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins DOI: 10.1097/FPC.b013e328350e270 located in the second transmembrane spanning domain, and Gly671Val (G671V; rs45511401), near the Walker A motif in the first nucleotide-binding domain. Login to comment
22 The G671V variant showed no difference in in-vitro transport assays using LTC4 or estradiol-17b-glucuronide (E217G) as substrates. Login to comment
24 The frequency of the G671V variant (exon 16, 2012G > T) was 2.78% for the T allele in Whites and 1.43% in the Indian population, with none reported in the Asian population [9]. Login to comment
26 Importantly, in a nested case-control cohort clinical study, patients with the G671V variant showed a significantly increased doxorubicin-induced acute cardiac toxicity that accounted for 6.4% of the incidence of acute cardiac toxicity, with an odds ratio of 3.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.6-8.4) [10]. Login to comment
36 In addition, on the basis of the fact that (a) cumulative doses of doxorubicin are a risk for doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity, (b) HNE and HNE metabolites (e.g. GS-HNE) have been shown to be associated with oxidative stress in a myocardial ischemic model [21], and (c) MRP1 is highly expressed in the heart [22,23], we postulated that the association of the MRP1 G671V variant with doxorubicin-induced acute cardiac toxicity [10] could be due to a change in its substrate specificity. Login to comment
37 In this study, we examined whether cells expressing the G671V and R433S variants versus WT MRP1 were more sensitive to doxorubicin, and characterized the transport properties of WT MRP1 relative to the G671V and R433S MRP1 variants, specifically with respect to GS-HNE transport activity. Login to comment
46 MRP1 variants of G671Vand R433S were generated using the QuickChange II XL site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, California, USA) according to the manufacturer`s instructions with the following mutagenic primers (for G671V, forward primer: 50 -TCCATCCCCGAAGTTGCTTTGGTG 274 GCCGTG-30 and reverse primer: 50 -CACGGCCACCAAAG CAACTTCGGGGATGGA-30 ; for R433S, forward primer: 50 -GTGGACGCTCAGAGCTTCATGGACTTGGC-30 and reverse primer: 50 -GCCAAGTCCATGAAGCTCTGAGCGT CCAC-30 ). Login to comment
78 Membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies for MRP1 (1:1000) and Na+ /K+ -ATPasea1 (1:20 000), washed three times, each for 5 min with TBS-T, followed by incubation with the secondary MRP1 G671V decreases GS-HNE transport Jungsuwadee et al. 275 antibody (1 : 5000) 1-2 h at room temperature, and finally washed twice with TBS-T buffer for 5 min. Login to comment
113 Results HEKG671V cells are more sensitive to doxorubicin cytotoxicity than HEKMRP1 and HEKR433S Patients with the G671V variant showed a significantly increased doxorubicin-induced acute cardiac toxicity [10]. Login to comment
114 In an attempt to understand this phenomenon, we developed HEK293 cell lines that stably expressed human MRP1 SNPs G671V, and three different control cells: HEK293 cells transfected with pUSEamp(+) vector (HEKpUSE), WT MRP1 (HEKMRP1), or the R433S variant (HEKR433S), which is not associated with doxorubicin-induced acute cardiac toxicity. Login to comment
117 To determine the impact of the G671V SNP on cell viability and to estimate the doxorubicin IC50 value, we cultured cells in the presence of doxorubicin at various concentrations for 48 h (Fig. 2a); IC50 values were calculated from the percent survival curves (Fig. 2b). Login to comment
121 To determine whether the G671V variant influenced retention of doxorubicin, we incubated cells with doxorubicin (50 mmol/l, 1 h) and then cultured cells for an additional 30 min in the absence of doxorubicin to determine its MRP1-mediated efflux. Login to comment
141 MRP1 G671V decreases GS-HNE transport Jungsuwadee et al. 277 Fig. 1 (b) 3000 MRP1pUSE G671V R433S *** *** *** 2000 Meanfluorescenceintensity 1000 0 pUSE MRP1 G671V R433S (a) (c) 10.0 * * * 7.5 5.0 2.5 MRP1/18S 0.0 pUSE MRP1 G671V R433S Expression in stable cell lines of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and its variants. Login to comment
149 Fig. 2 (a) (b) Genotype Doxorubicin IC50 nmol/l (95% CI) pUSE 58.0 (51.4-65.5) MRP1 463.0 (332.7-644.2) G671V 181.4 (137.4-239.5) R433S 645.2 (158.3-2630.0) pUSE125 100 75 50 Percentsurvival 25 0 MRP1 G671V R433S 10 Doxorubicin (μmol/l) -1-2-3 Percent survival of HEKpUSE, HEKMRP1, HEKR433S, and HEKG671V cells in the presence of doxorubicin. Login to comment
154 278 G671V single nucleotide polymorphism maintains LTC4 transport activity but loses glutathione-conjugated 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal transport capacity In view of the cellular GS-HNE retention in HEKG671V cells, we examined further whether the MRP1 polymorphisms would have an impact on their substrate specificity or transport capacity. Login to comment
156 The G671V variant was comparable with WT MRP1 with respect to LTC4 transport, whereas LTC4 transport was decreased by 75% in the R433S variant compared with WT MRP1 (Fig. 6b), consistent with previous reports [7,8]. Login to comment
157 To determine whether the G671V variant might have an altered dependence on glutathione for transport, we examined the effects of glutathione; 0.5 mmol/l of glutathione had no effect on transport, whereas 5 mmol/l of glutathione completely inhibited LTC4 transport by MRP1 and both its variants (Fig. 6b). Login to comment
159 GS-HNE was transported by Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Fig. 6c), and showed a markedly reduced transport by the G671V variant such that the Vmax was decreased to about 15% of that by WT MRP1 (Fig. 6c). Login to comment
161 The Km value of the G671V variants did not differ significantly from that of WT MRP1 (Fig. 6c), and agreed well with the Km of 1.6 mmol/l reported previously for MRP1 [20]. Login to comment
163 The Vmax/Km of the G671V variant was only about 10% (0.025 mg/l/min) of that of WT MRP1 (0.24 mg/l/min), indicating a markedly decreased transport efficiency of the G671V variant. Login to comment
165 To investigate whether the cardiac sarcolemma can transport GS-HNE, and the Fig. 3 (a) (b) (c) (d) 1.5 ** ** **** ** ** ** *** ** 1.0 Fractionofcontrol doxorubicinaccumulation Fractionofcontrol doxorubicinaccumulation 0.5 0.0 8 250 200 150 100 GS-HNE(%control) 50 0 pUSE MRP1 G671V R433S 6 4 GS-HNE(nmol/mg) 2 0 Doxorubicin (1.5 μmol/l) - + - + - + - + pUSE MRP1 G671V R433S 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 pUSE 1 h M RP1 h G 671V 1 h R433S 1 h pUSE 24 h M RP1 24 h G 671V 24 h R433S 24 h Doxorubicin and glutathione-conjugated 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (GS-HNE) retention in HEKpUSE, HEKMRP1, HEKR433S, and HEKG671V cells. Login to comment
171 MRP1 G671V decreases GS-HNE transport Jungsuwadee et al. 279 importance of Mrp1, we isolated sarcolemma membranes from FVB WT and Mrp1- / - mice that were treated with doxorubicin (20mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and killed 24h later. Login to comment
174 Discussion The increased incidence of acute doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in patients who carry the G671V variant of MRP1 suggests that the glycine to valine variant at amino acid 671 of MRP1 affects its transport function for certain substrates. Login to comment
175 Consistent with this hypothesis is the result predicted by PolyPhen-2 (http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/ pph2/), in which this G671V variant is predicted to be 'probably damaging`, likely due to the proximity of G671 to the Walker A motif. Login to comment
176 The present studies provided clear evidence that the ability to transport GS-HNE was markedly decreased by 85% in the G671V MRP1 variant relative to WT MRP1. Login to comment
177 In a previous study [7], the G671V variant did not show altered transport of several MRP1 substrates (LTC4, estrone sulfate, and E217G), and in this study, we confirmed that transport of LTC4 was not impacted. Login to comment
197 On the basis of Vmax values, the GS-HNE transport capacity of the G671V variant was decreased 85% relative to WT MRP1 (Fig. 6c), and exhibited a 10-fold decrease in Vmax/Km. Login to comment
204 These are the first data demonstrating that the G671V variant has a decreased capacity to efflux GS-HNE, despite retention of the ability of this MRP1 variant to transport other classic MRP1 substrates, that is, LTC4, estrone sulfate, and E217G [7]. Login to comment
212 MRP1 G671V decreases GS-HNE transport Jungsuwadee et al. 281 MRP3, Grant et al. [30] substituted amino acids 425-516 of MRP1 in the region spanning transmembrane helices 8 and with those of amino acids 411-502 of MRP3, and found complete loss of LTC4 transport, but a modest enhancement in E217bG transport, with minimal effects on transport of methotrexate, a substrate common to both MRP1 and MRP3 [30]. Login to comment
218 In conclusion, cells expressing the G671V MRP1 variant were more sensitive to doxorubicin than cells expressing WT MRP1, most likely due to an increase in the accumulation of intracellular GS-HNE, together with a decrease in the glutathione/GSSG ratio, indicating oxidative stress that can lead to cytotoxicity. Login to comment
219 Although increased retention of doxorubicin could also contribute to the increased oxidative stress in cells expressing the G671V variant, because amino acids in the third membrane spanning domain, especially between amino acids 959 and 1187, are considered most critical for doxorubicin transport [35], it seems less Fig. 6 Genotype Km ± SE (μmol/l) Vmax± SE (pmol/min/mg) Vmax/Km (mg/l/min) pUSE (95% CI) 6.3 ±12.9 (0.0-33.5) 28.4± 36.4 (0.0-104.8) 4.5 MRP1 (95% CI) 1.7 ±0.2 (1.2-2.1) 416.1±21.7 (371.1-461.2) 244.7 G671V (95% CI) 2.8± 0.4 (2.1-3.6) 69.1 ±4.1 (60.5-77.7) 24.7 R433S (95% CI) ≥6 972.1± 212.7 (531.0-1413) Approximately 160 pUSE MRP1 600 500 Protein(pmol/min/mg) 400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 GS-HNE (μmol/l) 4 5 6 7 G671V R433S 125 *** *** 100 75 50 25 0 PercentLTC4efflux relativetoWT M RP1G 671VR433S M RP1+glutathione 5 G 671V+glutathione 5 R433S+glutathione 5 M RP1+glutathione 0.5 G 671V+glutathione 0.5 R433S+glutathione 0.5 2.5 (a) (b) (c) MRP1 pUSE/293 MRP1 G671V R433S Na/K-ATPase MRP1/NaK-ATPase banddensity (arbitraryunit) 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 MRP1 G671V R433S Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) expression and transport activities of HEKMRP1, HEKR433S, and HEKG671V. Login to comment
228 282 likely that the G671V variant alters MRP1 recognition of doxorubicin. Login to comment
229 The decreased GS-HNE transport capacity of the G671V variant further indicates that MRP1 polymorphisms can play a significant role in MRP1 activity, and that these findings may be clinically important in patients receiving chemotherapy, particularly doxorubicin. Login to comment

