ABCMdb

ABCC4 p.Glu757Lys

Predicted by SNAP2:	A: N (72%), C: D (80%), D: N (78%), F: N (66%), G: D (80%), H: N (82%), I: N (61%), K: D (71%), L: N (61%), M: N (72%), N: N (78%), P: D (80%), Q: N (82%), R: N (72%), S: N (78%), T: N (78%), V: N (72%), W: D (59%), Y: N (66%),
Predicted by PROVEAN:	A: N, C: D, D: N, F: N, G: N, H: N, I: N, K: N, L: N, M: N, N: N, P: N, Q: N, R: N, S: N, T: N, V: N, W: D, Y: N,

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[hide] Pharmacogenomics of MRP transporters (ABCC1-5) and... Drug Metab Rev. 2008;40(2):317-54. Gradhand U, Kim RB
Pharmacogenomics of MRP transporters (ABCC1-5) and BCRP (ABCG2).
Drug Metab Rev. 2008;40(2):317-54., [PMID:18464048]

Abstract [show]
Elucidation of the key mechanisms that confer interindividual differences in drug response remains an important focus of drug disposition and clinical pharmacology research. We now know both environmental and host genetic factors contribute to the apparent variability in drug efficacy or in some cases, toxicity. In addition to the widely studied and recognized genes involved in the metabolism of drugs in clinical use today, we now recognize that membrane-bound proteins, broadly referred to as transporters, may be equally as important to the disposition of a substrate drug, and that genetic variation in drug transporter genes may be a major contributor of the apparent intersubject variation in drug response, both in terms of attained plasma and tissue drug level at target sites of action. Of particular relevance to drug disposition are members of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of efflux transporters. In this review a comprehensive assessment and annotation of recent findings in relation to genetic variation in the Multidrug Resistance Proteins 1-5 (ABCC1-5) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) are described, with particular emphasis on the impact of such transporter genetic variation to drug disposition or efficacy.

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191 MRP4 protein has been detected in human kidney (van Aubel et al., 2002), lung (Torky et al., 2005), liver (Rius et al., 2003), prostate (Lee et al., 2000), brain (Nies et al., 2004), pancreas (König et al., 2005), lymphocytes (Schuetz et al., 1999), and platelets Figure 4 Predicted membrance topology of MRP4 (ABCC4) based on hydrophobicity analysis. Locations of the non-synonymous polymorphisms are indicated with arrows. See Table 4 for allele frequencies and description of funtional consequences. NH2 COOH NBD NBD Val854Phe Ile18Leu Ile866Val Arg531Gln Tyr556Cys Thr1142Met Glu757Lys Val776Ile Gly187Trp Lys304Asn in out Membrane Cys171Gly Pro403Leu Lys498Glu Met744Val Met1272Val MRP4 (ABCC4) COOH NBD NBD Val854Phe Ile866Val Arg531Gln Tyr556Cys Thr1142Met Glu757Lys Val776Ile Gly187Trp Lys304AsnCys171Gly Pro403Leu Lys498Glu Met744Val Met1272Val COOH NBD NBD Val854Phe Ile866Val Arg531Gln Tyr556Cys Thr1142Met Glu757Lys Val776Ile Gly187Trp Lys304AsnCys171Gly Pro403Leu Lys498Glu Met744Val Met1272Val (Jedlitschky et al., 2004). Login to comment
211 The majority of variations were found in intronic sequences, but among the variations in MRP4 were three non-synonymous SNPs in exons 4, 8, and 18 leading to the amino acid changes Cys171Gly, Lys302Asn, and Glu757Lys, respectively (Fig. 4). Login to comment
236 Following the discovery and Table 4 MRP4 (ABCC4) Single nucleotide polymorphisms. Location, allele frequency and functional effects. Position in coding sequence Amino acid exchange Location Allele frequency Effect NCBI ID ReferenceAf Ca Jp others 52A>C Ile18Leu Exon 1 - 1.1 [1] 0 [2] - No influence on expression and localization in liver [1] rs11568681 511T>G Cys171Gly Exon 4 - 0 [1] [2] - - rs4148460 559G>T Gly187Trp Exon 5 - 2.2 [1] 0 [2] - No influence on expression and localization in liver [1] rs11568658 912G>T Lys304Asn Exon 8 - 9.9 [1] [2] - No influence on expression and localization in liver [1] rs2274407 1208T>C Pro403Leu Exon 9 - - - - - rs11568705 1492A>G Lys498Glu Exon 11 - - - - - rs11568669 1592G>A Arg531Gln Exon 12 - 0.6 [1] 0 [2] - No influence on expression and localization in liver [1] 1667A>G Tyr556Cys Exon 13 - 0.6 [1] 0 [2] - No influence on expression and localization in liver [1] 2230A>G Met744Val Exon 18 - - - - - rs9282570 2269G>A Glu757Lys Exon 18 - 0.6 [1] [2] - No influence on expression and localization in liver [1] rs3765534 2326G>A Val776Ile Exon 19 - 0.6 [1] 0 [2] - No influence on expression and localization in liver [1] 2560G>T Val854Phe Exon 21 - 1.7 [1] 0 [2] - No influence on expression and localization in liver [1] rs11568694 2596A>G Ile866Val Exon 21 - 2.8 [1] 0 [2] - No influence on expression and localization in liver [1] 3425C>T Thr1142Met Exon 27 - 1.6 [1] 0 [2] - No influence on expression and localization in liver [1] rs11568644 3814A>G Met1272Val Exon 30 - - - - - rs1134217 Reference without frequency means that SNP was detected but no frequency determined. Login to comment

[hide] Identification of 779 genetic variations in eight ... J Hum Genet. 2002;47(4):147-71. Saito S, Iida A, Sekine A, Miura Y, Ogawa C, Kawauchi S, Higuchi S, Nakamura Y
Identification of 779 genetic variations in eight genes encoding members of the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C (ABCC/MRP/CFTR.
J Hum Genet. 2002;47(4):147-71., [PMID:12166651]

Abstract [show]
We screened DNAs from 48 Japanese individuals for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in eight genes encoding the ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C (ABCC/ MRP/CFTR), by direct sequencing of their entire genomic regions, except repetitive sequence elements. This approach identified 688 SNPs and 91 insertion/deletion polymorphisms among the eight genes. Of the 688 SNPs, 81 were identified in the ABCC1 gene, 41 in ABCC2, 30 in ABCC3, 230 in ABCC4, 76 in ABCC5, 58 in CFTR, 102 in ABCC8. and 70 in ABCC9. Six SNPs were located in the 5' flanking regions, 617 in introns, 46 in exons, and 19 in the 3' flanking regions. These variants should contribute to studies that investigate possible correlations of genotypes with disease-susceptibility phenotypes and responsiveness or adverse effects to drugs.

