ABCMdb

ABCD1 p.Arg617His

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Publications

PMID: 11748843 [PubMed] Kemp S et al: "ABCD1 mutations and the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mutation database: role in diagnosis and clinical correlations."

No. Sentence Comment

174 P560S 7 1678C>T n.d. # P560L 7 1679C>T Reduced P560L 7 1679C>T Reduced fs I588 7 1765delC n.d. # R591P 7 1772G>C Absent S606L 8 1817C>T Present E609K 8 1825G>A Absent E609K 8 1825G>A Absent R617C 8 1849C>T Absent R617H 8 1850G>A Absent R617H 8 1850G>A Absent A626T 9 1876G>A Absent A626T 9 1876G>A Absent A626D 9 1877C>A n.d. # E630G 9 1889A>G n.d. # C631Y 9 1892G>A n.d. # T632I 9 1895C>T n.d. # V635M 9 1903G>A n.d. # L654P 9 1961T>C Absent # R660W 9 1978C>T Absent fs L663 9 1988insT n.d. # fs L663 IVS 9 IVS9+1g>a n.d. # fs L663 IVS 9 IVS9-1g>a n.d. # H667D 10 1999C>G Absent # T668I 10 2003C>T Absent # T693M 10 2078C>T Present # exon1-5del 1-5 n.d. # The 47 mutations marked with a # are novel unique mutations reported for the first time in this paper. Login to comment

PMID: 7494402 [PubMed] Moser HW et al: "Komrower Lecture. Adrenoleukodystrophy: natural history, treatment and outcome."

No. Sentence Comment

29 Mutation Predicted consequence Phenotype a 1 310 C -4 T R104C AMN 2 420 G -4 A A140T Cer 3 454 C -4 T R152C Cer 4 545 G -4 C R182P Addis 5 692 G -4 C Addis 693-4 del GG Frameshift at AA 231 6 770 G -4 T G277W Cer 7 1166 G -4 A R389H AMN 8 I224 G -4 A Spl mutation at AA 408 AMN 9 1389 G --+ A R464 stop AMN 10 1411 ins A Frameshift at AA 470 AMN 11 1412-3 del AA Frameshift at AA 470 Cer 12 1415-6 del AG Frameshift at AA 472 Cer 13 1415-6 del AG Frarneshift at AA 472 Cer 14 1415-6 del AG Frameshift at AA 472 Addis 15 1415-6 del AG Frameshift at AA 472 AMN 16 t415-6 del AG Frameshift at AA 472 AMN 17 1415-6 del AG Frameshift at AA 472 Cer 18 1534 G -4 A G512S Cer 19 1698 T -4 A M567K AMN 20 t817 C -4 T $604F Addis 1548 G -4 A L516L 21 1850 G -+ A R617H AMN 22 1978 G -4 A R660W AMN ~Cer=childhoodcerebralALD; Addis=Addisondisease the multiple binding sites on bovine albumin for shorter-chain fatty acids, there is only a single binding site for C26:0. Login to comment

PMID: 21476988 [PubMed] Zhang X et al: "Conservation of targeting but divergence in function and quality control of peroxisomal ABC transporters: an analysis using cross-kingdom expression."

No. Sentence Comment

181 These included relatively common mutants which are unstable in fibroblasts, but which can be rescued by the application of proteasome inhibitors (p.Ser606Leu, p.Arg617His and p.His667Asp), the p.Arg104Cys mutant in which degradation of ALDP cannot be prevented by proteasome inhibitors and the p.Tyr174Cys mutant which is Table 2 X-ALD mutants used for analysis of targeting in tobacco cells The occurrence is the number of documented patients bearing the mutation; source: X-ALD database (http://www.x-ald.nl). Login to comment
182 These included relatively common mutants which are unstable in fibroblasts, but which can be rescued by the application of proteasome inhibitors (p.Ser606Leu, p.Arg617His and p.His667Asp), the p.Arg104Cys mutant in which degradation of ALDP cannot be prevented by proteasome inhibitors and the p.Tyr174Cys mutant which is c The Authors Journal compilation c Table 2 X-ALD mutants used for analysis of targeting in tobacco cells The occurrence is the number of documented patients bearing the mutation; source: X-ALD database (http://www.x-ald.nl). Login to comment

PMID: 21068741 [PubMed] Shimozawa N et al: "X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: diagnostic and follow-up system in Japan."