[hide] ABCC1 polymorphisms in anthracycline-induced cardi... Cell Biol Int. 2012 Jan;36(1):79-86. Semsei AF, Erdelyi DJ, Ungvari I, Csagoly E, Hegyi MZ, Kiszel PS, Lautner-Csorba O, Szabolcs J, Masat P, Fekete G, Falus A, Szalai C, Kovacs GT
ABCC1 polymorphisms in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
Cell Biol Int. 2012 Jan;36(1):79-86., [PMID:21929509]

Abstract [show]
Anthracyclines are potent cytostatic drugs, the correct dosage being critical to avoid possible cardiac side effects. ABCC1 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C, member 1; also denoted as MRP1 (multidrug resistance-associated protein 1)] is expressed in the heart and takes part in the detoxification and protection of cells from the toxic effects of xenobiotics, including anthracyclines. Our objective was to search for associations between LV (left ventricular) function and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the ABCC1 gene in children receiving anthracycline chemotherapy. Data of 235 paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was analysed. Patients were followed-up by echocardiography (median follow-up 6.3 years). Nine polymorphisms in the ABCC1 gene were genotyped. The ABCC1 rs3743527TT genotype and rs3743527TT-rs246221TC/TT genotype combination were associated with lower LVFS (left ventricular fractional shortening) after chemotherapy. The results suggest that genetic variants in the ABCC1 gene influence anthracycline-induced LV dysfunction.