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59 Among the six novel nonsynonymous polymor- Fig.1a-h.Continued Fig. 1a-h. Continued phisms, three SNPs (Cys171Gly and Glu757Lys in ABCC4, and Val560Met in ABCC8) present in the transmembrane domain and one SNP (Arg723Gln in ABCC1) in the nucleotide-binding domain may influence the function of the gene products and could have phenotypic consequences. Login to comment
72 A longer Fig. 1a-h. Continued Fig. 1a-h. Continued Fig. 1a-h. Continued Table 2a. Summary of genetic variations detected in the ABCC1 gene No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 1 5ЈFlanking -1661 A/G 2 Intron 2 601 G/A rs215109 3 Intron 2 635 T/C 4 Intron 2 4769 G/del 5 Intron 2 4834 G/A rs1472532 6 Intron 2 10069 T/C 7 Intron 2 11782 A/G rs215096 8 Intron 2 (11965-11984) (T)18-20 9 Intron 4 4302 T/G 10 Intron 4 4394 A/C 11 Intron 4 4524 T/C 12 Intron 5 409 G/A rs1967120 13 Intron 5 1759 C/G rs185005 14 Intron 5 1768 T/C rs246215 15 Intron 6 9045 G/A 16 Intron 7 208 G/A rs2062541 17 Intron 7 (3059-3071) (A)11-13 18 Intron 8 54 C/Ab rs903880 19 Intron 8 (886-889) GAAA/del 20 Intron 8 2420 C/T rs246230 21 Exon 9 16 T/C(Val275Val)c rs246221 22 Exon 10 22 T/C(Asn354Asn) rs35587 23 Intron 10 8 A/G rs35588 2a. Continued No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 24 Intron 10 1940 C/G rs35591 25 Intron 10 1953 T/C rs35592 26 Intron 11 198 C/A 27 Intron 11 784 C/G 28 Intron 12 122 C/G 29 Intron 12 (3138-3148) (A)10-12 30 Intron 12 3197 G/A rs35595 31 Intron 12 3227 C/Tc 32 Intron 13 2060 T/C 33 Intron 13 (2061-2062) C/ins 34 Intron 13 7882 G/A rs35597 35 Intron 13 11776 G/A 36 Intron 13 11824 A/G rs35604 37 Exon 14 7 T/C(Leu562Leu)c rs35605 38 Intron 14 105 C/T rs35606 39 Intron 14 179 A/T 40 Intron 14 321 T/C rs35607 41 Intron 15 2754 G/C rs35620 42 Intron 15 3022 C/T rs35621 43 Intron 15 3980 C/T rs35625 44 Intron 16 219 G/T 45 Intron 16 310 C/T 46 Intron 16 357 G/T rs35626 47 Intron 16 513 G/A rs35627 48 Intron 16 848 A/G rs35628 49 Intron 16 890 G/T 50 Intron 16 1184 C/T rs35629 51 Exon 17 19 C/T(Pro669Pro) rs2301666 52 Intron 17 1171 G/A 53 Intron 17 1332 A/G 54 Exon 18 53 G/A(Arg723Gln) 55 Intron 19 293 T/C rs2074086 56 Intron 19 (3369-3374) (CA)2-3 57 Intron 19 3383 G/C rs207487 58 Intron 20 2730 C/T 59 Intron 20 2789 G/C 60 Intron 20 2919 C/T 61 Intron 20 3024 C/T 62 Intron 20 8716 G/A rs2239996 63 Intron 20 9718 A/C 64 Intron 20 9733 G/C 65 Intron 20 (9895-9896) AT/del 66 Intron 20 9952 G/A 67 Intron 20 11120 A/G 68 Intron 20 11147 G/A 69 Intron 20 (11629-11631) CTT/del 70 Intron 20 11864 C/T 71 Intron 21 3860 G/del 72 Intron 22 878 G/A 73 Intron 22 (4428-4445) (GGGGCT)3-4 74 Intron 23 62 T/C 75 Intron 24 3171 C/T 76 Intron 24 (3349-3368) (T)19-22 77 Intron 24 3369 T/C 78 Intron 24 3584 A/G 79 Intron 24 5322 T/G rs2238475 80 Exon 25 60 G/A(Pro1150Pro) 81 Intron 27 4539 G/A 82 Intron 28 179 G/A rs212011 83 Intron 28 1354 G/A rs212082 84 Intron 28 2150 G/A rs212083 85 Exon 29 36 G/A(Ser1334Ser)c rs2239330 86 Intron 29 1920 G/A rs212087 87 Intron 30 (1708-1714) (T)6-7 88 Intron 31 18 G/Ab rs212088 89 Exon 32 652 C/T(3ЈUTR) 90 Exon 32 910 C/G(3ЈUTR) rs129081 2b. Summary of genetic variations detected in the ABCC2 gene No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 1 Exon 1 77 C/T(5ЈUTR) rs717620 2 Intron 1 413 A/C rs2756103 3 Intron 2 192 T/G 4 Intron 2 1020 G/C 5 Intron 2 3639 C/A 6 Intron 2 3930 A/G 7 Intron 2 3989 C/T 8 Intron 2 4078 T/C rs2145852 9 Intron 2 4171 C/T rs2756107 10 Intron 2 4257 G/A rs2145853 11 Intron 2 4436 C/G rs2180990 12 Intron 2 5227 A/G 13 Intron 2 5373 A/G 14 Intron 2 5538 G/T 15 Intron 3 772 A/T rs2073336 16 Intron 3 1145 C/T rs2804400 17 Intron 7 1658 G/T rs2756109 18 Exon 10 40 G/A(Val417Ile) rs2273697 19 Intron 11 1672 T/A 20 Intron 12 148 A/G rs2073337 21 Intron 13 180 G/C 22 Intron 13 1497 T/C rs2756114 23 Intron 15 169 T/C 24 Intron 15 949 A/G 25 Intron 15 984 A/C 26 Intron 16 4059 C/G 27 Intron 19 10899 G/A 28 Exon 22 51 G/A(Ser978Ser) 29 Intron 23 56 C/T 30 Intron 23 432 G/A 31 Intron 23 734 G/A 32 Intron 23 801 T/G 33 Intron 26 154 T/C 34 Intron 27 124 C/G 35 Exon 28 52 A/C(Lys1299Gln) 36 Exon 28 84 C/T(Tyr1309Tyr) 37 Exon 28 129 C/T(Ile1324Ile) 38 Intron 29 154 A/G 39 Intron 30 91 T/C 40 Intron 31 170 A/G 41 3ЈFlanking 371 C/T rs12826 ABCC2, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member2 Table 2a. Continued No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 91 Exon 32 975 T/A(3ЈUTR) rs212090 92 3ЈFlanking 158 G/A 93 3ЈFlanking (187-199) (T)11-13 94 3ЈFlanking 378 T/C rs212091 95 3ЈFlanking 2227 G/A ABCC1, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member1; NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; UTR, untranslated region; del, deletion; ins, insertion a For SNPs in the 5Ј flanking region, intron region, or 3Ј flanking region, nucleotide positions are counted from the first intronic nucleotide at the exon/intron junction (for SNPs in the exon region, nucleotide positions are counted from the first exonic nucleotide at the exon/intron junction) b SNPs previously reported by Conrad et al. (2001) c SNPs previously reported by Ito et al. (2001) 2c. Summary of genetic variations detected in the ABCC3 gene No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 1 5ЈFlanking -1064 C/T 2 5ЈFlanking -(827-820) (C)7-8 3 Intron 1 1226 T/G 4 Intron 1 (1389-1399) (A)10-12 5 Intron 1 2070 C/T 6 Intron 1 4378 A/G rs1548529 7 Intron 1 4477 G/A 8 Intron 1 6189 T/C 9 Intron 2 268 G/A 10 Intron 2 376 G/C 11 Intron 2 446 C/T 12 Intron 3 166 G/A rs2301836 13 Intron 5 206 G/A rs739923 14 Intron 6 432 G/C rs733393 15 Intron 6 546 G/A rs733392 16 Intron 7 1132 C/G rs1978153 17 Intron 7 1537 C/T rs2301837 18 Intron 8 2323 C/G 19 Intron 12 85 C/del 20 Intron 14 257 T/C rs879459 21 Intron 18 303 G/A rs2240801 22 Intron 19 1581 C/T 23 Intron 20 29 C/T rs2072365 24 Intron 20 53 G/A rs2072366 25 Exon 22 180 C/T(Gly1013Gly) 26 Intron 23 1053 G/A rs2240802 27 Intron 24 84 C/T rs967935 28 Exon 27 135 C/T(His1314His) rs2277624 29 Intron 28 412 T/C rs872793 30 Intron 30 1979 C/G 31 Intron 30 2340 A/G 32 Exon 31 34 A/G(Glu1503Glu) rs1051640 33 3ЈFlanking (555-558) AAGA/del 34 3ЈFlanking 1455 G/A 35 3ЈFlanking (1650-1659) (A)9-11 ABCC3, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member3 Table 2d. Summary of genetic variations detected in the ABCC4 gene No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 1 5ЈFlanking -644 C/T 2 5ЈFlanking -527 C/G rs869951 3 Exon 1 67 C/T(5ЈUTR) 4 Intron 1 (864-865) CT/del 5 Intron 1 21255 A/G 6 Intron 1 21503 T/C 7 Intron 1 21900 C/G 8 Intron 1 22005 C/T 9 Intron 1 (22256-22264) (T)8-9 10 Intron 1 27784 C/G 11 Intron 1 27821 A/T 12 Intron 1 27837 A/G 13 Intron 1 27880 C/T 14 Intron 1 40310 A/T 15 Intron 1 40372 G/A 16 Intron 1 40413 G/A 17 Intron 1 40958 A/G 18 Intron 1 50060 G/A 19 Intron 2 181 G/T 20 Intron 2 254 G/A 21 Intron 2 290 T/C 22 Intron 2 543 T/C 23 Intron 3 557 G/A 24 Intron 3 718 G/A 25 Intron 3 801 G/A 26 Intron 3 1022 T/C 2d. Continued No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 27 Intron 3 1471 A/G 28 Intron 3 1490 G/A 29 Intron 3 (1833-1834) G/ins 30 Intron 3 1870 G/A 31 Intron 3 1927 G/A 32 Intron 3 1970 A/T 33 Intron 3 2039 T/C 34 Intron 3 (2067-2068) CTTT/ins 35 Intron 3 3563 G/A 36 Intron 3 3696 C/G 37 Intron 3 4093 T/C 38 Intron 3 4097 T/del 39 Intron 3 9724 A/G 40 Intron 3 9988 G/A 41 Intron 3 10952 A/G 42 Intron 3 11125 A/G 43 Intron 3 11244 C/del 44 Intron 3 11916 A/del 45 Intron 3 12047 A/G 46 Exon 4 205 T/G(Cys171Gly) 47 Intron 4 (412-414) GTT/del 48 Intron 4 -(9757-9756) T/ins 49 Intron 4 -6373 C/G 50 Intron 4 -6267 T/C 51 Intron 4 -6097 T/C 52 Intron 4 -6057 C/T 53 Intron 4 -5295 A/G 54 Intron 4 -803 C/T 55 Intron 4 -745 C/T rs1678400 56 Intron 4 -736 C/T 57 Intron 4 -728 C/T 58 Intron 4 -624 A/C 59 Intron 4 -470 C/T 60 Intron 4 -411 G/A 61 Intron 4 -323 C/T 62 Intron 4 -246 A/G 63 Intron 4 -199 C/T 64 Intron 4 -108 C/T rs899497 65 Intron 5 50 C/T rs899496 66 Intron 5 73 C/T 67 Intron 5 403 G/A 68 Intron 5 537 T/A rs943288 69 Intron 5 559 G/A rs873706 70 Intron 5 749 G/A rs873705 71 Intron 5 750 C/T rs899495 72 Intron 5 937 G/C 73 Intron 5 949 A/C rs2389203 74 Intron 5 965 G/C rs1678403 75 Exon 6 48 C/T(Ile223Ile) rs899494 76 Intron 6 150 C/T 77 Intron 6 158 C/T rs2389204 78 Intron 6 (380-381) AT/ins 79 Intron 6 1400 T/G rs2274410 80 Intron 6 1474 G/A rs2274409 81 Intron 7 80 G/A rs2274408 82 Intron 7 894 A/T 83 Exon 8 1 G/T(Lys302Asn) rs2274407 84 Exon 8 40 G/A(Arg317Arg) rs2274406 85 Exon 8 58 G/A(Ser323Ser) rs2274405 86 Intron 8 82 C/G 87 Intron 8 100 C/T 88 Intron 8 5212 A/T 89 Intron 8 5444 T/G 90 Intron 8 8969 A/G 91 Intron 8 9106 T/C 92 Intron 8 9189 G/A rs1751021 93 Intron 8 9412 G/A 94 Intron 9 70 T/C rs2274403 95 Intron 9 116 A/G 96 Intron 9 1384 T/C 2d. Continued No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 97 Intron 9 1428 A/G rs1751015 98 Intron 9 1459 A/G 99 Intron 9 1485 C/A rs1751014 100 Intron 9 1632 C/A 101 Intron 9 3630 G/del 102 Intron 9 3830 C/T 103 Intron 9 3940 C/T 104 Intron 9 4023 G/A rs1678374 105 Intron 10 1411 A/G rs1557069 106 Intron 10 1504 G/A 107 Intron 11 171 C/A rs2148529 108 Intron 11 1233 T/C rs1564351 109 Intron 11 1293 G/A rs1751008 110 Intron 11 1817 G/C 111 Intron 11 3261 C/T rs1887163 112 Intron 11 3322 C/A rs1887162 113 Intron 11 3342 T/C 114 Intron 11 3377 T/C 115 Intron 11 (3610-3625) (A)15-17 116 Intron 11 3737 A/G 117 Intron 11 6953 C/A 118 Intron 13 91 G/A rs1751005 119 Intron 13 118 C/T rs2296653 120 Intron 13 280 G/A rs1678405 121 Intron 13 349 T/G rs1073500 122 Intron 13 373 A/G rs2009772 123 Intron 13 386 G/A rs2478461 124 Intron 13 442 G/C 125 Intron 13 459 T/C 126 Intron 13 633 G/A 127 Intron 13 645 G/T 128 Intron 13 3092 C/T rs1751003 129 Intron 13 3306 A/C 130 Intron 13 6722 G/A rs1729786 131 Intron 14 252 A/G 132 Intron 15 124 C/T 133 Intron 15 219 G/A rs1729770 134 Intron 15 1016 A/G rs1038138 135 Intron 15 1552 C/T 136 Intron 16 107 T/C rs1729764 137 Intron 16 157 G/A 138 Intron 17 329 T/C 139 Exon 18 56 G/A(Glu757Lys) 140 Intron 19 5440 T/C rs1729788 141 Intron 19 7202 T/del 142 Intron 19 7445 T/C 143 Intron 19 8337 T/C rs1471481 144 Intron 19 9018 A/G 145 Intron 19 9127 G/T rs899498 146 Intron 19 10304 C/A rs1479390 147 Intron 19 11388 A/G 148 Intron 19 11646 T/del 149 Intron 19 13517 A/T 150 Intron 19 19989 A/T rs997777 151 Intron 19 21033 G/A 152 Intron 19 21095 A/T 153 Intron 19 21582 G/A rs2619313 154 Intron 19 21634 C/T 155 Intron 19 21715 C/T 156 Intron 19 23090 G/A 157 Intron 19 24297 A/G 158 Intron 19 25947 C/A 159 Intron 19 30193 A/C 160 Intron 19 33424 A/G rs1189428 161 Intron 19 33474 T/C rs1189429 162 Intron 19 34901 T/G rs1564353 163 Intron 19 34916 G/T rs1564354 164 Intron 19 35277 T/C rs1564355 165 Intron 19 36938 C/G 166 Intron 19 37322 C/T 2d. Continued No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 167 Intron 19 (38361-38362) T/ins 168 Intron 19 38746 T/C 169 Intron 19 41603 T/C rs1678342 170 Intron 19 42343 C/T 171 Intron 19 44733 A/del 172 Intron 19 45056 T/G rs1678394 173 Intron 20 (405-419) (T)13-15 174 Intron 20 (637-648) (A)12-13 175 Intron 20 842 T/del 176 Intron 20 843 T/C 177 Intron 20 1347 T/del 178 Intron 20 1614 A/G rs1729748 179 Intron 20 2222 G/A rs1678395 180 Intron 20 4115 G/A rs1628382 181 Intron 20 9851 T/G rs1678363 182 Intron 20 10233 C/T rs1729775 183 Intron 20 12141 T/G rs1630807 184 Intron 20 12153 G/C rs1751059 185 Intron 20 (14553-14567) (A)13-15 186 Intron 20 15487 C/T 187 Intron 20 15698 G/C rs1678354 188 Intron 20 15951 C/A rs1729761 189 Intron 20 16152 T/C rs1729760 190 Intron 20 16161 T/C 191 Intron 20 16185 A/G rs1729759 192 Intron 20 30891 C/T 193 Intron 20 30984 C/T rs1189434 194 Intron 20 31180 G/A 195 Intron 20 31283 A/del 196 Intron 20 31526 A/G rs1189435 197 Intron 20 32572 A/C rs1189437 198 Intron 21 404 C/T rs1189438 199 Intron 21 428 G/A rs1189439 200 Intron 21 2016 C/T rs1751052 201 Intron 21 3703 G/A rs1678362 202 Intron 21 3898 G/C rs1751050 203 Intron 21 3902 C/T rs1624638 204 Intron 21 4204 A/T 205 Intron 21 4336 T/C rs943290 206 Intron 21 4471 C/T rs943289 207 Intron 21 4527 A/G rs1729755 208 Intron 21 7071 C/A rs1751042 209 Exon 22 26 A/G(Leu904Leu) rs1678339 210 Intron 22 1026 A/C 211 Exon 23 38 C/T(Phe948Phe) rs1189466 212 Intron 23 377 A/G 213 Intron 23 395 G/A rs1189465 214 Intron 23 602 G/A rs1189464 215 Intron 24 99 A/G rs2274401 216 Intron 24 1096 G/A rs1189462 217 Intron 25 128 G/A rs1189461 218 Intron 25 4122 C/G/T 219 Intron 25 4422 G/C rs1189457 220 Intron 25 4936 A/C rs1678365 221 