No. Sentence Comment

21 Although most probands with ALD identified by us had a unique gene mutation, 6 missense mutations (p.Gly266Arg, p.Arg401Gln, p.Gly512Ser, p.Ser514Ile, p.Arg617His and p.Arg660Trp) and 1 frame-shift mutation (p.Gln472fs) were detected in two or three families (* in Figure 2). Login to comment

PMID: 17542813 [PubMed] Takahashi N et al: "Adrenoleukodystrophy: subcellular localization and degradation of adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP/ABCD1) with naturally occurring missense mutations."

No. Sentence Comment

2 In this study, we chose nine arbitrary mutant human ALDP forms (R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H, and H667D) with naturally occurring missense mutations and examined the intracellular behavior. Login to comment
3 When expressed in X-ALD fibroblasts lacking ALDP, the expression level of mutant His-ALDPs (S606L, R617H, and H667D) was lower than that of wild type and other mutant ALDPs. Login to comment
6 In the case of X-ALD fibroblasts from an ALD patient (R617H), the mutant ALDP was not detected in the cells, but appeared upon incubation with a proteasome inhibitor. Login to comment
9 These results suggest that mutant ALDPs, which have a mutation in the COOH-terminal half of ALDP, including S606L, R617H, and H667D, were degraded by proteasomes after dimerization. Login to comment
35 We found that mutant ALDPs with the missense mutations in the G116R S342P Q544R R617H H667D Y174C NH2 COOH C sequence Cytosol Membrane Matrix Walker A Walker B S606P, S606L R104C Fig. 1 A putative secondary structure of adrenoleukodystrophy protein. Login to comment
71 CHO-K1 cells (5 · 105 cells) were cultured in Ham`s F-12 medium with 10% FBS, 70 lg/mL of penicillin, and 140 lg/mL of streptomycin and transfected with 5 lg of pMAM2/ Table 1 Oligonucleotide primer sequences used for the generation of mutant ALDP constructs Construct name Forward primer (5' to 3') (top) R104C GCCTTGGTGAGCTGCACCTTCCTGTCG G116R GCCCGCCTGGACAGAAGGCTGGCC Y174C GCCTACCGCCTCTGCTCCTCCCAG S342P TGGAGCGCCCCGGGCCTGCTCATG Q544R GCATGTTCTACATCCCGCGGAGGCCCTACATGTC S606P AAGGACGTCCTGCCGGGTGGCGAGAAG S606L AAGGACGTCCTGTTGGGTGGCGAGAAG R617H GCAGAGAATCGGCATGGCCCACATGTTCTACCACAGGC H667D TCCCTGTGGAAATACGACACACACTTGCTA The underlined letters indicate the single base mutation leading to an amino acid replacement. Login to comment
120 However, the ratios of certain His-ALDPs (S606L, R617H, and H667D) were significantly lower than those of wild type His-ALDP and other mutant His-ALDPs. Login to comment
123 Therefore, we focused our attention on mutant ALDP (S606H, R617H, and H667D) and examined the expression level with co-expression of GFP. Login to comment
125 Taken together, it appears His-ALDP (S606L, R617H, and H667D) might be degraded after translation. Login to comment
129 Immunofluorescent dots of His-ALDP (R617H) were scarcely detected in the cells because of the low level of expression. Login to comment
150 The fragments were not extractable with 0.1 mol/L sodium carbonate, indicating (a) (c) (b) (d) 400 140 120 100 Expressionratio(%) 80 60 40 His-ALDP R104C G116R Y174C S342P Q544R S606P S606L R617H H667D Catalase 20 0 100 Expressionratio(%) 80 60 40 20 0 350 300 250 200 150 pmol/h/mgprotein 100 50 0 Normal (139T) X-ALD (163T) M ock M ock W ild W ild N one S606L His-ALDP GFP Catalase R 617H H 667D R 104CG 116RY174C S342PQ 544RS606PS606LR 617HH 667D M ock W ildR 104CG 116RY174CS342PQ 544RS606PS606LR 617HH 667D Fig. 3 Expression of wild type and mutant His-adrenoleukodystrophy proteins (ALDPs) in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) fibroblasts (163T). Login to comment