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121 This study found an association between chronic anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and a polymorphism in the NAD(P)H oxidase subunit NFC4 (rs1883112), and between: acute anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and the NAD(P)H oxidase subunits CYBA (rs4673) and RAC2 (rs1305 8338); and the ABC transporter ABCC1 Gly671Val variant (which is rs45511401) and the Val1188Glu-Cys1515Tyr (rs8187694- rs8187710) haplotype of the ABCC2 gene. Login to comment

[hide] ABC transporters in human lymphocytes: expression,... Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2010 May;6(5):571-89. Giraud C, Manceau S, Treluyer JM
ABC transporters in human lymphocytes: expression, activity and role, modulating factors and consequences for antiretroviral therapies.
Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2010 May;6(5):571-89., [PMID:20367109]

Abstract [show]
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a superfamily of efflux pumps that transport numerous compounds across cell membranes. These transporters are located in various human tissues including peripheral blood cells, in particular lymphocytes, and present a high variability of expression and activity. This variability may affect the intracellular concentrations and efficacy of drugs acting within lymphocytes, such as antiretroviral drugs. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: This review focuses on the current knowledge about the expression, activity, roles and variability of ABC drug transporters in human lymphocytes. The identified modulating factors and their impact on the intracellular pharmacokinetics and efficacy of antiretroviral drugs are also detailed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: Controversial data regarding the expression, activity and sources of variability of ABC transporters in lymphocytes are discussed. The modulating factors and their pharmacological consequences regarding antiretroviral therapies are also provided. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Numerous studies have reported conflicting results regarding the expression and activity of ABC drug transporters in lymphocytes. Despite these discrepancies, which may partly result from heterogeneous analytical methods, ABCC1 appears to have the highest expression in lymphocytes and may thus play a predominant role in the resistance to antiretroviral drugs, particularly to protease inhibitors.

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179 3.1.2.1 ABCC1/MRP1 In 2001, Conrad et al. described two non-synonymous polymorphisms, R433S and G671V. Login to comment
544 Conrad S, Kauffmann HM, Ito K, et al. Identification of human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) mutations and characterization of a G671V substitution. Login to comment

[hide] Genetic variability in the multidrug resistance as... Ann Oncol. 2013 Jun;24(6):1513-25. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdt008. Epub 2013 Feb 7. Vulsteke C, Lambrechts D, Dieudonne A, Hatse S, Brouwers B, van Brussel T, Neven P, Belmans A, Schoffski P, Paridaens R, Wildiers H
Genetic variability in the multidrug resistance associated protein-1 (ABCC1/MRP1) predicts hematological toxicity in breast cancer patients receiving (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC).
Ann Oncol. 2013 Jun;24(6):1513-25. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdt008. Epub 2013 Feb 7., [PMID:23396606]

Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: To assess the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on predefined severe adverse events in breast cancer (BC) patients receiving (neo-)adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (FU), epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC) chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six SNPs in 16 genes of interest, including the drug transporter gene ABCC1/MRP1, were selected based on a literature survey. An additional 33 SNPs were selected in these genes, as well as in 12 other genes known to be involved in the metabolism of the studied chemotherapeutics. One thousand and twelve female patients treated between 2000 and 2010 with 3-6 cycles of (neo-)adjuvant FEC were genotyped for these SNPs using Sequenom MassARRAY. Severe adverse events were evaluated through an electronic chart review for febrile neutropenia (FN, primary end point), FN first cycle, prolonged grade 4 or deep (<100/microl) neutropenia, anemia grade 3-4, thrombocytopenia grade 3-4 and non-hematological grade 3-4 events (secondary end points). RESULTS: Carriers of the rs4148350 variant T-allele in ABCC1/MRP1 were associated with FN relative to homozygous carriers of the G-allele [P = 0.0006; false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.026]. Strong correlations with secondary end points such as prolonged grade 4 neutropenia (P = 0.002, FDR = 0.046) were also observed. Additionally, two other SNPs in ABCC1/MRP1 (rs45511401 and rs246221) correlated with FN (P = 0.007 and P = 0.01, respectively; FDR = 0.16 and 0.19), as well as two SNPs in UGT2B7 and FGFR4 (P = 0.024 and P = 0.04; FDR = 0.28 and 0.38). CONCLUSION: Genetic variability in ABCC1/MRP1 was associated with severe hematological toxicity of FEC.