Intron 25 5251 A/G rs1751036 222 Intron 25 5428 G/A rs1678409 223 Intron 25 6418 C/A 224 Intron 25 8764 T/C rs1751035 225 Intron 25 (8765-8775) (T)5-11 226 Exon 26 138 A/G(Lys1116Lys) rs1751034 227 Intron 26 67 G/C 228 Intron 26 100 T/G rs1751033 229 Intron 26 (101-109) (T)8-9 230 Intron 26 362 G/A rs931110 231 Intron 26 463 T/C rs922522 232 Intron 26 591 T/C rs931111 233 Intron 26 7716 G/A rs1189444 234 Intron 26 7816 G/A rs1189445 235 Intron 26 7845 A/G rs1189446 236 Intron 26 9266 A/G rs1189449 2d. Continued No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 237 Intron 27 7469 G/A rs1151471 238 Intron 28 391 T/del 239 Intron 29 2569 C/T 240 Intron 29 7820 C/T 241 Intron 30 6269 A/G 242 Intron 30 6320 C/T 243 Intron 30 6474 A/G 244 Intron 30 6519 C/T 245 Intron 30 6574 C/T 246 Intron 30 6680 A/G 247 Intron 30 -704 A/C 248 Intron 30 -228 A/G 249 Intron 30 -(14-5) (T)9-10 250 Exon 31 146 G/T(3ЈUTR) 251 3ЈFlanking 173 A/G 252 3ЈFlanking (430-440) (A)10-11 253 3ЈFlanking 556 G/A 254 3ЈFlanking 741 T/C rs1059751 255 3ЈFlanking 1144 T/C 256 3ЈFlanking 1426 A/T 257 3ЈFlanking 1454 C/T rs1059762 ABCC4, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member4 Table 2e. Summary of genetic variations detected in the ABCC5 gene No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 1 Intron 1 628 G/C 2 Intron 1 1834 C/T 3 Intron 1 3055 A/del 4 Intron 2 -20280 T/C 5 Intron 2 -20260 A/T 6 Intron 2 -19204 C/T 7 Intron 2 -19043 G/A 8 Intron 2 -18824 A/G 9 Intron 2 -18807 G/A 10 Intron 2 -(18735-18734) A/ins 11 Intron 2 -16898 C/T rs2292997 12 Intron 2 -15903 G/A 13 Intron 2 -15901 C/T 14 Intron 2 -15847 G/A 15 Intron 2 -15605 C/T 16 Intron 2 -13571 G/A 17 Intron 2 -13402 G/T 18 Intron 2 -13325 G/C 19 Intron 2 -7293 C/T 20 Intron 5 374 C/T 21 Intron 5 1490 T/C rs939338 22 Intron 5 (2212-2213) CT/del 23 Intron 5 3283 C/T 24 Intron 5 3469 C/T 25 Intron 5 4411 G/C rs939337 26 Intron 5 4630 C/T rs2313212 27 Intron 7 28 G/A rs2293001 28 Intron 7 443 C/T 29 Intron 7 458 T/G 30 Exon 9 38 C/T(Ala395Ala) rs2271938 31 Intron 9 176 A/G 32 Intron 9 214 G/T 33 Intron 10 703 T/C 34 Intron 10 3580 A/G 35 Intron 10 3655 G/A 36 Intron 10 3854 T/C 37 Intron 10 5040 C/T 38 Intron 10 5062 C/T rs869335 39 Intron 10 5316 C/T 40 Intron 11 213 A/G rs869417 2e. Continued No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 41 Exon 12 21 T/C(Cys594Cys) rs939336 42 Intron 12 234 G/A 43 Intron 12 300 A/G 44 Intron 12 318 A/G 45 Intron 12 1545 C/T 46 Intron 13 20 T/C 47 Intron 14 13 C/T rs2271937 48 Intron 14 76 C/T rs1879257 49 Intron 14 278 A/G 50 Intron 15 117 A/C rs2292999 51 Intron 16 (1654-1663) (T)9-10 52 Intron 16 1664 A/T 53 Intron 17 20 T/G 54 Intron 18 232 C/T 55 Intron 19 249 G/A 56 Intron 20 846 G/A 57 Intron 20 1154 A/del 58 Intron 22 (1424-1425) AT/ins 59 Intron 22 1799 T/C rs2280392 60 Intron 23 50 C/G rs1016752 61 Intron 23 1279 G/A rs2292998 62 Intron 24 132 A/G 63 Intron 24 -874 A/G 64 Intron 24 -630 G/A 65 Intron 24 -102 G/C 66 Exon 25 120 C/T(Leu1208Leu) 67 Intron 26 263 C/T 68 Intron 26 -3717 G/A rs2037379 69 Intron 26 -3257 T/C 70 Intron 27 873 G/A 71 Intron 29 (2733-2734) TGTCCAAAGGAAGGACACG/ins 72 Intron 29 2959 A/G 73 Intron 29 4020 G/A 74 Exon 30 684 G/A(3ЈUTR) 75 Exon 30 947 C/T(3ЈUTR) 76 Exon 30 (1145-1160) (TC)6-8(3ЈUTR) 77 Exon 30 1345 A/G(3ЈUTR) rs562 78 3ЈFlanking 4 A/C 79 3ЈFlanking 1729 C/T rs2313217 80 3ЈFlanking 1911 C/T rs1533684 81 3ЈFlanking 1958 A/G rs1000002 82 3ЈFlanking 2008 C/del 83 3ЈFlanking 2052 A/G 84 3ЈFlanking 2238 G/A rs1533683 85 3ЈFlanking 2845 A/G rs1533682 ABCC5, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member5 Table 2f. Summary of genetic variations detected in the CFTR gene No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 1 5ЈFlanking -834 T/G 2 5ЈFlanking -729 T/del 3 Exon 1 125 G/C(5ЈUTR) rs1800501 4 Intron 1 6200 G/A rs2283054 5 Intron 1 7538 C/A 6 Intron 1 9203 T/C rs885993 7 Intron 1 13519 T/C rs2237721 8 Intron 1 14110 T/del 9 Intron 1 14293 C/del 10 Intron 1 14316 C/G 11 Intron 1 14433 G/A 12 Intron 1 14824 G/C 13 Intron 1 23401 C/G 14 Intron 3 879 C/A 2f. Continued No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 15 Intron 3 922 G/C 16 Intron 3 933 C/T 17 Intron 3 2632 A/C rs980574 18 Intron 3 13704 A/del 19 Intron 3 13758 A/G 20 Intron 3 21578 G/A rs1429566 21 Intron 4 240 T/del 22 Intron 4 376 A/G 23 Intron 4 586 T/C 24 Intron 4 1089 G/A rs957461 25 Intron 4 1101 T/A rs213942 26 Intron 4 1615 C/T 27 Intron 4 1946 T/C 28 Intron 6 783 A/G 29 Intron 6 (1104-1131) (GATT)6-7 30 Intron 7 (731-732) T/ins 31 Intron 7 1434 T/C 32 Intron 7 1481 A/G rs213935 33 Intron 8 752 A/G rs2237725 34 Intron 8 1109 G/A 35 Intron 8 1312 T/del 36 Intron 9 (6499-6520) (TG)11-12 b 37 Intron 10 395 G/A rs1820871 38 Intron 10 2119 T/G 39 Intron 10 2406 G/A rs213946 40 Exon 11 16 G/A(Val470Met)c rs213950 41 Intron 11 3867 A/del 42 Intron 11 11844 A/del 43 Intron 11 12144 T/C rs2082056 44 Intron 11 20975 G/A 45 Intron 11 21152 A/G rs213955 46 Intron 11 21297 G/A rs213956 47 Intron 11 27057 G/A 48 Intron 11 27131 T/del 49 Intron 12 1280 G/A rs213963 50 Intron 12 1449 A/G rs213964 51 Intron 12 1650 T/A rs213965 52 Intron 13 152 T/A 53 Intron 13 287 T/C 54 Intron 14 1826 A/G rs117243 55 Intron 15 (85-86) AT/del 56 Intron 15 106 T/A 57 Intron 15 3267 T/G rs213976 58 Intron 15 3333 T/G rs213977 59 Intron 15 3341 A/C 60 Intron 15 5556 A/T rs2246450 61 Intron 15 5919 C/A rs2106155 62 Intron 15 6282 A/T rs2213958 63 Intron 17 2479 A/C rs2299445 64 Intron 18 -81 A/del 65 Intron 19 751 A/G 66 Intron 19 820 T/C 67 Intron 20 1011 G/T rs213980 68 Intron 21 1532 T/del 69 Intron 21 1607 C/T rs2237726 70 Intron 21 4244 G/A rs213985 71 Intron 21 11260 T/C 72 Intron 22 (130-131) AT/del 73 Intron 23 1837 A/del 74 Intron 24 (7100-7112) (T)12-14 75 Intron 25 237 C/T 76 Exon 27 115 C/T(Arg1453Trp) 77 Exon 27 334 T/del(3ЈUTR) CFTR, Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator b SNP previously reported by Chu et al. (1993) c SNP previously reported by Cuppens et al. (1998) 2g. Summary of genetic variations detected in the ABCC8 gene No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 1 5ЈFlanking -1099 T/C 2 5ЈFlanking -(424-422) CAC/del 3 Intron 1 382 G/C rs985136 4 Intron 1 1212 A/G 5 Exon 2 59 T/C(Pro69Pro)b rs1048099 6 Intron 2 1003 C/A rs2283253 7 Intron 2 1253 C/T rs2283254 8 Intron 2 1382 T/C rs2283255 9 Intron 2 2371 T/A 10 Intron 3 1957 C/T 11 Intron 3 (2088-2089) CCA/ins 12 Intron 3 2204 G/A rs2283257 13 Intron 3 2286 A/G 14 Intron 3 2312 C/G 15 Intron 3 2356 A/G 16 Intron 3 2359 A/C 17 Intron 3 2370 G/A 18 Intron 3 2382 A/G 19 Intron 3 4910 G/A 20 Intron 3 4969 A/G 21 Intron 3 5003 C/G 22 Intron 3 5019 A/C 23 Intron 4 14 C/Tb rs2301703 24 Intron 4 187 G/A rs2301704 25 Intron 4 204 G/C 26 Intron 4 254 G/A 27 Intron 4 357 G/C 28 Intron 5 92 G/A rs2074317 29 Intron 5 801 C/T rs886289 30 Intron 5 802 A/G rs886290 31 Intron 6 87 A/G rs886291 32 Intron 6 4205 G/A rs2237975 33 Intron 6 5519 A/C rs2237976 34 Intron 6 5575 G/C rs2237977 35 Intron 6 6587 C/T rs2073585 36 Intron 6 6747 C/T rs2073586 37 Intron 7 348 A/C rs2057661 38 Intron 8 28 G/A rs1800850 39 Intron 8 4015 T/G rs886292 40 Intron 9 191 A/G rs2073587 41 Intron 10 1963 T/G rs2283261 42 Intron 10 2047 T/C rs886293 43 Intron 10 2724 A/G rs2237979 44 Intron 10 2938 G/C rs2237980 45 Intron 10 3094 T/del 46 Intron 10 3368 A/G rs2237981 47 Intron 10 8897 C/T 48 Intron 11 308 G/A 49 Intron 11 1171 G/A rs2074308 50 Exon 12 7 G/A(Val560Met) 51 Exon 12 15 C/T(His562His) rs1799857 52 Intron 12 356 G/T 53 Intron 12 934 G/T 54 Intron 12 1370 C/G rs2283262 55 Exon 14 25 G/A(Lys649Lys) rs1799858 56 Intron 15 412 C/T 57 Intron 15 688 A/G 58 Intron 15 709 C/Tc rs1799854 59 Intron 16 4464 G/A rs2237988 60 Intron 16 4574 T/C 61 Intron 16 5011 C/T rs2299638 62 Intron 16 6138 A/T rs929235 63 Intron 16 7608 C/G rs2299641 64 Intron 16 7730 G/A rs2299642 65 Intron 16 7818 C/G rs916828 66 Intron 16 8369 T/C rs2237991 67 Intron 16 9708 T/G rs2074315 68 Intron 17 651 A/G rs2234773 69 Intron 17 692 A/G 70 Intron 17 1541 C/T 2g. Continued No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 71 Intron 18 580 C/T 72 Intron 18 658 C/Tb 73 Intron 18 660 T/Cb 74 Intron 19 93 T/C 75 Intron 19 123 T/C 76 Intron 19 219 C/T 77 Intron 19 845 C/T rs2074309 78 Intron 20 338 A/G rs2355017 79 Exon 21 10 C/T(Leu829Leu) 80 Intron 21 192 C/del 81 Intron 23 17 A/G rs2106865 82 Intron 23 67 C/T 83 Intron 23 581 T/C rs1319447 84 Intron 26 268 G/C rs2077654 85 Intron 26 308 C/T rs2077655 86 Intron 26 348 A/G rs2077144 87 Intron 26 613 A/G rs739688 88 Intron 26 807 G/A 89 Intron 26 834 G/C rs2073583 90 Intron 28 (118-121) AAAA/del 91 Intron 28 1348 G/A rs2067043 92 Intron 29 1253 G/T 93 Intron 29 1589 A/G 94 Intron 29 2322 G/A rs2074310 95 Intron 29 2348 T/C rs2074311 96 Intron 29 2418 C/T rs2074312 97 Intron 29 2494 C/A 98 Intron 29 2735 C/T 99 Intron 30 386 C/T 100 Exon 31 66 G/A(Arg1273Arg)c rs1799859 101 Exon 33 117 T/G(Ser1369Ala) rs757110 102 Intron 33 93 G/T 103 Intron 33 358 C/T 104 Intron 33 446 T/C rs757111 105 Intron 33 959 T/Cd rs759689 106 Intron 38 54 G/C 107 Intron 38 466 C/del 108 Intron 38 529 A/G ABCC8, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member8 b SNPs previously reported by Nestorowicz et al. (1998) c SNPs previously reported by Inoue et al. (1996) d SNP previously reported by Goksel et al. (1998) Table 2h. Summary of genetic variations detected in the ABCC9 gene No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 1 Intron 2 -321 T/C rs870134 2 Intron 2 -266 A/G rs870135 3 Intron 3 38 C/A 4 Intron 3 305 T/A rs2176394 5 Intron 3 320 A/G 6 Intron 3 631 G/C 7 Intron 3 8644 A/G 8 Intron 4 757 A/C 9 Intron 4 1022 A/C 10 Intron 5 -1217 A/G 11 Intron 5 -1208 A/G rs1344569 12 Intron 5 -180 A/G rs1517276 13 Intron 6 (100-106) (T)8-9 14 Intron 6 1347 A/del 15 Intron 6 1618 G/A rs2418021 16 Intron 6 1835 C/Tb 17 Intron 7 407 T/G 18 Intron 7 423 C/T 19 Intron 8 743 A/T 20 Intron 8 850 T/G 2h. Continued No. Location Positiona Genetic variation NCBI SNP ID 21 Intron 8 1360 C/T rs1421602 22 Intron 9 585 A/T 23 Intron 9 1394 G/C 24 Intron 11 1035 A/G rs704217 25 Intron 12 908 T/C rs704215 26 Intron 12 1113 T/C rs1914361 27 Intron 12 1167 G/A rs2292771 28 Intron 12 1195 A/G rs2292772 29 Intron 12 2123 G/A 30 Intron 12 2622 G/A rs704212 31 Intron 12 (2653-2656) TAAC/del 32 Intron 12 2756 G/A rs2032775 33 Intron 13 (3043-3044) CTCTTT/ins or CT/ins 34 Intron 13 4877 A/C rs1283802 35 Intron 13 4887 A/G rs1356368 36 Intron 14 85 T/A 37 Intron 14 275 T/C 38 Intron 14 453 T/C 39 Intron 14 3709 G/A 40 Intron 14 3813 C/T 41 Intron 14 4000 A/del 42 Intron 14 5522 T/A rs1492138 43 Intron 14 5535 T/G rs704205 44 Intron 16 1466 A/C 45 Intron 16 5357 T/G 46 Intron 16 7395 A/G rs697252 47 Intron 16 7407 C/T rs768314 48 Intron 17 970 A/T rs704194 49 Intron 17 (1358-1368) (T)10-11 50 Intron 18 119 C/T rs704193 51 Intron 18 773 T/C rs704192 52 Intron 18 865 A/G rs704191 53 Intron 20 98 G/A 54 Intron 20 173 C/T rs704189 55 Intron 22 28 A/C rs2307024 56 Intron 22 194 G/del 57 Intron 22 1370 C/T 58 Intron 22 1487 C/G 59 Intron 22 3148 T/G rs1283822 60 Intron 23 (455-462) AATTAGAA/del 61 Intron 23 1221 A/G rs829080 62 Intron 23 1976 C/A rs829079 63 Intron 24 (460-465) TTTAAAA/TTTTAA 64 Intron 24 595 A/G rs2307025 65 Intron 26 -150 T/G rs1643235 66 Intron 27 1628 C/T rs704179 67 Intron 27 1770 C/G rs704178 68 Intron 27 1976 A/T rs704177 69 Intron 28 -926 G/A rs2112080 70 Intron 29 667 T/C rs1283811 71 Intron 29 1072 A/C rs1283810 72 Intron 29 2692 T/del 73 Intron 29 2959 T/C rs1873638 74 Intron 29 5464 G/A 75 Intron 29 -1830 A/T 76 Intron 31 102 G/A rs2638441 77 Intron 33 877 A/G 78 Intron 33 1069 T/C rs2216525 79 Intron 36 (1270-1281) (T)11-12 80 Intron 37 533 C/G rs829060 81 3ЈFlanking 197 T/G ABCC9, ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C, member9 b SNP previously reported by Iwasa et al. (2001) 3. Login to comment
75 Novel SNPs detected in exons in seven ABCC genes Region Gene Location Position SNP 5ЈUTR ABCC4 Exon 1 67 C/T Coding Nonsynonymous ABCC1 Exon 18 53 G/A(Arg723Gln) ABCC2 Exon 28 52 A/C(Lys1299Gln) ABCC4 Exon 4 205 T/G(Cys171Gly) Exon 18 56 G/A(Glu757Lys) CFTR Exon 27 115 C/T(Arg1453Trp) ABCC8 Exon 12 7 G/A(Val560Met) Synonymous ABCC1 Exon 25 60 G/A(Pro1150Pro) ABCC2 Exon 22 51 G/A(Ser978Ser) Exon 28 84 C/T(Tyr1309Tyr) Exon 28 129 C/T(Ile1324Ile) ABCC3 Exon 22 180 C/T(Gly1013Gly) ABCC5 Exon 25 120 C/T(Leu1208Leu) ABCC8 Exon 21 10 C/T(Leu829Leu) 3ЈUTR ABCC1 Exon 32 652 C/T ABCC4 Exon 31 146 G/T ABCC5 Exon 30 684 G/A Exon 30 947 C/T 7. Login to comment

