ABCC8 p.Leu1014Phe
| Predicted by SNAP2: | A: N (61%), C: N (78%), D: D (71%), E: D (66%), F: N (87%), G: D (53%), H: D (63%), I: N (72%), K: D (71%), M: N (78%), N: D (66%), P: D (59%), Q: D (63%), R: D (66%), S: N (57%), T: N (57%), V: N (72%), W: N (57%), Y: D (59%), |
| Predicted by PROVEAN: | A: D, C: D, D: D, E: D, F: N, G: D, H: D, I: N, K: D, M: N, N: D, P: D, Q: D, R: D, S: D, T: D, V: N, W: D, Y: D, |
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[hide] Anopheles gambiae distribution and insecticide res... Malar J. 2011 Jun 8;10:154. Antonio-Nkondjio C, Fossog BT, Ndo C, Djantio BM, Togouet SZ, Awono-Ambene P, Costantini C, Wondji CS, Ranson H
Anopheles gambiae distribution and insecticide resistance in the cities of Douala and Yaounde (Cameroon): influence of urban agriculture and pollution.
Malar J. 2011 Jun 8;10:154., [PMID:21651761]
Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: Urban malaria is becoming a major health priority across Africa. A study was undertaken to assess the importance of urban pollution and agriculture practice on the distribution and susceptibility to insecticide of malaria vectors in the two main cities in Cameroon. METHODS: Anopheline larval breeding sites were surveyed and water samples analysed monthly from October 2009 to December 2010. Parameters analysed included turbidity, pH, temperature, conductivity, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, aluminium, alkalinity, iron, potassium, manganese, magnesium, magnesium hardness and total hardness. Characteristics of water bodies in urban areas were compared to rural areas and between urban sites. The level of susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to 4% DDT, 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.1% bendiocarb and 5% malathion were compared between mosquitoes collected from polluted, non polluted and cultivated areas. RESULTS: A total of 1,546 breeding sites, 690 in Yaounde and 856 in Douala, were sampled in the course of the study. Almost all measured parameters had a concentration of 2- to 100-fold higher in urban compare to rural breeding sites. No resistance to malathion was detected, but bendiocarb resistance was present in Yaounde. Very low mortality rates were observed following DDT or permethrin exposure, associated with high kdr frequencies. Mosquitoes collected in cultivated areas, exhibited the highest resistant levels. There was little difference in insecticide resistance or kdr allele frequency in mosquitoes collected from polluted versus non-polluted sites. CONCLUSION: The data confirm high selection pressure on mosquitoes originating from urban areas and suggest urban agriculture rather than pollution as the major factor driving resistance to insecticide.
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No. Sentence Comment
79 To screen for the presence of the kdr alleles (L1014F and L1014S) conferring resistance to DDT and pyrethroids, DNA extracted from individuals exposed to insecticide was tested using the Hot Ligation Oligonucleotide Assay (HOLA) of Lynd et al [26] and the TaqMan assay [27].
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ABCC8 p.Leu1014Phe 21651761:79:47
status: NEW151 The L1014F allele was prevalent in all samples (Table 4).
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ABCC8 p.Leu1014Phe 21651761:151:4
status: NEW197 gambiae molecular forms Genotypes Kdrw/Kdrw Kdrw/KdrE Kdrw/S S/S Total F(Kdr) P(HW) Douala M form 228 1 170 62 460 0.68 P = 0.002 S form - - 1 - 1 Yaoundé M form 79 0 124 115 318 0.44 P = 0.0003 S form - - 2 - 2 Total 307 1 296 177 781 S, wild type; Kdrw, L1014F substitution « West Africa"; KdrE, L1014S substitution "East Africa", Kdrw/S, heterozygote; P(HW), goodness of fit to Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (significant if P < 0.05).
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ABCC8 p.Leu1014Phe 21651761:197:261
status: NEW[hide] Resistance to DDT and pyrethroids and increased kd... PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31943. Epub 2012 Feb 22. Ndiath MO, Sougoufara S, Gaye A, Mazenot C, Konate L, Faye O, Sokhna C, Trape JF
Resistance to DDT and pyrethroids and increased kdr mutation frequency in An. gambiae after the implementation of permethrin-treated nets in Senegal.
PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31943. Epub 2012 Feb 22., [PMID:22384107]
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INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to insecticides of An. gambiae mosquitoes sampled in Dielmo (Senegal), in 2010, 2 years after the implementation of Long Lasting Insecticide-treated Nets (LLINs) and to report the evolution of kdr mutation frequency from 2006 to 2010. METHODS: WHO bioassay susceptibility tests to 6 insecticides were performed on adults F0, issuing from immature stages of An. gambiae s.l., sampled in August 2010. Species and molecular forms as well as the presence of L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations were assessed by PCR. Longitudinal study of kdr mutations was performed on adult mosquitoes sampled monthly by night landing catches from 2006 to 2010. FINDINGS: No specimen studied presented the L1014S mutation. During the longitudinal study, L1014F allelic frequency rose from 2.4% in year before the implementation of LLINs to 4.6% 0-12 months after and 18.7% 13-30 months after. In 2010, An. gambiae were resistant to DDT, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Deltamethrin and Permethrin (mortality rates ranging from 46 to 63%) but highly susceptible to Fenitrothion and Bendiocarb (100% mortality). There was significantly more RR genotype among An. gambiae surviving exposure to DDT or Pyrethroids. An. arabiensis represented 3.7% of the sampled mosquitoes (11/300) with no kdr resistance allele detected. An. gambiae molecular form M represented 29.7% of the mosquitoes with, among them, kdr genotypes SR (18%) and SS (82%). An. gambiae molecular form S represented 66% of the population with, among them, kdr genotype SS (33.3%), SR (55.6%) and RR (11.1%). Only 2 MS hybrid mosquitoes were sampled and presented SS kdr genotype. CONCLUSION: Biological evidence of resistance to DDT and pyrethroids was detected among An. gambiae mosquitoes in Dielmo (Senegal) within 24 months of community use of LLINs. Molecular identification of L1014F mutation indicated that target site resistance increased after the implementation of LLINs.
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5 Species and molecular forms as well as the presence of L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations were assessed by PCR.
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ABCC8 p.Leu1014Phe 22384107:5:55
status: NEW8 During the longitudinal study, L1014F allelic frequency rose from 2.4% in year before the implementation of LLINs to 4.6% 0-12 months after and 18.7% 13-30 months after.
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ABCC8 p.Leu1014Phe 22384107:8:31
status: NEW22 Molecular identification of L1014F mutation indicated that target site resistance increased after the implementation of LLINs.
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ABCC8 p.Leu1014Phe 22384107:22:28
status: NEW80 Molecular identification and kdr genotyping In the subsample of mosquitoes used for bioassay and in adults sampled by HLC during the longitudinal study, detection of L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations (thereafter identified as kdr-w and kdr-e respectively) was performed by PCR [27,28].
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ABCC8 p.Leu1014Phe 22384107:80:166
status: NEW93 Before the implementation of LLINs, L1014F allelic frequency was low and not different when Figure 1. kdr mutation in An.
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ABCC8 p.Leu1014Phe 22384107:93:36
status: NEW96 gambiae with L1014F homozygote mutation (RR), heterozygote mutation (RS) or wild type (SS) sampled 24-13 months (n = 228) and 12-0 months (n = 99) before the implementation of long lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) in July 2008, 0-12 months (n = 327) and 13-30 months after (n = 582).
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ABCC8 p.Leu1014Phe 22384107:96:13
status: NEW