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153 Since rs45511401 encodes a Gly671Val nonsynonymous mutation, whereas rs4148350 represents an intronic ABCC1/MRP1, rs45511401 most likely represents the causal variant underlying the association with toxicity. Login to comment
364 Jungsuwadee P, Zhao T, Stolarczyk El et al. The G671V variant of MRP1/ABCC1 links doxorubicin-induced acute cardiac toxicity to disposition of the glutathione conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal. Login to comment

[hide] Two polymorphic variants of ABCC1 selectively alte... Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Dec;41(12):2187-96. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.054213. Epub 2013 Sep 30. Conseil G, Cole SP
Two polymorphic variants of ABCC1 selectively alter drug resistance and inhibitor sensitivity of the multidrug and organic anion transporter multidrug resistance protein 1.
Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 Dec;41(12):2187-96. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.054213. Epub 2013 Sep 30., [PMID:24080162]

Abstract [show]
In this study we compared the in silico predictions of the effect of ABCC1 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) with experimental data on MRP1 transport function and response to chemotherapeutics and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) inhibitors. Vectors encoding seven ABCC1 nsSNPs were stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, and levels and localization of the mutant MRP1 proteins were determined by confocal microscopy and immunoblotting. The function of five of the mutant proteins was determined using cell-based drug and inhibitor sensitivity and efflux assays, and membrane-based organic anion transport assays. Predicted consequences of the mutations were determined by multiple bioinformatic methods. Mutants C43S and S92F were correctly routed to the HEK cell plasma membrane, but the levels were too low to permit functional characterization. In contrast, levels and membrane trafficking of R633Q, G671V, R723Q, A989T, and C1047S were similar to wild-type MRP1. In cell-based assays, all five mutants were equally effective at effluxing calcein, but only two exhibited reduced resistance to etoposide (C1047S) and vincristine (A989T; C1047S). The GSH-dependent inhibitor LY465803 (LY465803 [N-[3-(9-chloro-3-methyl-4-oxo-4H-isoxazolo-[4,3-c]quinolin-5-yl)-cyclohexylmethy l]-benzamide)] was less effective at blocking calcein efflux by A989T, but in a membrane-based assay, organic anion transport by A989T and C1047S was inhibited by MRP1 modulators as well as wild-type MRP1. GSH accumulation assays suggest cellular GSH efflux by A989T and C1047S may be impaired. In conclusion, although six in silico analyses consistently predict deleterious consequences of ABCC1 nsSNPs G671V, changes in drug resistance and inhibitor sensitivity were only observed for A989T and C1047S, which may relate to GSH transport differences.

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5 In contrast, levels and membrane trafficking of R633Q, G671V, R723Q, A989T, and C1047S were similar to wild-type MRP1. Login to comment
9 In conclusion, although six in silico analyses consistently predict deleterious consequences of ABCC1 nsSNPs G671V, changes in drug resistance and inhibitor sensitivity were only observed for A989T and C1047S, which may relate to GSH transport differences. Login to comment
27 Previously, we generated and partially characterized recombinant forms of ABCC1 nsSNPs: rs45511401 (2012G.T; G671V), rs60782127 (1299G.T; R433S), and rs41395947 (128G.C; C43S) (Conrad et al., 2001, 2002; Leslie et al., 2003). Login to comment
28 We found that the G671V mutation had no deleterious effects on the levels or organic anion (i.e., LTC4, E217bG) transport function of MRP1 when expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, despite the fact this mutation is located near NBD1 (Conrad et al., 2001). Login to comment
34 In contrast to our experimental data, the predictive algorithms SIFT (Sorting Tolerant From Intolerant) and PolyPhen indicated that G671V would adversely affect MRP1 function but C43S and A989T were less likely to do so, whereas predictions for R433S were mixed (L&#e9;tourneau et al., 2005). Login to comment
40 Four (C43S, S92F, G671V, A989T) were mutants that our earlier studies showed had a phenotype discordant from that predicted by Polyphen and/or SIFT (L&#e9;tourneau et al., 2005). Login to comment
58 Lysates (10 mg protein per lane) prepared from HEK293 cell lines expressing wild-type (WT) and mutant (R633Q, G671V, R723Q, A989T, C1047S) MRP1 proteins and the untransfected control cell line (HEK) were immunoblotted, and MRP1 was detected with mAb QCRL-1. Login to comment
111 All the algorithms and matrices are in agreement that the G671V mutation located close to the Walker A motif in NBD1 is the most likely to affect MRP1 activity. Login to comment
120 According to this method, the mutants ranked (from highest to lowest likelihood of an adverse effect) as follows: G671V . Login to comment
126 nsSNPs R633Q, G671V, R723Q, A989T, and C1047S Have No Effect on Total on Plasma Membrane MRP1 Levels in HEK293 Cells. Login to comment
127 After we had isolated stably transfected HEK293 cell lines by G418 selection, cell lines expressing R633Q, G671V, R723Q, A989T, and C1047S and wild-type MRP1 were cloned to .90% homogeneity for MRP1 expression. Login to comment
128 Immunoblots of cell lysates showed that the levels of the five mutant proteins were comparable to (R633Q, A989T, C1047S) or somewhat (,50%) higher than (G671V, R723Q) wild-type MRP1, indicating that the mutations do not cause any major misfolding of MRP1 that would result in its degradation (Fig. 1B). Login to comment
132 Confocal fluorescence microscopy experiments showed that the R633Q, G671V, R723Q, A989T, and C1047S mutant proteins in the five clonal HEK cell lines were also routed correctly to the plasma membrane in a manner indistinguishable from wild-type MRP1 (Fig. 2). Login to comment
136 The HEK cell lines expressing R633Q, G671V, R723Q, A989T, and C1047S were tested for their levels of resistance to five xenobiotics for which human MRP1 is known to confer resistance, including the antineoplastic agents vincristine, etoposide (VP-16), doxorubicin, and the heavy metal oxyanions arsenite and antimony tartrate (Cole et al., 1994). Login to comment
141 TABLE 1 Predicted effects of MRP1 nsSNPs examined in this study according to various in silico prediction methods nsSNP SIFT/SIFTBLink Probability Scoresa PolyPhen2 Classificationb (Score) I-Mutant Suite "Stability"c (DDG in kcal mol21 ) Grantham Value Difference (D)d Blosum50e PAM250f (Threshold) (,0.05) (.1.000) (,20.5; .0.5) (.50) (,0) (,0) C43S 0.51/0.08 possibly damaging (0.819) decrease (20.74) 112 21 0 S92F 0.11/0.05 possibly damaging (0.303) neutral (20.05) 155 23 23 NBD1-R633Q 0.66/0.57 benign (0.001) decrease (21.16) 43 1 1 NBD1-G671V 0.00/0.02 probably damaging (1.000) decrease (20.57) 109 24 21 NBD1-R723Q 0.49/0.39 benign(0.002) decrease (20.71) 43 1 1 A989T 0.53/0.12 benign (0.000) decrease (20.73) 58 0 1 C1047S 0.07/0.64 benign (0.001) decrease (20.67) 112 21 0 a SIFT (Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant) was used by manually entering a sequence alignment comprising only human homologs of MRP1, and SIFT-BLink probability scores were obtained using 100 aligned computer-selected sequences (threshold for nontolerated substitution set at ,0.05). Login to comment
153 To determine whether the five nsSNPs, R633Q, G671V, R723Q, A989T, and C1047S, affected the ability of MRP1 to mediate efflux of calcein, HEK293 cells stably expressing wild-type and mutant MRP1 as well as untransfected HEK cells were incubated with several concentrations of the cell permeable acetoxymethyl ester of calcein (calcein-AM) at 37&#b0;C; 3 hours later, the intracellular hydrolyzed calcein that had not been effluxed by MRP1 was measured. Login to comment
167 TABLE 2 Effect of nsSNP mutations on MRP1-mediated resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and metalloids in HEK293 cell lines Cell Line/ nsSNP Relative Resistancea Vincristine Doxorubicin Etoposide Na+ Arsenite K+ Antimony Tartrate Wild-type 12.2 6 0.6 3.9 6 1.6 7.1 6 0.6 1.4; 2.2 5.2; 6.4 R633Q 15.3 6 2.9 3.3 6 1.0 5.1 6 0.9 ND ND G671V 9.3 6 2.8 3.4 6 0.6 7.1 6 0.7 ND ND R723Q 21.3 6 7.2 2.5 6 0.1 6.9 6 0.5 ND ND A989T 4.4 6 1.1b ** 2.5 6 0.6 5.0 6 0.9 1.6; 2.3 3.1; 3.5 C1047S 5.1 6 0.5*** 1.8 6 0.2 4.5 6 0.7* 2.0; 1.8 2.2; 1.7 ND, not determined. Login to comment
189 HEK293 cells stably expressing wild-type (WT-MRP1) and mutant (R633Q, G671V, R723Q, A989T, C1047S) MRP1 were incubated in the presence of increasing concentrations of calcein-AM (0-6mM), and the intracellular calcein remaining in the cells after 3 hours was measured by fluorometry as described in Materials and Methods. Login to comment
227 The second category of mutants examined includes the three nsSNPs located in NBD1 (R633Q, G671V, R723Q), which exhibited little, if any, change in transport levels or sensitivity to MRP1 substrates or inhibitors. Login to comment
231 This contrasts with G671V, which all prediction algorithms, physicochemical parameters, and structure analyses concur should be deleterious (Table 2). Login to comment
232 Indeed, the G671V mutation ranked as the most damaging of all seven nsSNPs examined here. Login to comment
235 T (G671V) nsSNP has been associated with an altered response to certain drugs, including adverse reactions, in several studies. Login to comment
240 These findings are consistent with our earlier observation that lymphocytes from normal individuals bearing this G671V nsSNP expressed ABCC1 mRNA at relatively low levels (Conrad et al., 2001), and they suggest a change in mRNA structure is more important than the amino acid change caused by this nSNP. Login to comment
244 The reasons for the discordance between most of the experimental observations with the G671V mutant protein versus the uniformly adverse effects predicted for the Val substitution of Gly671 by the in silico analytical methods and the genetic association studies are unclear but may well be related to the cellular context in which the Fig. 6. Login to comment
250 It is also possible that analyses in a cell culture setting may not be adequate to discern all aspects of G671V function. Login to comment
269 Typically, either a cell-based or membrane-based functional assay is used to measure MRP1 function, but experience with the 2012C.T (G671V) allele suggests that additional nucleic acid-based methods should also be included. Login to comment