[hide] Ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of ABC ... J Pharm Sci. 2011 Sep;100(9):3602-19. doi: 10.1002/jps.22615. Epub 2011 May 12. Nakagawa H, Toyoda Y, Wakabayashi-Nakao K, Tamaki H, Osumi M, Ishikawa T
Ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of ABC transporters: a new aspect of genetic polymorphisms and clinical impacts.
J Pharm Sci. 2011 Sep;100(9):3602-19. doi: 10.1002/jps.22615. Epub 2011 May 12., [PMID:21567408]

Abstract [show]
The interindividual variation in the rate of drug metabolism and disposition has been known for many years. Pharmacogenomics dealing with heredity and response to drugs is a part of science that attempts to explain variability of drug responses and to search for the genetic basis of such variations or differences. Genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters have been found to play a significant role in the patients' responses to medication. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that certain nonsynonymous polymorphisms have great impacts on the protein stability and degradation, as well as the function of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. The aim of this review article is to address a new aspect of protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and to present examples regarding the impact of nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms on the protein stability of thiopurine S-methyltransferase as well as ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters including ABCC4, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR, ABCC7), ABCC11, and ABCG2. Furthermore, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying posttranslational modifications (intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bond formation and N-linked glycosylation) and ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of ABCG2, one of the major drug transporter proteins in humans.

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155 Effect of Mutations and Nonsynonymous SNPs on Protein Trafficking, Maturation, or ERAD of ABC Transporters Protein AA Mutation/SNP Effect on Protein Reference ABCA1 W590S Mutation Functional defect 115 R587W Mutation Impaired glycol processing 115 Q597R Mutation Impaired glycol processing, ERAD 115,116 Y1532C Mutation Altered protein trafficking 117 R1925Q Mutation Altered protein trafficking 118 ABCA3 R43L Mutation Altered protein trafficking 119 L101P Mutation Altered protein trafficking 119 R280C Mutation Altered protein trafficking 119 ABCA4 L541P Mutation Mislocalization 120 R602W Mutation Mislocalization 120 A1038V Mutation Mislocalization 120 C1490Y Mutation Mislocalization 120 ABCB1a G268V Mutation ERAD 121 G341C Mutation ERAD 121 I1196S Mutation Reduced glycosylation 122 ABCB4 I541F Mutation Accumulation in ER 123 ABCB11a E135K Mutation Reduced level of mature protein 124 L198P Mutation Reduced level of mature protein 124 E297G Mutation Reduced level of mature protein 124 L413W Mutation Reduced level of mature protein 124 R432T Mutation Reduced level of mature protein 124 D482G Mutation Immature protein in ER 124,125 N490D Mutation Reduced level of mature protein 124 A570T Mutation Reduced level of mature protein 124 T655I Mutation Reduced level of mature protein 124 Y818F SNP Moderate reduction of protein 124 G982R Mutation Retention in ER 125 R1153C Mutation ERAD 125 R1286Q Mutation Retention in ER 125 ABCC2a R768W Mutation Impaired protein trafficking 126 I1173F Mutation Impaired protein maturation 127 R1392 Mutation Impaired protein maturation 128 M1393 Mutation Impaired protein maturation 129 ABCC4a E757K SNP Altered protein trafficking 23 ABCC7 F508 Mutation Misfolding, ERAD 36-39,130 G85E Mutation Impaired protein maturation 130-132 G91R Mutation Impaired protein maturation 130-132 N1303K Mutation Impaired protein maturation 130-132 ABCC8 WT Wild type Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation 133 A116P Mutation Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation 133 V187D Mutation Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation 133 F1388 Mutation Impaired protein trafficking 134 L1544P Mutation Impaired protein trafficking 135,136 ABCC11a G180R SNP Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation 50 27 Mutation Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation 50 ABCG2a V12M SNP Altered protein localization 96 Q141K SNP Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation 102 F208S SNP Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation 78,99 S441N SNP Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation 78,99 Mutations of ABCA1, ABCA3, ABCA4, ABCB4, ABCB11, ABCC2, ABCC7 (CFTR), and ABCC8 are associated with Tangier disease, fatal surfactant deficiency, Stargardt disease, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3 (PFIC-3), progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC-2), Dubin-Johnson syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and familial hyperinsulinism, respectively. Login to comment
35 Krishnamurthy et al.23 have recently shown that patients carrying SNP 2269G>A (Glu757Lys) in the human ABCC4 gene have severely reduced ABCC4 function resulting from an impairment of its cell membrane localization. Login to comment

[hide] Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporter... Pharmacol Rev. 2010 Mar;62(1):1-96. Epub 2010 Jan 26. Klaassen CD, Aleksunes LM
Xenobiotic, bile acid, and cholesterol transporters: function and regulation.
Pharmacol Rev. 2010 Mar;62(1):1-96. Epub 2010 Jan 26., [PMID:20103563]

Abstract [show]
Transporters influence the disposition of chemicals within the body by participating in absorption, distribution, and elimination. Transporters of the solute carrier family (SLC) comprise a variety of proteins, including organic cation transporters (OCT) 1 to 3, organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN) 1 to 3, organic anion transporters (OAT) 1 to 7, various organic anion transporting polypeptide isoforms, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, peptide transporters (PEPT) 1 and 2, concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT) 1 to 3, equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 to 3, and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters (MATE) 1 and 2, which mediate the uptake (except MATEs) of organic anions and cations as well as peptides and nucleosides. Efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, such as ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), multidrug resistance proteins (MDR) 1 and 2, bile salt export pump, multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP) 1 to 9, breast cancer resistance protein, and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G members 5 and 8, are responsible for the unidirectional export of endogenous and exogenous substances. Other efflux transporters [ATPase copper-transporting beta polypeptide (ATP7B) and ATPase class I type 8B member 1 (ATP8B1) as well as organic solute transporters (OST) alpha and beta] also play major roles in the transport of some endogenous chemicals across biological membranes. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of these transporters (both rodent and human) with regard to tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and substrate preferences. Because uptake and efflux transporters are expressed in multiple cell types, the roles of transporters in a variety of tissues, including the liver, kidneys, intestine, brain, heart, placenta, mammary glands, immune cells, and testes are discussed. Attention is also placed upon a variety of regulatory factors that influence transporter expression and function, including transcriptional activation and post-translational modifications as well as subcellular trafficking. Sex differences, ontogeny, and pharmacological and toxicological regulation of transporters are also addressed. Transporters are important transmembrane proteins that mediate the cellular entry and exit of a wide range of substrates throughout the body and thereby play important roles in human physiology, pharmacology, pathology, and toxicology.