159 (c) Co-expression of wild or mutant His-ALDP (S606L, R617H, or H667D) with green fluorescence proteins (GFP). Login to comment
169 Effect of proteasome inhibitors on mutant ALDP The transient and stable expression experiments of mutant ALDPs suggest that mutant ALDPs such as S606L, R617H, H667D, and R104C are degraded by proteases. Login to comment
187 To confirm that endogenous mutant ALDP is also degraded by proteasomes, we analyzed the effect of proteasomes inhibitors on the stability of mutant ALDP (R617H) (Imamura et al. 1997) in X-ALD fibroblasts. Login to comment
189 As shown in Fig. 7, a band corresponding to ALDP was not detected in the X-ALD fibroblasts (R617H) under the conditions where ALDP was detected in normal fibroblasts and X-ALD fibroblasts (Q544R). Login to comment
190 However, in the presence of MG132, immunoreactive bands corresponding to ALDP appeared in the X-ALD fibroblasts (R617H). Login to comment
191 These results suggest that missense mutations, including R617H and H667D, were also degraded by proteasomes. Login to comment
206 Q544R R617H MG132 Mutant ALDP Catalase -- + Fig. 7 Immunoblot analysis of endogenous mutant adrenoleukodystrophy proteins (ALDPs) (Q544R and R617H) incubated with or without MG132. Login to comment
207 The fibroblasts were incubated with 10 lmol/L MG132 for 20 h. Cell homogenates (100 lg of protein) from the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy fibroblasts with mutation of ALDP (Q544R) and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy fibroblasts with mutation of ALDP (R617H) were subjected to immunoblot analysis with anti-ALDP antibody or anti-catalase antibody. Login to comment
218 R617H and H667D are located in the Walker B region and in the COOH-terminal region, respectively (Fig. 1). Login to comment
220 First, we found for the first time that mutant ALDPs (R617H and H667D) were degraded by proteasomes based on the following evidence: (i) The expression levels of these mutant His-ALDPs were relatively low in X-ALD fibroblasts in terms of transient expression (Figs 3b and c, and Table 2). Login to comment
222 (iii) ALDP-GFP (H667D) in the CHO cells and endogenous ALDP (R617H) in X-ALD fibroblasts were detectable by immunoblotting after treatment with lactacystin or MG132 (Figs 5a and 7). Login to comment
229 Recently Lie et al. investigated the dimerization of the COOH-terminal half of ALDP by a yeast two-hybrid assay and found that it could dimerize Table 2 Expression and localization of missense ALDPs Mutant ALDP Transient Stable Expressiona Localizationb b-Oxidationc Expressiona Localizationb Wild +++ Px + ++ Px R104Cd , G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P +++ Px ) ++ Px Y174C +++ mis ) + mis S606L ++ Px ) ) ) R617H, H667D + ) ) ) ) Wild and mutant His-ALDPs or ALDP-GFPs were transiently expressed in X-ALD fibroblasts or stably expressed in CHO cells, respectively. Login to comment
239 Therefore, mutant ALDP (R617H and H667D) might be misfolded on the peroxisomal membranes and unable to interact correctly with each other or with wild type ALDP and are recruited to proteasomes for degradation. Login to comment
257 Although we did not show any effects of E-64d on the mutant ALDP (R617H and H667D) stability, the possibility cannot be ruled out that other proteases are also involved in the degradation of some of the mutant ALDPs. Login to comment
271 In this study, we found that mutant ALDP (S606L, R617H, and H667D) was degraded by proteasomes together with wild type ALDP. Login to comment