[hide] Importance of ABCC1 for cancer therapy and prognos... Drug Metab Rev. 2014 Aug;46(3):325-42. doi: 10.3109/03602532.2014.901348. Epub 2014 Mar 26. Kunicka T, Soucek P
Importance of ABCC1 for cancer therapy and prognosis.
Drug Metab Rev. 2014 Aug;46(3):325-42. doi: 10.3109/03602532.2014.901348. Epub 2014 Mar 26., [PMID:24670052]

Abstract [show]
Multidrug resistance presents one of the most important causes of cancer treatment failure. Numerous in vitro and in vivo data have made it clear that multidrug resistance is frequently caused by enhanced expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC transporters are membrane-bound proteins involved in cellular defense mechanisms, namely, in outward transport of xenobiotics and physiological substrates. Their function thus prevents toxicity as carcinogenesis on one hand but may contribute to the resistance of tumor cells to a number of drugs including chemotherapeutics on the other. Within 48 members of the human ABC superfamily there are several multidrug resistance-associated transporters. Due to the well documented susceptibility of numerous drugs to efflux via ABC transporters it is highly desirable to assess the status of ABC transporters for individualization of treatment by their substrates. The multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1) encoded by ABCC1 gene is one of the most studied ABC transporters. Despite the fact that its structure and functions have already been explored in detail, there are significant gaps in knowledge which preclude clinical applications. Tissue-specific patterns of expression and broad genetic variability make ABCC1/MRP1 an optimal candidate for use as a marker or member of multi-marker panel for prediction of chemotherapy resistance. The purpose of this review was to summarize investigations about associations of gene and protein expression and genetic variability with prognosis and therapy outcome of major cancers. Major advances in the knowledge have been identified and future research directions are highlighted.