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7118 Nucleotide Change Amino Acid Change In Vitro Function Protein Expression/Localization ABCC1 MRP1 G128C C43S 1↔ Intracellular C218T T73I 1↔ Normal C257T S92F 2↔ Normal C350T T117M 2↔ Normal G689A R230Q ↔ Normal G1057A V353M N.D. N.D. G1299T R433S 2↔ Normal G1898A R633Q 2↔ Normal G2012T G671V ↔ Normal G2168A R723Q 2 Normal G2965A A989T 2↔ Normal G3140C C1047S 1↔ Normal G3173A R1058Q ↔ Normal C4535T S1512L ↔ Normal ABCC2 MRP2 C-24T N.D. N.D. G1058A R353H N.D. N.D. G1249A V417I ↔ Normal C2366T S789F 12 Intracellular T2780G L927R N.D. N.D. C3298T R1100C N.D. N.D. G3299A R1100H N.D. N.D. T3563A V1188E N.D. N.D. G4348A A1450T ↔ Normal/Intracellular G4544A C1515Y N.D. N.D. ABCC3 MRP3 G32A G11D ↔ Normal C202T H68Y N.D. N.D. G296A R99Q N.D. Normal C1037T S346F 2 Normal C1537A Q513K N.D. N.D. T1643A L548Q N.D. N.D. G1820A S607N 2 Normal C2221T Gln741STOP N.D. N.D. G2293C V765L ↔ Normal G2395A V799M N.D. N.D. C2758T P920S 1 Normal G2768A R923Q 1 Normal C3657A S1219R N.D. N.D. C3856G R1286G ↔ Normal G3890A R1297H N.D. N.D. C4042T R1348C 1 Normal A4094G Q1365R ↔ Normal C4141A R1381S ↔ Intracellular C4217T T1406M N.D. N.D. G4267A G1423R N.D. N.D. ABCC4 MRP4 C52A L18I N.D. N.D. C232G P78A 2↔ Normal T551C M184T N.D. N.D. G559T G187W 2 Reduced A877G K293E ↔ Normal G912T K304N ↔ Normal C1067T T356M N.D. N.D. C1208T P403L 2↔ Normal G1460A G487E 2 Normal A1492G K498E ↔ Normal A1875G I625M N.D. N.D. C2000T P667L N.D. N.D. A2230G M744V ↔ Normal G2269A E757K N.D. Intracellular G2459T R820I N.D. N.D. G2560T V854F N.D. N.D. G2698T V900L N.D. N.D. G2867C C956S 1↔ Normal G3211A V1071I ↔ Normal C3425T T1142M N.D. N.D. G3659A R1220Q N.D. N.D. A3941G Q1314R N.D. N.D. 2, reduced function; 1, increased function; ↔, no change in function; N.D. not determined. Login to comment
7153 E757K is a frequent ABCC4 variant in the Japanese population (Table 20) (Krishnamurthy et al., 2008). Login to comment
7155 Cells overexpressing E757K are more susceptible to 6-mercaptopurine cytotoxicity (Krishnamurthy et al., 2008). Login to comment
7115 Nucleotide Change Amino Acid Change In Vitro Function Protein Expression/Localization ABCC1 MRP1 G128C C43S 1࢒ Intracellular C218T T73I 1࢒ Normal C257T S92F 2࢒ Normal C350T T117M 2࢒ Normal G689A R230Q ࢒ Normal G1057A V353M N.D. N.D. G1299T R433S 2࢒ Normal G1898A R633Q 2࢒ Normal G2012T G671V ࢒ Normal G2168A R723Q 2 Normal G2965A A989T 2࢒ Normal G3140C C1047S 1࢒ Normal G3173A R1058Q ࢒ Normal C4535T S1512L ࢒ Normal ABCC2 MRP2 C-24T N.D. N.D. G1058A R353H N.D. N.D. G1249A V417I ࢒ Normal C2366T S789F 12 Intracellular T2780G L927R N.D. N.D. C3298T R1100C N.D. N.D. G3299A R1100H N.D. N.D. T3563A V1188E N.D. N.D. G4348A A1450T ࢒ Normal/Intracellular G4544A C1515Y N.D. N.D. ABCC3 MRP3 G32A G11D ࢒ Normal C202T H68Y N.D. N.D. G296A R99Q N.D. Normal C1037T S346F 2 Normal C1537A Q513K N.D. N.D. T1643A L548Q N.D. N.D. G1820A S607N 2 Normal C2221T Gln741STOP N.D. N.D. G2293C V765L ࢒ Normal G2395A V799M N.D. N.D. C2758T P920S 1 Normal G2768A R923Q 1 Normal C3657A S1219R N.D. N.D. C3856G R1286G ࢒ Normal G3890A R1297H N.D. N.D. C4042T R1348C 1 Normal A4094G Q1365R ࢒ Normal C4141A R1381S ࢒ Intracellular C4217T T1406M N.D. N.D. G4267A G1423R N.D. N.D. ABCC4 MRP4 C52A L18I N.D. N.D. C232G P78A 2࢒ Normal T551C M184T N.D. N.D. G559T G187W 2 Reduced A877G K293E ࢒ Normal G912T K304N ࢒ Normal C1067T T356M N.D. N.D. C1208T P403L 2࢒ Normal G1460A G487E 2 Normal A1492G K498E ࢒ Normal A1875G I625M N.D. N.D. C2000T P667L N.D. N.D. A2230G M744V ࢒ Normal G2269A E757K N.D. Intracellular G2459T R820I N.D. N.D. G2560T V854F N.D. N.D. G2698T V900L N.D. N.D. G2867C C956S 1࢒ Normal G3211A V1071I ࢒ Normal C3425T T1142M N.D. N.D. G3659A R1220Q N.D. N.D. A3941G Q1314R N.D. N.D. 2, reduced function; 1, increased function; ࢒, no change in function; N.D. not determined. Login to comment
7150 E757K is a frequent ABCC4 variant in the Japanese population (Table 20) (Krishnamurthy et al., 2008). Login to comment
7152 Cells overexpressing E757K are more susceptible to 6-mercaptopurine cytotoxicity (Krishnamurthy et al., 2008). Login to comment

[hide] Clinical impact of polymorphisms of transport prot... Transplant Proc. 2009 Jun;41(5):1441-55. Rosso Felipe C, de Sandes TV, Sampaio EL, Park SI, Silva HT Jr, Medina Pestana JO
Clinical impact of polymorphisms of transport proteins and enzymes involved in the metabolism of immunosuppressive drugs.
Transplant Proc. 2009 Jun;41(5):1441-55., [PMID:19545654]

Abstract [show]
Individualization of immunosuppressive therapy after solid organ transplantation is a goal that has been pursued for a long time. Nevertheless, in clinical practice, we are still stratifying patients in subgroups in which risk is assessed using demographic information and population analysis. Then, a combination of immunosuppressive drugs is chosen and doses are individualized to compensate for intra- and interindividual variabilities in drug pharmacokinetics, to obtain similar plasma/blood concentrations that are believed to be therapeutic, again based on data derived from population analysis. One step further in this strategy is to recognize, before initiation of immunotherapy, those patients at higher risk to be either under- or overexposed to currently used immunosuppressive drugs. Several studies have been undertaken to correlate single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding transport proteins and metabolizing enzymes involved in the disposition of immunosuppressive drugs. Overall, the results from these studies have been mixed. The causes of these sometimes conflicting results include methodologic, genetic, or nongenetic factors. The degree of linkage disequilibrium, the measure of nonrandom associations between polymorphisms at different loci, not necessarily on the same chromosome, is perhaps the main genetic factor. The influence of the environment, physiology (such as kidney and liver functions), disease state, use of multidrug regimens, and inherent drug-to-drug interactions are present nongenetic factors. Moreover, it is also important to increase our knowledge of the genetic factors involved in the variabilities observed in drug responses of pharmacodynamics. True individualized therapy, with the ability to improve health outcomes of each transplant recipient, will depend on our knowledge of the genetic factors involved in immunological response and drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

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116 This mutation is relatively common (Ͼ18%) in the Japanese population and is associated with increased sensitivity to thiopurines observed in some Japanese patients.72 In one study, 4 MRP4 missense genetic variants (Y556C, E757K, V7761, and T1142M) exhibited a 20% to 40% reduced expression level compared with the wild type. Login to comment

[hide] Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in ABCC2 Associate... Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Sep 24. Nishijima T, Komatsu H, Higasa K, Takano M, Tsuchiya K, Hayashida T, Oka S, Gatanaga H
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in ABCC2 Associate With Tenofovir-Induced Kidney Tubular Dysfunction in Japanese Patients With HIV-1 Infection: A Pharmacogenetic Study.
Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Sep 24., [PMID:22955427]

Abstract [show]
Background. Tenofovir is a widely used antiretroviral drug although it can cause kidney tubular dysfunction (KTD). The aim of this study was to determine the association between polymorphisms in genes encoding drug transporters and KTD in Japanese patients treated with tenofovir.Methods. The association between tenofovir-induced KTD and 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ABCC2, ABCC4, ABCC10, SCL22A6, and ABCB1 genes was investigated in 190 Japanese patients. KTD was diagnosed by the presence of at least 3 abnormalities in the following parameters: fractional tubular resorption of phosphate, fractional excretion of uric acid, urinary beta2-microglobulin, urinary alpha1-microglobulin, and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Genotyping was performed by allelic discrimination using TaqMan 5'-nuclease assays with standard protocols. Associations between genotypes and KTD were tested by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results. KTD was diagnosed in 19 of the 190 (10%) patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed a significant association between KTD and genotype CC at position -24 CC (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 20.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.711-235.7; P = .017) and genotype AA at position 1249 (adjusted OR, 16.21; 95% CI, 1.630-161.1; P = .017) of ABCC2. Multivariate analysis showed higher adjusted OR for patients with both homozygotes (adjusted OR, 38.44; 95% CI, 2.051-720.4; P = .015). ABCC2 haplotype -24T and 1249G was a protective haplotype for KTD (OR, 0.098; 95% CI, .002-.603; P = .003Conclusions. This is the first study of our knowledge to identify the association between SNPs in ABCC2 and tenofovir-induced KTD in an Asian population. Close monitoring of renal function is warranted in tenofovir-treated patients with these SNPs.

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60 The 14 SNPs selected were (1) ABCC2 (encodes MRP2) -24C → T (in the promoter; rs717620); 1249G → A (Val417Ile; rs2273697); 2366C → T (Ser789Phe; rs56220353); 2934G → A (Ser978Ser; rs3740070), (2) ABCC4 (encodes MRP4) 559G → T (Gly187Trp; rs11568658); 912G → T (Lys304Asn; rs2274407); 2269G !92; A (Glu757Lys; rs3765534); 3348A → G (Lys1116Lys; rs1751034); 4135T → G [in the 3' untranslated region (UTR); (rs3742106)]; 4976T → C (3' UTR; rs1059751), (3) ABCC10 (encodes MRP10) 526G → A (intron; rs9349256); 2759T → C (Ile920Thr; rs2125739), (4) SLC22A6 (encodes OAT1) 180C → T (Asn60Asn; rs11568630), and (5) ABCB1 (encodes P-glycoprotein) 2677T → A/G (A:Ser893Thr, G:Ser893Ala; rs2032582). Login to comment
84 Genotype Frequencies at ABCC2, ABCC4, ABCC10, SLC22A6, and ABCB1 in Patients With and Without Kidney Tubular Dysfunction Genotype Amino Acid Patients With KTD (n = 19) Patients With Normal Tubular Function (n = 171) P Valuea ABCC2 (MRP2) -24 C → T, rs717620 C/C 18 (94.7) 108 (63.2) C/T 1 (5.3) 52 (30.4) .018 T/T 0 (0) 11 (6.4) 1249 G → A, rs2273697 Val417Ile G/G 11 (57.9) 133 (77.8) A/G 5 (26.3) 34 (19.9) .017 A/A 3 (15.8) 4 (2.3) 2366 C → T, rs56220353 Ser789Phe C/C 19 (100) 167 (97.7) C/T 0 (0) 3 (1.8) 1.000 T/T 0 (0) 1 (0.6) 2934 G → A, rs3740070 Ser978Ser G/G 18 (94.7) 159 (93.0) G/A 1 (5.3) 11 (6.4) 1.000 A/A 0 (0) 1 (0.6) ABCC4 (MRP4) 559 G → T, rs11568658 Gly187Trp G/G 13 (68.4) 133 (77.8) G/T 4 (21.1) 34 (19.9) .126 T/T 2 (10.5) 4 (2.3) 912G → T, rs2274407 G/G 13 (68.4) 102 (59.6) T/G 6 (31.6) 52 (30.4) .461 T/T 0 (0) 17 (9.9) 2269 G → A, rs3765534 Glu757Lys G/G 15 (78.9) 129 (75.4) G/A 2 (10.5) 35 (20.5) .241 A/A 2 (10.5) 7 (4.1) 3348 A → G, rs1751034 Lys1116Lys A/A 13 (68.4) 98 (57.3) A/G 3 (15.8) 58 (33.9) .185 G/G 3 (15.8) 15 (8.8) 4135 T → G, rs3742106 T/T 6 (31.6) 46 (26.9) T/G 7 (36.8) 79 (46.2) .707 G/G 6 (31.6) 46 (26.9) 4976T → C, rs1059751 T/T 6 (31.6) 46 (26.9) T/C 5 (26.3) 86 (50.3) .090 C/C 8 (42.1) 39 (22.8) ABCC10 (MRP7) 526G → A, rs9349256 G/G 4 (21.1) 32 (18.7) A/G 9 (47.4) 65 (38) .569 A/A 6 (31.6) 74 (43.3) Table 2 summarizes the distribution of genotypes at the ABCC2, ABCC4, ABCC10, SLC22A11, and ABCB1 genes in the 2 groups. Login to comment