PMID: 9242200 [PubMed] Korenke GC et al: "Variability of endocrinological dysfunction in 55 patients with X-linked adrenoleucodystrophy: clinical, laboratory and genetic findings."

No. Sentence Comment

120 Sixteen of these mutations have been published before (11, 21); the remaining 12 mutations comprise nine missense mutations (A141T, Y281H, R389H, G512S, P543L, R554H, Y559H, R617H, R679R), two frame-shift mutations (del 740, del 2132) and one splice site mutation (ins 8 bp 2252). Login to comment

PMID: 21700483 [PubMed] Wang Y et al: "X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: ABCD1 de novo mutations and mosaicism."

No. Sentence Comment

90 Previously reported (Yes/No) Number of pedigrees reporteda CpG (Yes/No) 25 c.124delC ND No 1 N/A 5 c.279_280ins12bp (p.Leu93_Leu94insGluThrGlyLeu) ND No 1 No 6 c.410G>A (p.Trp137X) ND No 1 No 7 c.412_414delCTC (p.Leu139del) ND Yes 2 No 26 c.476del24 ND No 1 N/A 4 c.593C>G (p.Thr198Met) N/A No 1 Yes 8 c.695_696insG (p.Ala233fsX67) ND No 1 Yes 2 c.725G>A (p.Trp242X) Gonosomal No 1 No c.796G>A (p.Gly266Arg) ND Yes 23 Yes 27 c.797G>A (p.Gly266Gln) ND No 1 No 12 c.944C>A (p.Ser315X) ND No 1 Yes 13 c.1201C>T (p.Arg401Trp) ND Yes 12 Yes 14 c.1225-2A>G (splice defect) ND No 1 No 15 c.1390C>T (p.Arg464X) ND Yes 11 Yes 16 c.1553G>A (p.Arg518 Gln) ND Yes 20 Yes 17 c.1567C>T (p.Leu523Phe) ND No 1 No 18 c.1609C>T (p.Gln537X) ND No 1 No 28 c.1619T>G (p.Phe540Cys) ND No 1 No 19 c.1679C>T (p.Pro560Leu) ND Yes 20 Yes 29 c.1679C>T (p.Pro560Leu) ND Yes 20 Yes 20 exon3 to exon10 deletion ND Yesb 9 N/A 30 c.1781-1G>A ND No 1 No 21 c.1816T>C (p.Ser606Pro) ND Yes 3 No 31 c.1850G>A (p.Arg617His) ND Yes 20 Yes 22 c.1876G>A (p.Ala626Thr) ND Yes 10 Yes 23 c.1894A>C (p.Thr632Pro) ND No 2 No 1 c.1899C>A (p.Ser633Arg) Gonosomal Yes 2 Yes 24 c.1918 G>A (p.Glu640Lys) ND No 2 No 3 c.2030G>A (p.Gly677Asp) Gonadal No 1 Yes de novo mutation in male index case with childhood cerebral X-ALD;somatic and/or gonadal mosaicisim; de novo mutationND = none detected; N/A = not applicable; Color codes: in female carrier. Login to comment

PMID: 7668254 [PubMed] Watkins PA et al: "Altered expression of ALDP in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy."

No. Sentence Comment

176 In 11 patients, missense mutations that occurred throughout the protein were found: within the transmembrane domains (patients 1, 3, and 4), within the ATP-binding domain (patients 8-12), and on either side of the ATP-binding Table 3 Mutational Analysis of the ALD Gene in IS Unrelated Patients ALDP Patient Phenotype Mutation Consequence Immunoreactivity 1 .................. CALD 825 A-GG K276E + 2.................. AMN 870-2AGAGE291,& 3 .................. CALD 872 G-C E291D 4 .................. AMN 1023 T-IC S342P+ 5 .................. AMN 1166 G-C R389H + 6 .................. CALD 1201 G-AA R401Q + 7 ........ CALD 1415-6 AAG FS@472 8 ........ AMN 1771 G-AA R591Q + 9 ........ Addison 1817 C-T S606L + 10 ................ AMN 1850 G-AA R617H 11 ................ CALD 1876 G-AA A626T 12 ................ Fetus 1884 G-C D629H + 13 ................ CALD 1932 C-UT Q645X 14 ................ AMN 1978 C-OT R660W 15 ........ AMN AExon7-10 Null Mutations in the ALD gene were determined, as described in Methods, in 15 of the ALD patients reported in table 2. Login to comment
178 In 11 patients, missense mutations that occurred throughout the protein were found: within the transmembrane domains (patients 1, 3, and 4), within the ATP-binding domain (patients 8-12), and on either side of the ATP-binding Table 3 Mutational Analysis of the ALD Gene in IS Unrelated Patients ALDP Patient Phenotype Mutation Consequence Immunoreactivity 1 .................. CALD 825 A-GG K276E + 2 .................. AMN 870-2 AGAG E291,& 3 .................. CALD 872 G-C E291D 4 .................. AMN 1023 T-IC S342P + 5 .................. AMN 1166 G-C R389H + 6 .................. CALD 1201 G-AA R401Q + 7 ........ CALD 1415-6 AAG FS@472 8 ........ AMN 1771 G-AA R591Q + 9 ........ Addison 1817 C-T S606L + 10 ................ AMN 1850 G-AA R617H 11 ................ CALD 1876 G-AA A626T 12 ................ Fetus 1884 G-C D629H + 13 ................ CALD 1932 C-UT Q645X 14 ................ AMN 1978 C-OT R660W 15 ........ AMN AExon7-10 Null Mutations in the ALD gene were determined, as described in Methods, in 15 of the ALD patients reported in table 2. Login to comment

PMID: 7841445 [PubMed] Matsumoto T et al: "A point mutation at ATP-binding region of the ALD gene in a family with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy."