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144 Gly671Val (G2012T, rs45511401) SNP was especially interesting because it is located near the NBD1, only six amino acids upstream from the conserved Walker A motif. Login to comment
159 NCBI ID Reference Amino acid exchange Nucleotide exchange Location Function MAFa rs41395947 Cys43Ser G128C Exon 2 Non-synonymous Unknown rs41494447 Thr73Ile C218T Exon 2 Non-synonymous T &#bc; 0.003 rs8187844 Ser92Phe C257T Exon 3 Non-synonymous T &#bc; 0.004 rs8187848 Arg230Gln G689A Exon 7 Non-synonymous A &#bc; 0.009 rs2230669 Pro272Pro G816A Exon 8 Synonymous A &#bc; 0.037 rs246221 Val275Val T825C Exon 8 Synonymous C &#bc; 0.301 rs35592 non-coding T-176C Intron 9 Non-coding C &#bc; 0.257 rs60782127 Arg433Ser G1299T Exon 10 Non-synonymous T &#bc; 0.004 rs35605 Leu562Leu T1684C Exon 13 Synonymous T &#bc; 0.173 rs112282109 Arg633Gln G1898A Exon 14 Non-synonymous A &#bc; 0.004 rs45511401 Gly671Val G2012T Exon 16 Non-synonymous T &#bc; 0.050 rs4148356 Arg723Gln G2168A Exon17 Non-synonymous A &#bc; 0.027 rs35529209 Ala989Thr G2965A Exon 22 Non-synonymous Unknown rs13337489 Cys1047Ser G3140C Exon 23 Non-synonymous C &#bc; 0.000 rs41410450 Arg1058Gln G3173A Exon 23 Non-synonymous Unknown rs2238476 non-coding G-1960A Intron 23 Non-coding T &#bc; 0.062 rs2230671 Ser1334Ser G4002A Exon 28 Synonymous T &#bc; 0.208 rs28364006 Thr1337Ala A4009G Exon 28 Non-synonymous Unknown rs369410659 Ser1512Leu C4535T Exon 31 Non-synonymous Unknown a Minor allele frequencies for Caucasinans in dbSNP based on HapMap-CEU population or 1000 genomes. Login to comment
479 Identification of human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) mutations and characterization of a G671V substitution. Login to comment
706 The G671V variant of MRP1/ABCC1 links doxorubicin-induced acute cardiac toxicity to disposition of the glutathione conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal. Login to comment

[hide] Non-coding polymorphisms in nucleotide binding dom... PLoS One. 2014 Jul 31;9(7):e101740. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101740. eCollection 2014. Kunicka T, Vaclavikova R, Hlavac V, Vrana D, Pecha V, Raus K, Trnkova M, Kubackova K, Ambrus M, Vodickova L, Vodicka P, Soucek P
Non-coding polymorphisms in nucleotide binding domain 1 in ABCC1 gene associate with transcript level and survival of patients with breast cancer.
PLoS One. 2014 Jul 31;9(7):e101740. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101740. eCollection 2014., [PMID:25078270]

Abstract [show]
OBJECTIVES: ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters may cause treatment failure by transporting of anticancer drugs outside of the tumor cells. Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 coded by the ABCC1 gene has recently been suggested as a potential prognostic marker in breast cancer patients. This study aimed to explore tagged haplotype covering nucleotide binding domain 1 of ABCC1 in relation with corresponding transcript levels in tissues and clinical phenotype of breast cancer patients. METHODS: The distribution of twelve ABCC1 polymorphisms was assessed by direct sequencing in peripheral blood DNA (n = 540). RESULTS: Tumors from carriers of the wild type genotype in rs35623 or rs35628 exhibited significantly lower levels of ABCC1 transcript than those from carriers of the minor allele (p = 0.003 and p = 0.004, respectively). The ABCC1 transcript levels significantly increased in the order CT-GT>CC-GT>CC-GG for the predicted rs35626-rs4148351 diplotype. Chemotherapy-treated patients carrying the T allele in rs4148353 had longer disease-free survival than those with the GG genotype (p = 0.043). On the other hand, hormonal therapy-treated patients with the AA genotype in rs35628 had significantly longer disease-free survival than carriers of the G allele (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our study shows that genetic variability in the nucleotide binding domain 1 has a significant impact on the ABCC1 transcript level in the target tissue and may modify survival of breast cancer patients.

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38 For instance, Gly671Val (dbSNP: rs45511401) SNP located near the nucleotide binding domain 1 (NBD1, Figure 1) which is important for the ATPase activity was associated with reduced levels of ABCC1 transcript [14]. Login to comment

[hide] Elevated glutathione is not sufficient to protect ... J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015 Nov;355(2):272-9. doi: 10.1124/jpet.115.225490. Epub 2015 Sep 9. Deng J, Coy D, Zhang W, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Wang C, Chaiswing L, St Clair D, Vore M, Jungsuwadee P
Elevated glutathione is not sufficient to protect against doxorubicin-induced nuclear damage in heart in multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (Mrp1/Abcc1) null mice.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015 Nov;355(2):272-9. doi: 10.1124/jpet.115.225490. Epub 2015 Sep 9., [PMID:26354996]

Abstract [show]
Cardiotoxicity is a major dose-limiting adverse effect of doxorubicin (DOX), mediated in part by overproduction of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Abcc1 (Mrp1) mediates the efflux of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH, GSSG) and is also a major transporter that effluxes the GSH conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE; GS-HNE), a toxic product of lipid peroxidation formed during oxidative stress. To assess the role of Mrp1 in protecting the heart from DOX-induced cardiac injury, wild-type (WT) and Mrp1 null (Mrp1(-/-)) C57BL/6 littermate mice were administered DOX (15 mg/kg) or saline (7.5 ml/kg) i.v., and heart ventricles were examined at 72 hours. Morphometric analysis by electron microscopy revealed extensive injuries in cytosol, mitochondria, and nuclei of DOX-treated mice in both genotypes. Significantly more severely injured nuclei were observed in Mrp1(-/-) versus WT mice (P = 0.031). GSH and the GSH/GSSG ratio were significantly increased in treatment-naive Mrp1(-/-) versus WT mice; GSH remained significantly higher in Mrp1(-/-) versus WT mice after saline and DOX treatment, with no changes in GSSG or GSH/GSSG. GS-HNE, measured by mass spectrometry, was lower in the hearts of treatment-naive Mrp1(-/-) versus WT mice (P < 0.05). DOX treatment decreased GS-HNE in WT but not Mrp1(-/-) mice, so that GS-HNE was modestly but significantly higher in Mrp1(-/-) versus WT hearts after DOX. Expression of enzymes mediating GSH synthesis and antioxidant proteins did not differ between genotypes. Thus, despite elevated GSH levels in Mrp1(-/-) hearts, DOX induced significantly more injury in the nuclei of Mrp1(-/-) versus WT hearts.