[hide] A Japanese-specific allele in the GALNT11 gene. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2010 Jul;12(4):208-11. Yuasa I, Umetsu K, Matsusue A, Nishimukai H, Harihara S, Fukumori Y, Saitou N, Jin F, Chattopadhyay PK, Henke L, Henke J
A Japanese-specific allele in the GALNT11 gene.
Leg Med (Tokyo). 2010 Jul;12(4):208-11., [PMID:20547088]

Abstract [show]
In this study, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ABCC4, FBN1, CEP152, ZNF804B, and GALNT11 genes were investigated to assess allele frequencies in 14 different populations by a novel pentaplex PCR method. All SNPs were polymorphic in East Asians, whereas mutant alleles were absent or rare in non-East Asians. The frequencies of a mutant allele in FBN1 (rs140598) showed a north-south downward cline in East Asia, whereas those of a mutant allele in ZNF804B (rs1916830) were relatively uniform in East Asia. The highest frequencies of mutant alleles in ABCC4 (rs3765534), CEP152 (rs2289178), and GALNT11 (rs3778922) were observed in Okinawa. The mutant allele in GALNT11 was found only in Far-East Asian populations: the frequencies were about 0.153 in Okinawa, 0.076 in the main island of Japan, and 0.017-0.004 in Korea. These five East Asian- and Japanese-specific SNPs would be useful markers for forensic individualization, in particular, as ancestry-informative markers.

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69 Population n ABCC4 3q32 rs3765534 exon 18 c.2269 GAG>AAG FBN1 15q21.1 rs140598 exon 28 c.3442 CCC>GCC CEP152 15q21.1 rs2289178 exon 18 c.2378 AGC>ATC ZNF804B 7q21.13 rs1916830 exon 4 c.743 TGT>TAT GALNT11 7q34-q36 rs3778922 exon 5 c.589 GAT>TAT Glu757Lys Pro1148Ala Ser793Ile Cys248Tyr Asp197Tyr 1 African 68 0 0.0074 0 0.0074 0 2 German 92 0.0109 0 0 0.0054 0 3 Turk 109 0.0092 0.0092 0.0046 0.0413 0 4 Indian 107 0.0607 0.0140 0.0093 0.0935 0 5 Buryat 108 0.0833 0.4028 0.1343 0.3889 0 6 Mongolian 120 0.1292 0.3667 0.0875 0.4292 0 7 Korean (Seoul) 140 0.0893 0.2893 0.1143 0.4786 0.0036 8 Korean (Kwangju) 144 0.0903 0.2917 0.1215 0.4444 0.0174 9 Japanese (Tottori) 131 0.1412 0.2863 0.2901 0.4885 0.0763 10 Japanese (Okinawa) 88 0.2330 0.2727 0.3636 0.3523 0.1534 11 Han (Wuxi) 119 0.0420 0.2437 0.1261 0.4202 0 12 Han (Huizhou) 111 0.0541 0.2297 0.1982 0.4685 0 13 Thai 111 0.0450 0.2027 0.2162 0.3964 0 14 Columbian 93 0.0215 0.0430 0.1935 0.4140 0 African (YRI) 53-60 0 0.009 0 0.025 0 Caucasian (CEU) 53-60 0 0 0 0.017 0 Japanese (JPT) 42-45 0.2 0.393 0.4 0.489 0.114 Han Chinese (CHB) 42-45 0.067 0.214 0.133 0.433 0 particular, in Okinawa where a high frequency of 0.23 was observed. Login to comment

[hide] Transporter-mediated protection against thiopurine... Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 1;68(13):4983-9. Krishnamurthy P, Schwab M, Takenaka K, Nachagari D, Morgan J, Leslie M, Du W, Boyd K, Cheok M, Nakauchi H, Marzolini C, Kim RB, Poonkuzhali B, Schuetz E, Evans W, Relling M, Schuetz JD
Transporter-mediated protection against thiopurine-induced hematopoietic toxicity.
Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 1;68(13):4983-9., [PMID:18593894]

Abstract [show]
Thiopurines are effective immunosuppressants and anticancer agents, but intracellular accumulation of their active metabolites (6-thioguanine nucleotides, 6-TGN) causes dose-limiting hematopoietic toxicity. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency is known to exacerbate thiopurine toxicity. However, many patients are highly sensitive to thiopurines for unknown reasons. We show that multidrug-resistance protein 4 (Mrp4) is abundant in myeloid progenitors and tested the role of the Mrp4, an ATP transporter of monophosphorylated nucleosides, in this unexplained thiopurine sensitivity. Mrp4-deficient mice experienced Mrp4 gene dosage-dependent toxicity caused by accumulation of 6-TGNs in their myelopoietic cells. Therefore, Mrp4 protects against thiopurine-induced hematopoietic toxicity by actively exporting thiopurine nucleotides. We then identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in human MRP4 (rs3765534) that dramatically reduces MRP4 function by impairing its cell membrane localization. This SNP is common (>18%) in the Japanese population and indicates that the increased sensitivity of some Japanese patients to thiopurines may reflect the greater frequency of this MRP4 SNP.

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125 Diagram of human MRP4 showing the predicted location of the nonsynonymous SNP (G2269A; E757K) in the fourth extracellular loop. Login to comment
124 Diagram of human MRP4 showing the predicted location of the nonsynonymous SNP (G2269A; E757K) in the fourth extracellular loop. Login to comment

[hide] The human multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4, AB... J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Jun;325(3):859-68. Epub 2008 Mar 25. Abla N, Chinn LW, Nakamura T, Liu L, Huang CC, Johns SJ, Kawamoto M, Stryke D, Taylor TR, Ferrin TE, Giacomini KM, Kroetz DL
The human multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4, ABCC4): functional analysis of a highly polymorphic gene.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008 Jun;325(3):859-68. Epub 2008 Mar 25., [PMID:18364470]

Abstract [show]
ABCC4 encodes multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4), a member of the ATP-binding cassette family of membrane transporters involved in the efflux of endogenous and xenobiotic molecules. The aims of this study were to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms of ABCC4 and to functionally characterize selected nonsynonymous variants. Resequencing was performed in a large ethnically diverse population. Ten nonsynonymous variants were selected for analysis of transport function based on allele frequencies and evolutionary conservation. The reference and variant MRP4 cDNAs were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and transiently transfected into human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293T). The function of MRP4 variants was compared by measuring the intracellular accumulation of two antiviral agents, azidothymidine (AZT) and adefovir (PMEA). A total of 98 variants were identified in the coding and flanking intronic regions of ABCC4. Of these, 43 variants are in the coding region, and 22 are nonsynonymous. In a functional screen of ten variants, there was no evidence for a complete loss of function allele. However, two variants (G187W and G487E) showed a significantly reduced function compared to reference with both substrates, as evidenced by higher intracellular accumulation of AZT and PMEA compared to the reference MRP4 (43 and 69% increase in accumulation for G187W compared with the reference MRP4, with AZT and PMEA, respectively). The G187W variant also showed decreased expression following transient transfection of HEK 293T cells. Further studies are required to assess the clinical significance of this altered function and expression and to evaluate substrate specificity of this functional change.

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145 The P78A and P403L TABLE 2 Selected genetic variants in ABCC4a Exon Nucleotide Position Golden Path Positionb Variant Flagb Nucleotide Change Amino Acid or Intronic Position Amino Acid Change Grantham Score Allele Frequencyc AA (n ϭ 160) CA (n ϭ 160) AS (n ϭ 120) ME (n ϭ 100) 1 -49 chr13:94751618 rs3751333 C Ͼ T 5Ј-UTR - - 0.013 0.019 0.102 0.03 1 52 chr13:94751518 rs11568681 C Ͼ A 18 Leu to Ile 5 0.006 0.044 0.034 0.01 1 IVS1ϩ10 chr13:94751486 rs11568682 C Ͼ T Intronic - - 0.006 0.019 0 0 2 IVS2ϩ7 chr13:94697891 rs11568700 C Ͼ T Intronic - - 0.031 0 0 0 3 IVS3-5 chr13:94697355 rs4148437 T Ͼ C Intronic - - 0.087 0.331 0.183 0.25 3d 232 chr13:94697304 rs11568689 C Ͼ G 78 Pro to Ala 27 0 0 0.008 0 4 IVS4-10 chr13:94685099 rs11568638 C Ͼ T Intronic - - 0.025 0 0 0 4 IVS4ϩ10 chr13:94684855 rs11568637 A Ͼ G Intronic - - 0.031 0 0.117 0 5 551 chr13:94661017 rs11568657 T Ͼ C 184 Met to Thr 81 0.013 0 0 0 5 559 chr13:94661009 rs11568658 G Ͼ T 187 Gly to Trp 184 0 0.025 0.108 0.130 6 669 chr13:94659805 rs899494 C Ͼ T 223 Syn 0.219 0.200 0.125 0.090 6 717 chr13:94659757 rs11568674 T Ͼ C 239 Syn 0 0 0.008 0 7 877 chr13:94658089 rs11568684 A Ͼ G 293 Lys to Glu 56 0.006 0 0 0 8 912 chr13:94657036 rs2274407 G Ͼ T 304 Lys to Asn 94 0.181 0.087 0.225 0.160 8 951 chr13:94656997 rs2274406 G Ͼ A 317 Syn 0.619 0.406 0.458 0.390 8 969 chr13:94656979 rs2274405 G Ͼ A 323 Syn 0.312 0.406 0.458 0.320 8 1035 chr13:94656913 rs11568703 G Ͼ A 345 Syn 0 0.013 0 0 8 1067 chr13:94656881 rs11568701 C Ͼ T 356 Thr to Met 81 0 0 0 0.010 8 IVS8ϩ8 chr13:94656779 rs11568702 T Ͼ A Intronic - 0 0.013 0 0 9 1208 chr13:94645146 rs11568705 C Ͼ T 403 Pro to Leu 98 0.006 0 0 0 11 1458 chr13:94637043 rs11568670 G Ͼ A 486 Syn 0 0.006 0 0 11 1460 chr13:94637041 rs11568668 G Ͼ A 487 Gly to Glu 98 0 0 0.008 0 11 1492 chr13:94637009 rs11568669 A Ͼ G 498 Lys to Glu 56 0.025 0 0 0 11 1497 chr13:94637004 rs1557070 C Ͼ T 499 Syn 0.238 0 0 0 14 1737 chr13:94620874 rs11568664 T Ͼ C 579 Syn 0.006 0 0 0 15 IVS15-7 chr13:94616629 rs11568696 A Ͼ G Intronic - 0.031 0 0 0 15 1875 chr13:94616572 rs11568699 A Ͼ G 625 Ile to Met 10 0.006 0 0 0 15 2000 chr13:94616447 rs11568697 C Ͼ T 667 Pro to Leu 98 0 0.006 0 0 15 2001 chr13:94616446 rs11568698 C Ͼ T 667 Syn 0.013 0 0 0 16 2100 chr13:94614708 rs11568666 C Ͼ T 700 Syn 0 0.013 0 0 18 2230 chr13:94613455 rs9282570 A Ͼ G 744 Met to Val 21 0.050 0 0 0 18 2269 chr13:94613416 rs3765534 G Ͼ A 757 Glu to Lys 56 0.025 0.013 0.033 0.030 19 2364 chr13:94611535 rs11568709 C Ͼ T 788 Syn 0.006 0 0 0 20 2459 chr13:94566253 rs11568659 G Ͼ T 820 Arg to Ile 97 0.006 0 0 0 21 2560 chr13:94533521 rs11568694 G Ͼ T 854 Val to Phe 50 0.006 0 0 0 21 2577 chr13:94533504 rs11568691 C Ͼ T 859 Syn 0 0.006 0 0 22 2698 chr13:94525795 rs11568673 G Ͼ T 900 Val to Leu 32 0 0.006 0 0.010 22 2712 chr13:94525781 rs1678339 G Ͼ A 904 Syn 0.156 0.031 0.217 0.020 23 2844 chr13:94524542 rs1189466 C Ͼ T 948 Syn 0.075 0.031 0.208 0.020 23 2847 chr13:94524539 rs11568708 C Ͼ T 949 Syn 0.019 0 0 0 23 2867 chr13:94524519 rs11568707 G Ͼ C 956 Cys to Ser 112 0.006 0 0 0 26 3211 chr13:94513114 rs11568653 G Ͼ A 1071 Val to Ile 29 0.006 0 0 0 26 3255 chr13:94513070 rs11568652 C Ͼ A 1085 Syn 0.013 0 0 0.010 26 3310 chr13:94513015 rs11568655 T Ͼ C 1104 Syn 0.100 0 0 0.010 26 3348 chr13:94512977 rs1751034 A Ͼ G 1116 Syn 0.231 0.169 0.242 0.200 27 3425 chr13:94503381 rs11568644 C Ͼ T 1142 Thr to Met 81 0 0.006 0 0 28 3609 chr13:94494541 rs11568695 G Ͼ A 1203 Syn 0.206 0 0 0.010 29 3659 chr13:94494013 rs11568639 G Ͼ A 1220 Arg to Gln 43 0.006 0 0 0 29 3723 chr13:94493949 rs11568640 C Ͼ T 1241 Syn 0.006 0 0 0 30 3774 chr13:94484956 rs11568704 G Ͼ A 1258 Syn 0.037 0 0 0 31 IVS31-3 chr13:94471940 rs9524765 C Ͼ T Intronic - 0.225 0 0 0.02 31 3941 chr13:94471867 rs11568688 A Ͼ G 1314 Gln to Arg 43 0.006 0 0 0 31 4016 chr13:94471792 rs3742106 T Ͼ G 3Ј-UTR - 0.287 0.388 0.467 0.470 Dashes indicate not relevant. Login to comment