No. Sentence Comment

3 The mutation was located in highly conserved ATP-binding site in this gene and deduced amino acid transversion R617H was thought to be the cause of ALD in this family. Login to comment
92 It is probable that G to A transition in the codon 617 caused AMN/ALD in our family, although it is necessary to elucidate whether this R617H substitution is polymorphism and whether the function of this mutated ALDP is reduced or not. Login to comment

PMID: 21273699 [PubMed] Kumar N et al: "Novel mutation in ATP-binding domain of ABCD1 gene in adrenoleukodystrophy."

No. Sentence Comment

87 In this codon, out of six possible different missense mutations, (three each at position first and second of the codon) four viz. c.1849C>T / Arg617Cys, c.1849C>G / Arg617Gly, c.1850G>A / Arg617His and c.1850G>T / Arg617Leu have already been reported by others (Fanen et al. 1994; Krasemann et al. 1996; Coll et al. 2005). Login to comment

PMID: 15800013 [PubMed] Asheuer M et al: "Decreased expression of ABCD4 and BG1 genes early in the pathogenesis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy."

No. Sentence Comment

76 Mutation Amino acid alteration Type of mutation at the protein level Tissue sample CCER1 521A.G Y174C Missense CCER2 1414insC fsE471 Frame shift CCER3 Unknown Unknown Unknown Fibroblast CCER4 411G.A W137X Nonsense CCER5 1961T.C L654P Missense CCER6 529C.T Q177X Nonsense CCER7 901-1G.A fsE300 Frame shift CCER8 796G.A G266R Missense CCER9 1822G.A G608S Missense Brain CCER10 1390C.A R464X Nonsense CCER11 253-254insC fsP84 Frame shift CCER12 619_627del S207_A209del Deletion AMN-C1 1414-1415insC fsE471 Frame shift AMN-C2 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C3 1585delG fsG528 Frame shift Fibroblast AMN-C4 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C5 1825G.A E609K Missense AMN-C6 919C.T Q307X Nonsense AMN-C7 1850G.A R617H Missense AMN-C8 887A.G Y296C Missense AMN-C9 965T.C L322P Missense Brain AMN-C10 1390C.T R464X Nonsense AMN-C11 [1165C.T;1224 þ 1GT.TG] [R389C;fSE408] Missense; frame shift AMN-C12 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C13 [1997A.C;2007C.G] [Y666S;H669Q] Missense AMN-C14 1755delG fsH586 Frame shift AMN1 529C.T Q177X Nonsense AMN2 1999C.G H667D Missense AMN3 1415delAG fsE471 Frame shift Fibroblast AMN4 337delC fsA112 Frame shift AMN5 310C.T R104C Missense AMN6 919C.T Q307X Nonsense AMN7 323C.T S108L Missense Brain All mutation designations conform to the nomenclature described by Antonarakis and den Dunnen (30,31). Login to comment

PMID: 7581394 [PubMed] Kok F et al: "Mutational analysis of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy."

No. Sentence Comment

131 3' deletion 3' deletion 3' deletion 3' deletion R104C A141T R152C R182P Frameshift at AA 231 G277W R389H Spl mutation at AA 408 Q466 stop Frameshift at AA 470 Frameshift at AA 470 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 G512S M566K S606L L516L R617H R660W - - Exons 3-10 Exons 7-10 Exons 8-10 Exons 7-10 33 Anglos 5 Scott 8 Anglos 7 Anglos 11 Jewish 36 Irish 51 Italian 37 Filipino 28 Anglos 23 Anglos 11 Anglos 8 Anglos 40 Italian 22 German 4 Anglos 5 black 8 Anglos 31 Anglos 10 Anglos 28 Anglos 22 Italian 8 German 35 German 7 Hispanic 28 German 24 Anglos 18 Jewish 9 Hispanic AMNa C E R ~ Cer Add' Cer AMN AMN AMN AMN Cer Cer Cer Add AMN AMN Cer Cer Cer AMN Add AMN AMN Cer AMN Cer AMN AMN AMN 5 Cer,AMN,Add 4 Cer,AMN 1 Cer 5 Cer,AMN,Add 1 4 2 1 2 2 5 Adopted 5 2 15 1 13 2 2 1 Cer AMN AMN,Add AMN Cer,AMN Cer,AMN Cer,AMN,Add ? Login to comment
189 Patient 22 has a G +A transition at nucleotide 1850resulting inthe substitution of histidine for a highly conserved arginine in the ATP binding domain, R617H. Login to comment
234 Four mutations were found within the ATP bind- ing domain, one in Walker A (G512S), one in Walker B (R617H), one in the highly conserved sequence preceding Walker B (S606L),and one in the middle of the domain. Login to comment

PMID: 8040304 [PubMed] Fanen P et al: "Identification of mutations in the putative ATP-binding domain of the adrenoleukodystrophy gene."