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26 Wojnowski et al., (2005) reported that patients with a single nucleotide polymorphism in MRP1, G671V, have an increased risk of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Login to comment
27 We expressed this G671V variant in HEK293 cells and demonstrated that its Vmax for efflux of GS-HNE was decreased 85% relative to wild-type (WT) MRP1.We also showed that Mrp1 is the sole mediator of ATP-dependent transport of GS-HNE in mouse cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles (Jungsuwadee et al., 2012). Login to comment

[hide] Genetic variation of the ABC transporter gene ABCC... BMC Genet. 2015 Sep 23;16(1):114. doi: 10.1186/s12863-015-0271-3. Slomka M, Sobalska-Kwapis M, Korycka-Machala M, Bartosz G, Dziadek J, Strapagiel D
Genetic variation of the ABC transporter gene ABCC1 (Multidrug resistance protein 1-MRP1) in the Polish population.
BMC Genet. 2015 Sep 23;16(1):114. doi: 10.1186/s12863-015-0271-3., [PMID:26395522]

Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), encoded by the ABCC1 gene, is an ATP-binding cassette transporter mediating efflux of organic anions and xenobiotics; its overexpression leads to multidrug resistance. In this study, 30 exons (from 31 in total) of the ABCC1 gene as well as and their flanking intron sequences were screened for genetic variation, using the High Resolution Melting (HRM) method, for 190 healthy volunteers representing the Polish population. Polymorphism screening is an indispensable step in personalized patient therapy. An additional targeted SNP verification study for ten variants was performed to verify sensitivity of the scanning method. RESULTS: During scanning, 46 polymorphisms, including seven novel ones, were found: one in 3' UTR, 21 in exons (11 of them non-synonymous) and 24 in introns, including one deletion variant. These results revealed some ethnic differences in frequency of several polymorphisms when compared to literature data for other populations. Based on linkage disequilibrium analysis, 4 haplotype blocks were determined for 9 detected polymorphisms and 12 haplotypes were defined. To capture the common haplotypes, haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted genotyping results correlated well with scanning results; thus, HRM is a suitable method to study genetic variation in this model. HRM is an efficient and sensitive method for scanning and genotyping polymorphic variants. Ethnic differences were found for frequency of some variants in the Polish population compared to others. Thus, this study may be useful for pharmacogenetics of drugs affected by MRP1-mediated efflux.