[hide] 6-mercaptopurine and 9-(2-phosphonyl-methoxyethyl)... Hum Mutat. 2008 May;29(5):659-69. Janke D, Mehralivand S, Strand D, Godtel-Armbrust U, Habermeier A, Gradhand U, Fischer C, Toliat MR, Fritz P, Zanger UM, Schwab M, Fromm MF, Nurnberg P, Wojnowski L, Closs EI, Lang T
6-mercaptopurine and 9-(2-phosphonyl-methoxyethyl) adenine (PMEA) transport altered by two missense mutations in the drug transporter gene ABCC4.
Hum Mutat. 2008 May;29(5):659-69., [PMID:18300232]

Abstract [show]
Multiple drug resistance protein 4 (MRP4, ABCC4) belongs to the C subfamily of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily and participates in the transport of diverse antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents such as 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and 9-(2-phosphonyl methoxyethyl) adenine (PMEA). We have undertaken a comprehensive functional characterization of protein variants of MRP4 found in Caucasians and other ethnicities. A total of 11 MRP4 missense genetic variants (nonsynonymous SNPs), fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP), were examined in Xenopus laevis oocytes for their effect on expression, localization, and function of the transporter. Radiolabeled 6-MP and PMEA were chosen as transport substrates. All MRP4 protein variants were found to be expressed predominantly in the oocyte membrane. A total of four variants (Y556C, E757 K, V776I, and T1142 M) exhibited a 20% to 40% reduced expression level compared to the wild type. Efflux studies showed that 6-MP is transported by MRP4 in unmodified form. Compared to wild-type MRP4, the transmembrane variant V776I, revealed a significant lower activity in 6-MP transport, while the amino acid exchange Y556C in the Walker(B) motif displayed significantly higher transport of PMEA. The transport properties of the other variants were comparable to wild-type MRP4. Our study shows that Xenopus oocytes are well suited to characterize MRP4 and its protein variants. Carriers of the rare MRP4 variants Y556C and V776I may have altered disposition of MRP4 substrates.

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6 A total of four variants (Y556C, E757K, V776I, and T1142M) exhibited a 20% to 40% reduced expression level compared to the wild type. Login to comment
258 Conservation of the MRP4 Polymorphic AminoAcids Among Di¡erent ABCC Orthologs and HomologsÃ Protein Speciesa G187W K304N G487E Y556C E757K V776I R820I V854F I866V T1142M MRP4 Human G K G Y E V R V I T Mouse G K G Y E V R I V T Rat G K G Y G V R I L S MRP1 Human K Q D Y K ^ N C F S Mouse K Q D Y F A ^ V F S Rat K Q D Y ^ G N V V S MRP2 Human K K G Y S G R L V S Mouse R K G Y S G R L V S Rat K K G Y S G R L I S MRP3 Human R Q C F L G R L V S Rat R Q C F S G R I V S MRP5 Human ^ ^ A Y D L R V S T Mouse ^ ^ A Y D L R V S T Rat ^ ^ A Y D L R V S T MRP6 Human K G T Y G H S V V S Mouse K G T Y H G N G V T Rat K G T Y G N G V V T ÃAligned using ClustalW (www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw). Login to comment

[hide] Variability in human hepatic MRP4 expression: infl... Pharmacogenomics J. 2008 Feb;8(1):42-52. Epub 2007 Apr 3. Gradhand U, Lang T, Schaeffeler E, Glaeser H, Tegude H, Klein K, Fritz P, Jedlitschky G, Kroemer HK, Bachmakov I, Anwald B, Kerb R, Zanger UM, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M, Fromm MF
Variability in human hepatic MRP4 expression: influence of cholestasis and genotype.
Pharmacogenomics J. 2008 Feb;8(1):42-52. Epub 2007 Apr 3., [PMID:17404579]

Abstract [show]
The multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4) is an efflux transporter involved in the transport of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. We measured MRP4 mRNA and protein expression in human livers and found a 38- and 45-fold variability, respectively. We sequenced 2 kb of the 5'-flanking region, all exons and intron/exon boundaries of the MRP4 gene in 95 patients and identified 74 genetic variants including 10 non-synonymous variations, seven of them being located in highly conserved regions. None of the detected polymorphisms was significantly associated with changes in the MRP4 mRNA or protein expression. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that none of the non-synonymous variations affected the cellular localization of MRP4. However, in cholestatic patients the MRP4 mRNA and protein expression both were significantly upregulated compared to non-cholestatic livers (protein: 299+/-138 vs 100+/-60a.u., P<0.001). Taken together, human hepatic MRP4 expression is highly variable. Genetic variations were not sufficient to explain this variability. In contrast, cholestasis is one major determinant of human hepatic MRP4 expression.