No. Sentence Comment

48 Asterisks indicate the posi- *l I U13 | tion of the four missense mutations in ALD protein (ALDP): R518W substitution occurs at the same amino acid position as in the CFTR mutant S1255P, and S606L at the same position as in the S5491 or S549R CFTR mutants; R617C and R617H have no equivalents in CFTR mutants. Login to comment
93 The third missense mutation (G2236 -- A) involved the same codon (Arg617 -+ His or R617H) and was discovered in a patient who developed AMN with cerebral involvement at 33 years. Login to comment
96 Therefore, the R617H mutation presented by this patient is likely to be a de novo mutation. Login to comment
127 Three of them (S606L, R617C, and R617H) involve invariant residues in all ABC proteins studied so far (Fig. 1). Login to comment
145 Mutations Detected in the ALD Gene Name Nucleotide change Effect on coding sequence Exon Clinical phenotype R464X C - T at 1776 Arg - Stop at 464 4 AMN* 1937delC Deletion of C at 1937 Frameshift 6 cerebral ALD R518W CT at 1938 Arg-Trpat 518 6 AMN 2020 + I G - A G - A at 2020 + 1 5' splice signal Intron 6 ACMN2 2177delTA Deletion of TA at 2177 Frameshift 8 cerebral ALD S606L C - T at 2203 Ser - Leu at 606 8 Addison 2204delG Deletion of G at 2204 Frameshift 8 Addison R617C C - T at 2235 Arg - Cys at 617 8 cerebral ALD R617H G - A at 2236 Arg - His at 617 8 ACMN * Adrenomyeloneuropathy; tadrenomyeloneuropathy with cerebral involvement. Login to comment

PMID: 17202797 [PubMed] Takahashi N et al: "[Adrenoleukodystrophy: structure and function of ALDP, and intracellular behavior of mutant ALDP with naturally occurring missense mutations]."