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121 Among all detected non-synonymous variants, only one, c.2012G > T (p.Gly671Val), occurred as a homozygote with estimated MAF = 0.077. Login to comment
134 We found statistically significant difference in MAF values obtained in the both our studies for only two loci - c.1062 T > C (p.Asn354+) and c.2012G > T (p.Gly671Val). Login to comment
137 Additional four variants located in the loop containing NBD1 alter amino acids sequence: c.1898G > A (p.Arg633Gln) and c.2012G > T (p.Gly671Val) are located 44 and 6 amino acids upstream of the Walker A motif, respectively, while c.2168G > A (p.Arg723Gln) and c.2876A > G (p.Lys959Arg) are located 37 amino acids downstream of this motif, respectively. Login to comment
142 The novel variant c.596C > T (p.Ser199Leu) was estimated as a probably damaging substitution, likewise as four others: c.1299G > T (Arg433 Ser), c.2012G > T (p.Gly671Val), c.3886C > T (p.Arg 1296Trp) and c.3901C > T (p.Arg1301Cys). Login to comment
143 On the other hand, analysis for HumVar-trained model indicated that three polymorphisms: c.1299G > T (Arg433Ser), c.2012G > T (p.Gly671Val), c.3901C > T (p.Arg1301Cys), lead to probably damaging substitutions and two others, c.596C > T (p.Ser199Leu) and c.3886C > T (p.Arg1296Cys), are possibly damaging variants. Login to comment
144 Table 2 Summary of ABCC1 variants detected during scanning by HRM Exon scanned by HRM dbSNP ID Variant position NM_004996.3: Intron/amino acid residue NP_004987.2: Observed genotypesa, b (n) HWE exact test P-valuec MAFd R/R R/V V/V 2 rs8187843 c.225 + 26G > A Intron 164 25 0 1 (A) 0.066 4 rs587783373* c.352-79G > A Intron 185 1 0 1 (A) 0.003 4 rs4148337 c.352-66 T > C Intron 15 80 91 0.727 (T) 0.296 5 rs483352860* c.596C > T p.Ser199Leu 186 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 6 rs8187846 c.677 + 17C > T Intron 188 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 7 rs483352864* c.809 + 16C > T Intron 188 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 7 rs45609533 c.809 + 31G > T Intron 183 5 0 1 (T) 0.013 7 rs903880 c.809 + 54C > A Intron 112 65 11 0.684 (A) 0.231 7 rs246232 c.809 + 64C > G Intron 84 90 14 0.174 (G) 0.314 8 rs546943313 c.810-73C > T Intron 187 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 8 rs200194736 c.814C > T p.Pro272Ser 187 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 8 rs2230669 c.816G > A p.Pro272= 172 16 0 1 (A) 0.043 8 rs246221 c.825 T > C p.Val275= 84 92 12 0.059 (C) 0.309 8 rs587783372* c.855G > A p.Pro285= 187 1 0 1 (A) 0.003 9 rs35587 c.1062 T > C p.Asn354= 78 91 16 0.185 (C) 0.332 9 rs35588 c.1218 + 8A > G Intron 82 91 16 0.245 (G) 0.327 9 rs483352877* c.1218 + 9C > T Intron 188 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 10 rs60782127 c.1299G > T p.Arg433Ser 186 2 0 1 (T) 0.005 12 rs17265551 c.1677 + 56C > T Intron 162 27 0 0.604 (T) 0.072 13 rs35604 c.1678-37G > A Intron 2 45 142 0.745 (G) 0.130 13 rs483352863* c.1678-34G > A Intron 188 1 0 1 (A) 0.003 13 rs35605 c.1684 T > C p.Leu562= 2 45 142 0.745 (T) 0.130 13 rs8187858 c.1704C > T p.Tyr568= 157 31 1 1 (T) 0.088 14 rs112282109 c.1898G > A p.Arg633Gln 187 1 0 1 (A) 0.003 16 rs8187863 c.2001C > T p.Ser667= 187 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 16 rs45511401 c.2012G > T p.Gly671Val 161 25 2 0.296 (T) 0.077 17 rs4148356 c.2168G > A p.Arg723Gln 181 9 0 1 (A) 0.024 19 rs45607032 c.2461-39_2461-38delAT Intron 179 9 0 1 (delAT) 0.024 19 rs2074087 c.2461-30C > G Intron 0 44 144 0.083 (C) 0.117 19 rs45492500 c.2461-27G > A Intron 172 14 2 0.056 (A) 0.048 21 rs11075296 c.2871 + 26C > T Intron 0 0 189 1 - 22 rs768191257 c.2876A > G p.Lys959Arg 187 1 0 1 (G) 0.003 22 rs3851716 c.3079 + 10G > A Intron 0 0 188 1 - 22 rs34794353 c.3079 + 24C > T Intron 187 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 22 rs3887893 c.3079 + 62 T > C Intron 67 96 25 0.358 (C) 0.388 23 rs191017838 c.3171G > A p.Leu1057= 187 2 0 1 (A) 0.005 23 rs199773531 c.3196C > T p.Arg1066Trp 188 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 25 rs41278168 c.3591-5C > T Intron 187 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 27 rs200922662 c.3886C > T p.Arg1296Trp 187 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 27 rs201533167 c.3901C > T p.Arg1301Cys 187 1 0 1 (T) 0.003 Linkage disequilibrium analysis Based on full genotype sets of 44 polymorphic variants confirmed by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium exact test (Table 2), linkage disequilibrium analysis using r2 and |D`| statistics was performed (Additional file 4). Login to comment
154 Bold variants signifies the ones which were validated by genotyping results Table 3 Summary of ABCC1 selected SNPs genotyping by HRM and comparing them with scanning results dbSNP ID Variant residue NM_004996.3: Intron/amino acid residue NP_004987.2: Observed genotypesa (n) HWE exact test P-valueb MAFc (genotyping) MAFc (scanning) Chi-square test P-valued R/R R/V V/V rs41395947 c.128G > C p.Cys43Se 380 0 0 1 - - - rs2230669 c.816G > A p.Pro272= 362 18 0 1 (A) 0.024 (A) 0.043 0.079 rs246221 c.825 T > C p.Val275 197 160 23 0.243 (C) 0.271 (C) 0.309 0.187 rs8187852 c.1057G > A p.Val353Met 379 0 0 1 - - - rs35587 c.1062 T > C p.Asn354= 204 142 33 0.247 (C) 0.274 (C) 0.332 0.044 rs35588 c.1218 + 8A > G Intron 190 160 30 0.709 (G) 0.289 (G) 0.325 0.214 rs60782127 c.1299G > T p.Arg433Ser 373 6 0 1 (T) 0.008 (T) 0.005 0.623 rs35605 c.1684 T > C p.Leu562= 13 105 262 0.588 (T) 0.172 (T) 0.130 0.063 rs8187858 c.1704C > T p.Tyr568= 325 55 0 0.242 (T) 0.072 (T) 0.087 0.374 rs45511401 c.2012G > T p.Gly671Val 346 28 3 0.007 (T) 0.045 (T) 0.077 0.038 rs4148356 c.2168G > A p.Arg723Gln 360 19 0 1 (A) 0.025 (A) 0.024 0.888 rs45517537 c.2581G > A p.Ala861Thr 380 0 0 1 - - - rs35529209 c.2965G > A p.Ala989Thr 378 0 0 1 - - - rs13337489 c.3140G > C p.Cys1047Ser 380 0 0 1 - - - rs28706727 c.3436G > A p.Val1146Ile 380 0 0 1 - - - rs2230671 c.4002G > A p.Ser1334= 204 140 32 0.296 (A) 0.271 (A) 0.277 0.850 rs28364006 c.4009A > G p.Thr1337Ala 380 0 0 1 - - - a Number of genotypes detected during this study, R - reference allele, V - variant allele. b P-value is consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium if P > 0.001. c Minor allele shown in brackets with its frequency. Login to comment
169 Marginal statistical significance (0.05 > P > 0.01) of difference between MAF values for scanning and targeted genotyping methods for two SNPs c.1062 T > C (p.Asn354=) and c.2012G > T (p.Gly671Val) is probably caused by sample size effect (there was no overlap between groups of individuals selected for both stages of the study). Login to comment
205 A similar observation was also reported previously for the SNP c.2012G > T (p.Gly671Val), detected also by us. Login to comment
207 Recently, other data confirmed these observations and none of the amino acid substitutions: p.Arg633Gln, p.Gly671Val, p.Arg723Gln, detected also in our study, was found to change functionality of MRP1 transporter. Login to comment
212 Two other polymorphic variants detected in this study c.825 T > C (p.Val275=) and c.2012G > T (p.Gly671Val), were correlated with febrile neutropenia as an effect of FEC-induced hematological toxicity in breast cancer patients [38]. Login to comment
215 The discrepancy observed in different studies on clinical significance of c.2012G > T (p.Gly671Val) and c.2168G > A (p.Arg723Gln) is of unclear origin. Login to comment
379 Identification of human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) mutations and characterization of a G671V substitution. Login to comment