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45 Table 2 Genetic variations identified in the MRP4 gene among 95 Caucasian individuals Variant ID Sequence context 50 Systematic name Sequence context 30 Genetic element Effect Frequency (%) Heterozygous Homozygous NCBI SNP ID HW HW 1 GAACTCCTGA g.-2174C4G GTCAGGTGAT Promoter 23.7 28.5 5.4 3.0 2 CACCTGCCTC g.-2152A4G GCCTCCCAGA Promoter 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 3 TGGGCTAAAG g.-2055C4A CATCCTCCTG Promoter 40.9 47.9 39.8 36.3 rs2389235 4 CTAAAGCCAT g.-2051C4T CTCCTGTCTC Promoter 38.7 45.1 46.2 43.0 rs1764419 5 ATTTTTAAAA g.-1980-1981insA CTTTTGGTAG Promoter 39.8 45.5 45.2 42.3 6 CACTATGCTG g.-1949G4C CTAGCCTGTG Promoter 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 7 CATCTATAAA g.-1508G4A TAAGGATAAC Promoter 12.6 11.8 0.0 0.4 rs868853 8 AAATTATCAG g.-1235T4C ATTTGAACTT Promoter 2.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 9 TACTTAAACT g.-1130G4A AGTTGGGAGG Promoter 42.4 46.3 15.2 13.3 rs2993579 10 CCATGGCACC g.-642G4C TCGTTTGGTC Promoter 41.9 46.7 41.9 39.6 rs869951,39 11 CGCGTCTCCT g.-289C4G CCGCCGCGTC Promoter 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 12 CCGCGGCCAC g.-49C4T GCCGCCTGAT 50 UTR/ Exon 1 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 rs3751333,39 13 TGCCCGTGTA g.15C4T CAGGAGGTGA Exon 1 synonymous 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 14 GGACGCGAAC g.52A4C TCTGCTCACG Exon 1 I18L 2.2 2.2 97.8 97.8 rs11568681 15 GGTGAGTGTC g.84C4T CCGCCCGAAA Intron 1 2.2 2.1 0.0 0.0 rs11568682 16 CACTCTCCCG g.138G4C GGCCGCGCCC Intron 1 1.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 17 ACCCATGGAG g.53498G4A TAGGAGTCTA Intron 1 46.7 47.4 15.2 14.9 rs9556466 18 TTTTTCCTCAT g.54215T4C GTAGGTTCTG Intron 2 46.7 47.0 14.4 14.3 rs4148437,39 19 AGCATGGGTG g.66387A4G CAGAGCAAGC Intron 3 11.9 11.2 0.0 0.4 39 20 GGTAAGTGAC g.66715A4G TTCAGCATTA Intron 4 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 rs11568637 21 CATGGCCATG g.90561G4T GGAAGACAAC Exon 5 G187W* 4.3 4.2 0.0 0.0 rs11568658 22 CACCCCTCTT g.90673T4C CCCCTTTTAT Intron 5 25.3 23.7 73.6 74.4 rs899496,39 23 TTTCTGGAGG g.90696C4T AGGGGCTCAC Intron 5 38.9 37.5 5.6 6.3 rs4148472,39 24 GCAGGGGCTC g.90705-90708delACTC TGTTCACACT Intron 5 44.9 47.7 38.2 36.8 rs3046400 25 TGTGTTCTTA g.91667C4T TGGTTTTGCT Intron 5 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 26 TGCAGGCGAT g.91765C4T GCAGTGACTG Exon 6 synonymous 19.4 19.2 1.1 1.2 rs899494,39 27 GTTGTCGGAA g.93281G4T CAAAAGCGCT Intron 6 43.5 41.5 48.9 49.9 rs2274410,39 28 GGCTGTGATC g.93355G4A CTCAGGCTCA Intron 6 15.2 17.7 2.2 1.0 rs2274409,39 29 CTCATCTCCC g.93372G4A TGTCTGGTTC Intron 6 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 rs11568683 30 AAGTTTTACT g.93595A4G TGTTTTCACA Intron 7 43.5 41.5 48.9 49.9 rs2274408,39 31 TCTCTTTCAG g.94534G4T AAGGAGATTT Exon 8 K304N 17.6 17.8 1.1 1.0 rs2274407,39 32 CCTGCCTCAG g.94573G4A GGGATGAATT Exon 8 synonymous 47.2 42.3 6.7 9.2 rs2274406,39 33 ATTTGGCTTC g.94591G4A TTTTTCAGTG Exon 8 synonymous 47.2 42.3 6.7 9.2 rs2274405,39 34 CAGGTTGGTG g.94791T4A CAGATGCCAT Intron 8 4.4 4.3 0.0 0.0 rs11568702 35 CACTATGTTC g.94865C4G AGTGTAATGA Intron 8 47.2 42.3 46.1 48.5 rs3818494,39 36 TGACATTTAA g.94883C4T TCTCTCATAA Intron 8 47.2 42.3 46.1 48.5 rs3818494,39 37 TAGAGAATTT g.106549T4C GAGGTGTTAC Intron 9 55.6 49.9 24.4 27.3 rs2274403,39 38 GCATTGCAGT g.114366G4A GCTTATTCTT Intron 10 9.8 9.3 0.0 0.2 rs4148487,39 39 CTCTGAAAAA g.114614G4A GTGAGTGATG Exon 11 synonymous 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 40 ATAGGAGATC g.123270G4A GGGAACCACG Exon 12 R531Q 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 41 GCTGACATCT g.123548A4G TCTCCTGGAC Exon 13 Y556C* 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 42 GAGGTCTCCC g.130808G4A AACTTGCAAG Intron 14 24.4 23.1 1.1 1.8 rs11568663 43 TGCCTGTTTC g.136709C4T CCACAGCTTT Intron 15 18.2 16.5 0.0 0.8 rs4148501,39 44 GTTTTCAGGC g.136862C4T TATAAGAATT Exon 16 synonymous 2.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 rs11568666 45 ATGTATGAAA g.137735T4C ACTCCAAAAT Intron 17 16.1 14.8 83.9 84.5 rs11568650 46 GGTTCATTTT g.138034T4C AAAAAAATGT Intron 17 20.7 20.3 1.1 1.3 39 47 AAATGTAACC g.138154G4A AGAAGCTAGA Exon 18 E757K 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 rs3765534,39 48 TGTAGCTACC g.139997G4A TTCTTTTTGG Exon 19 V776I 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 49 ACCACTGACA g.185182T4G CGGCTTATTT Intron 19 46.7 49.9 29.3 27.8 rs1678394,39 50 TGAATAATAT g.185207A4G TTAAATACAT Intron 19 4.3 4.2 0.0 0.0 rs2296652 51 ATTTGCTGCC g.185369G4A CTGACGTTTT Exon 20 synonymous 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 52 ACAACTCATG g.217965C4A AAGTATTTTT Intron 20 6.7 6.4 93.3 93.4 rs1189437,39 53 GGTTGGTGTG g.218049G4T TCTCTGTGGC Exon 21 V854F* 3.3 3.3 0.0 0.0 rs11568694 54 TTGGATCGCA g.218085A4G TACCCTTGGT Exon 21 I866 V* 5.6 5.4 0.0 0.1 55 CTTGGGAGGC g.225708C4T GCAGGTTTTT Intron 21 28.0 25.8 1.2 2.3 rs11568672 Figure 3 Predicted two-dimensional protein structure of the MRP4 protein. Login to comment
52 MRP4 protein expression in samples carrying non-synonymous polymorphisms relative to the control group (n ¼ 8) was as follows: G187W 58% (n ¼ 2), K304N 54% (n ¼ 3), R531Q 20% (n ¼ 1), Y556C 60% (n ¼ 1), E757K 86% (n ¼ 1), V776I 161% (n ¼ 1), V854F 96% (n ¼ 1), I866V 78% (n ¼ 4) and T1142M 40% (n ¼ 2). Login to comment
72 Prediction of functional effects of non-synonymous variations In silico analysis of all 10 detected amino acid exchanges revealed that five of them (I18L, K304N, R531Q, E757K, V776I) can be considered benign, whereas others especially near or within transmembrane regions or ATP-binding domains are possibly (G187W, Y556C, V854F, I866V) or in one case (T1142M) even very likely damaging for protein localization and/or function (Figure 3). Login to comment
46 Table 2 Genetic variations identified in the MRP4 gene among 95 Caucasian individuals Variant ID Sequence context 50 Systematic name Sequence context 30 Genetic element Effect Frequency (%) Heterozygous Homozygous NCBI SNP ID HW HW 1 GAACTCCTGA g.-2174C4G GTCAGGTGAT Promoter 23.7 28.5 5.4 3.0 2 CACCTGCCTC g.-2152A4G GCCTCCCAGA Promoter 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 3 TGGGCTAAAG g.-2055C4A CATCCTCCTG Promoter 40.9 47.9 39.8 36.3 rs2389235 4 CTAAAGCCAT g.-2051C4T CTCCTGTCTC Promoter 38.7 45.1 46.2 43.0 rs1764419 5 ATTTTTAAAA g.-1980-1981insA CTTTTGGTAG Promoter 39.8 45.5 45.2 42.3 6 CACTATGCTG g.-1949G4C CTAGCCTGTG Promoter 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 7 CATCTATAAA g.-1508G4A TAAGGATAAC Promoter 12.6 11.8 0.0 0.4 rs868853 8 AAATTATCAG g.-1235T4C ATTTGAACTT Promoter 2.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 9 TACTTAAACT g.-1130G4A AGTTGGGAGG Promoter 42.4 46.3 15.2 13.3 rs2993579 10 CCATGGCACC g.-642G4C TCGTTTGGTC Promoter 41.9 46.7 41.9 39.6 rs869951,39 11 CGCGTCTCCT g.-289C4G CCGCCGCGTC Promoter 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 12 CCGCGGCCAC g.-49C4T GCCGCCTGAT 50 UTR/ Exon 1 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 rs3751333,39 13 TGCCCGTGTA g.15C4T CAGGAGGTGA Exon 1 synonymous 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 14 GGACGCGAAC g.52A4C TCTGCTCACG Exon 1 I18L 2.2 2.2 97.8 97.8 rs11568681 15 GGTGAGTGTC g.84C4T CCGCCCGAAA Intron 1 2.2 2.1 0.0 0.0 rs11568682 16 CACTCTCCCG g.138G4C GGCCGCGCCC Intron 1 1.1 1.0 0.0 0.0 17 ACCCATGGAG g.53498G4A TAGGAGTCTA Intron 1 46.7 47.4 15.2 14.9 rs9556466 18 TTTTTCCTCAT g.54215T4C GTAGGTTCTG Intron 2 46.7 47.0 14.4 14.3 rs4148437,39 19 AGCATGGGTG g.66387A4G CAGAGCAAGC Intron 3 11.9 11.2 0.0 0.4 39 20 GGTAAGTGAC g.66715A4G TTCAGCATTA Intron 4 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 rs11568637 21 CATGGCCATG g.90561G4T GGAAGACAAC Exon 5 G187W* 4.3 4.2 0.0 0.0 rs11568658 22 CACCCCTCTT g.90673T4C CCCCTTTTAT Intron 5 25.3 23.7 73.6 74.4 rs899496,39 23 TTTCTGGAGG g.90696C4T AGGGGCTCAC Intron 5 38.9 37.5 5.6 6.3 rs4148472,39 24 GCAGGGGCTC g.90705-90708delACTC TGTTCACACT Intron 5 44.9 47.7 38.2 36.8 rs3046400 25 TGTGTTCTTA g.91667C4T TGGTTTTGCT Intron 5 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 26 TGCAGGCGAT g.91765C4T GCAGTGACTG Exon 6 synonymous 19.4 19.2 1.1 1.2 rs899494,39 27 GTTGTCGGAA g.93281G4T CAAAAGCGCT Intron 6 43.5 41.5 48.9 49.9 rs2274410,39 28 GGCTGTGATC g.93355G4A CTCAGGCTCA Intron 6 15.2 17.7 2.2 1.0 rs2274409,39 29 CTCATCTCCC g.93372G4A TGTCTGGTTC Intron 6 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 rs11568683 30 AAGTTTTACT g.93595A4G TGTTTTCACA Intron 7 43.5 41.5 48.9 49.9 rs2274408,39 31 TCTCTTTCAG g.94534G4T AAGGAGATTT Exon 8 K304N 17.6 17.8 1.1 1.0 rs2274407,39 32 CCTGCCTCAG g.94573G4A GGGATGAATT Exon 8 synonymous 47.2 42.3 6.7 9.2 rs2274406,39 33 ATTTGGCTTC g.94591G4A TTTTTCAGTG Exon 8 synonymous 47.2 42.3 6.7 9.2 rs2274405,39 34 CAGGTTGGTG g.94791T4A CAGATGCCAT Intron 8 4.4 4.3 0.0 0.0 rs11568702 35 CACTATGTTC g.94865C4G AGTGTAATGA Intron 8 47.2 42.3 46.1 48.5 rs3818494,39 36 TGACATTTAA g.94883C4T TCTCTCATAA Intron 8 47.2 42.3 46.1 48.5 rs3818494,39 37 TAGAGAATTT g.106549T4C GAGGTGTTAC Intron 9 55.6 49.9 24.4 27.3 rs2274403,39 38 GCATTGCAGT g.114366G4A GCTTATTCTT Intron 10 9.8 9.3 0.0 0.2 rs4148487,39 39 CTCTGAAAAA g.114614G4A GTGAGTGATG Exon 11 synonymous 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 40 ATAGGAGATC g.123270G4A GGGAACCACG Exon 12 R531Q 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 41 GCTGACATCT g.123548A4G TCTCCTGGAC Exon 13 Y556C* 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 42 GAGGTCTCCC g.130808G4A AACTTGCAAG Intron 14 24.4 23.1 1.1 1.8 rs11568663 43 TGCCTGTTTC g.136709C4T CCACAGCTTT Intron 15 18.2 16.5 0.0 0.8 rs4148501,39 44 GTTTTCAGGC g.136862C4T TATAAGAATT Exon 16 synonymous 2.1 2.1 0.0 0.0 rs11568666 45 ATGTATGAAA g.137735T4C ACTCCAAAAT Intron 17 16.1 14.8 83.9 84.5 rs11568650 46 GGTTCATTTT g.138034T4C AAAAAAATGT Intron 17 20.7 20.3 1.1 1.3 39 47 AAATGTAACC g.138154G4A AGAAGCTAGA Exon 18 E757K 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 rs3765534,39 48 TGTAGCTACC g.139997G4A TTCTTTTTGG Exon 19 V776I 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 49 ACCACTGACA g.185182T4G CGGCTTATTT Intron 19 46.7 49.9 29.3 27.8 rs1678394,39 50 TGAATAATAT g.185207A4G TTAAATACAT Intron 19 4.3 4.2 0.0 0.0 rs2296652 51 ATTTGCTGCC g.185369G4A CTGACGTTTT Exon 20 synonymous 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 52 ACAACTCATG g.217965C4A AAGTATTTTT Intron 20 6.7 6.4 93.3 93.4 rs1189437,39 53 GGTTGGTGTG g.218049G4T TCTCTGTGGC Exon 21 V854F* 3.3 3.3 0.0 0.0 rs11568694 54 TTGGATCGCA g.218085A4G TACCCTTGGT Exon 21 I866 V* 5.6 5.4 0.0 0.1 55 CTTGGGAGGC g.225708C4T GCAGGTTTTT Intron 21 28.0 25.8 1.2 2.3 rs11568672 Figure 3 Predicted two-dimensional protein structure of the MRP4 protein. Login to comment
53 MRP4 protein expression in samples carrying non-synonymous polymorphisms relative to the control group (n &#bc; 8) was as follows: G187W 58% (n &#bc; 2), K304N 54% (n &#bc; 3), R531Q 20% (n &#bc; 1), Y556C 60% (n &#bc; 1), E757K 86% (n &#bc; 1), V776I 161% (n &#bc; 1), V854F 96% (n &#bc; 1), I866V 78% (n &#bc; 4) and T1142M 40% (n &#bc; 2). Login to comment
73 Prediction of functional effects of non-synonymous variations In silico analysis of all 10 detected amino acid exchanges revealed that five of them (I18L, K304N, R531Q, E757K, V776I) can be considered benign, whereas others especially near or within transmembrane regions or ATP-binding domains are possibly (G187W, Y556C, V854F, I866V) or in one case (T1142M) even very likely damaging for protein localization and/or function (Figure 3). Login to comment

[hide] The ABCC4 membrane transporter modulates platelet ... Blood. 2015 Nov 12;126(20):2307-19. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595942. Epub 2015 Sep 24. Cheepala SB, Pitre A, Fukuda Y, Takenaka K, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Frase S, Pestina T, Gartner TK, Jackson C, Schuetz JD
The ABCC4 membrane transporter modulates platelet aggregation.
Blood. 2015 Nov 12;126(20):2307-19. doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595942. Epub 2015 Sep 24., [PMID:26405223]

Abstract [show]
Controlling the activation of platelets is a key strategy to mitigate cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have suggested that the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCC4, functions in platelet-dense granules. Using plasma membrane biotinylation and super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that ABCC4 is primarily expressed on the plasma membrane of both mouse and human platelets. Platelets lacking ABCC4 have unchanged dense-granule function, number, and volume, but harbor a selective impairment in collagen-induced aggregation. Accordingly, Abcc4 knockout (KO) platelet attachment to a collagen substratum was also faulty and associated with elevated intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) and reduced plasma membrane localization of the major collagen receptor, GPVI. In the ferric-chloride vasculature injury model, Abcc4 KO mice exhibited markedly impaired thrombus formation. The attenuation of platelet aggregation by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor EHNA (a non-ABCC4 substrate), when combined with Abcc4 deficiency, illustrated a crucial functional interaction between phosphodiesterases and ABCC4. This was extended in vivo where EHNA dramatically prolonged the bleeding time, but only in Abcc4 KO mice. Further, we demonstrated in human platelets that ABCC4 inhibition, when coupled with phosphodiesterase inhibition, strongly impaired platelet aggregation. These findings have important clinical implications because they directly highlight an important relationship between ABCC4 transporter function and phosphodiesterases in accounting for the cAMP-directed activity of antithrombotic agents.

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274 For example, a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in ABCC4, E757K, has strongly reduced function as a result of impaired membrane localization.8 Because this allele occurs frequently in Japanese (18%) and Asians (5%), antiplatelet drug use should be monitored carefully for untoward side effects. Login to comment