No. Sentence Comment

8 We found that mutant ALDP (S606L, R617H, and H667D) was degraded together with wild-type ALDP by proteasomes. Login to comment
20 R617H and H667D are located in Walker B region and in COOH-terminal region, respectively. Login to comment
28 ミスセンス変異を持つ ALDP の細胞内動態 ―一過性発現による解析 ALD 患者の持つ変異 ALDP の機能,細胞内局在性,細胞内における安定性を解析することは, ALDP の各ドメインの機能を知る上で有用な情報を提供すると思われる．特にミスセンス変異は,たった 1 つのアミノ酸変異による異常であるので特に興味深い．われわれは ALD 患者で報告されているミスセンス変異の中から,TMD から 4 つ(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P),NBD から 4 つ(Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H),C 末端部位から 1 つ (H667D)を任意に選び(Fig. 1),その機能と細胞内動態を解析した．これらの実験は,大学院シンポジウムで報告したので,詳しく述べたいと思う． ALDP はペルオキシソームにおける極長鎖脂肪酸の b 酸化に関与していることが知られている．実際に ALD 患者由来の繊維芽細胞では極長鎖脂肪酸の b 酸化活性が正常な線維芽細胞と比べて約 50 ―70%程度減少している．そこで野生型及び変異型 ALDP の機能を確認するため,ALDP を発現していない ALD 患者由来線維芽細胞に,N 末端に His タグを付加した野生型と変異型 ALDP を一過性に発現し,［1-14 C]lignoceric acid を基質として極長鎖脂肪酸 b 酸化活性の測定を行った．その結果, ALDP 欠損線維芽細胞の極長鎖脂肪酸 b 酸化活性は,正常細胞の約 50%まで減少していたが,野生型 His-ALDP を発現させると正常と同程度にまで活性が回復した．このことから発現させた野生型 His-ALDP は ALDP と同等の機能を持つことが確認された．一方,9 種類のミスセンス変異 ALDP を発現した線維芽細胞では極長鎖脂肪酸 b 酸化活性の増加は認められなかった．よって,これらのミスセンス変異 ALDP は機能を欠くことが確認された．ついで,野生型及び変異型 His-ALDP を発現した ALD 患者線維芽細胞を回収し,変異型 ALDP の発現量を immunoblotting により定量化し解析した(Table 1)．なお ALDP の発現量は,ペルオキシソームの指標酵素であるカタラーゼの発現量で補正した．その結果,変異型 ALDP(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P)は,野生型とほぼ同程度の発現量を示した．一方,変異型 ALDP (S606L, R617H, H667D)では発現量が野生型の発 167 Table 1. Login to comment
29 Expression and Localization of Missense ALDPs Mutant Transient Stable Expression Localization b-Oxidation Expression Localization Wild Z Px ＋ Z Px R104C, G116R S342P, Q544R S606P Z Px － Z Px Y174C Z mis － Z mis S606L ＋ Px －－－ R617H ± －－ na na H667D ＋－－－－ Wild and Mutant His-ALDPs or ALDP-GFPs were transiently expressed in X-ALD ˆbroblasts and stably expressed in CHO cells, respectively. Login to comment
36 1 現量と比べて約 50%程度減少していた．なお,各 ALDP ポジティブの細胞は約 30%程度であり,各細胞間での発現効率に有意な差は認められなかった．このことから,ALDP の発現量が減少していた 3 つの変異 ALDP は細胞内での安定性が低下していると推察された．また興味深いことに S606P と S606L は同じ部位の変異にも係わらず,置換したアミノ酸によって発現量には差が認められた．ついで,変異型 His-ALDP の細胞内局在を蛍光抗体法で確認した．変異型 ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L)では ALDP がカタラーゼの局在と一致したことから,正常にペルオキシソームへ局在していることが確認された．一方, 変異型 ALDP(Y174C, H667D)では局在が一致せず,ALDP が他の細胞内小器官へ間違って輸送されていると考えられた．変異型 ALDP(R617H) では ALDP の発現が認められなかった．変異型 ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P)では野生型とほぼ同程度のタンパク量が発現し,ペルオキシソームへの局在も確認されたので,これらの変異型 ALDP は合成されたのちに正常にペルオキシソームに運ばれるが,ペルオキシソーム膜においてその機能(ATP 結合・加水分解若しくは基質輸送)に異常を持つことが推察された．特に R104C, G116R, S342P は TMD に存在することから ALDP の基質輸送能が変化していると考えられる．一方, NBD に存在する Q544R, S606P は ATP 結合・加水分解に影響を与えている可能性が考えられる．また S606P, S606L は変異が同じ部位でも構造的に安定性が異なっていた．Roerig らは S606L の変異型 ALDP は,ATP との親和性が低下している一方で ATP 加水分解は正常に行われていると報告している．29) このことは ALDP と ATP の親和性が ALDP の安定性にも影響を及ぼしている可能性を示している．S606L と S606P の安定性の違いと機能の関係は ALDP の機能を知る上でも興味深い点であり, 今後さらに検討を行う必要がある．一方,Y174C の変異型 ALDP は正常に発現するにも係わらず, ペルオキシソームへ局在せず他の細胞内小器官へミスターゲッティングした．これまでにペルオキシソームへの局在化シグナルを欠くペルオキシソーム膜タンパク質は,非特異的にミトコンドリアや小胞体に移行することが知られている．30,31) よって, ALDP の TMD2―3 の間のループは,ペルオキシソームへの局在化に重要な役割を果たしている可能性が推察される．Pex19p 存在化での in vitro タンパク質翻訳系において,ALDP(Y174C)は Pex19p に結合できるので,ALDP の N 末端 67―164 に存在するペルオキシソーム移行に係わる領域が ALDP の何らかの構造変化によってマスクされるのかもしれない． 5. Login to comment
49 変異型 ALDP の分解過程の解析新生タンパク質が正し̄4;フォールディングを受けることは,そのタンパク質の正常な機能発現のために必須である．遺伝子変異などが存在すると,タンパク質がミスフォールディングされる．このミスフォールドタンパクが細胞外へ分泌されたり,細胞内に蓄積したりすると生体にとって極めて有害になるため,このようなタンパクはプロテアソーム,リソソーム等によって迅速に分解される．ちなみに,嚢胞性線維症の原因タンパク質 CFTR は細胞膜イオンチャネルとして機能する ABC タンパク質であるが,変異 CFTR は小胞体膜からプロテアソームにリクルートされ分解されることが報告されている．32,33) しかしながら,変異型 ALDP を始めとして,ペルオキシソーム膜タンパク質についての解析はほとんど行われていない．変異型 ALDP の一過性発現と安定過剰発現実験より,ALDP(S606L, R617H, H667D, R104C)は, プロテアーゼにより分解されていると推定された．そこで,ALDP-GFP(H667D)を発現している CHO 細胞に各種プロテアーゼ阻害剤を処理し,解析を行った．その結果,プロテアソーム阻害剤である lactacystin を処理した細胞では ALDP-GFP 及び ALDP のバンドが出現した ( Fig. 4 )．一方 , leupeptin, AEBSF, E64d には効果がなかった．また他のプロテアソーム阻害剤である MG132 も有効であった．さらにプロテアソーム阻害剤により分解を逃れた変異型 ALDP-GFP(H667D)の細胞内局在を蛍光抗体法で観察すると,ペルオキシソームに局在していることが確認された．一方,変異型 ALDP(R104C)のフラグメント化は上記プロテアーゼ処理では阻害されなかった．さらに ALD 患者由来細胞の内因性変異 ALDP の分解とプロテアソーム分解系の関与について確認するため,変異型 ALDP(R617H)を持つ患者由来線維芽細胞を用いてタンパク分解の阻害実験を行った．その結果,lactacystin と MG132 処理により, ALDP のバンドが出現した．以上の結果より,ペルオキシソーム膜上にはミスフォールドしたタンパク質を認識する仕組みが存在し,プロテアソーム及び他のプロテアーゼを介して排除していることが示唆された．一方,山田らは ALD 患者線維芽細胞を［35 S］メチオニンでパルスチェイスすることにより,変異型 ALDP(G512S, R660W)の分解が E-64 と leupepu- tin により抑制されることを報告している．34) 彼らの実験ではプロテアソーム阻害剤については実験していないので,プロテアソームの関与は不明であるが,変異型 ALDP の分解には,複数のプロテアーゼが関与している可能性がある． 7. Login to comment
52 Some mutant ALDPs (R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R and S606P) are normally inserted into the peroxisomal membrane, and others were mislocalized (Y174C) or degraded by proteasome (S606L, R617H and H667D). Login to comment
53 170 Vol. 127 (2007) その結果より,ミスセンス変異 ALDP は以下に示すように 4 種類の細胞内動態を持つことが示された(Fig. 5)．1) 野生型と同様にペルオキシソームに局在するがその機能が阻害されている変異 (R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P),2) ペルオキシソームへの局在化に障害がある変異(Y174C), 3) 変異によりタンパク質の安定性が低下しプロテアソームでの分解を受けるが,一部ペルオキシソームに局在する変異(S606L),4) 変異によりタンパク質の安定性が低下しプロテアソームで選択的に分解を受け,細胞内でほとんど確認できない変異 (R617H, H667D)の 4 種類のパターンである．発現量も局在化も正常な変異では,ABC タンパク質としての機能に直接関与している機能ドメインの障害が起こっていると推察される．この中で G116R, S342P は TMD に位置しており,基質の認識や輸送に障害があると推察される．また Q544R, S606P は ATP との結合・加水分解に関与する NBD に位置している．このような変異は,ALDP の ABC タンパク質としての機能を解析するために有益と考えられる．発現量は正常だが局在化に異常が認められた Y174C は,TMD2 と 3 の間のループ 2 に位置しており,この領域が ALDP のペルオキシソームへのターゲッティングに必要であることを示している． ALDP のターゲッティングに必要な領域は 67―164 番目のアミノ酸に存在することが報告されている．20) このことから,Y174C の変異による構造変化のため,ターゲッティングシグナルがマスクされているのかもしれない．このタイプの変異は ALDP のペルオキシソームへの局在化を調べる上で重要と考えられる． ALDP の変異で最も多いミスセンス変異ではその多くが細胞内で分解を受けている．R617H 及び H667D では発現量の著しい低下が認められる．特に安定発現した CHO では immunoblot で検出できなかった．ミスフォールドタンパク質の分解システムの 1 つにプロテアソームによる分解系がある．このタンパク質分解は,生物の様々な高次機能の制御や環境ストレスに応答した恒常性の維持(ストレス応答,タンパク質の品質管理など)に必須な役割を担っている．しかし,小胞体を経由して合成される分泌タンパク質や膜タンパク質に比べて,小胞体を経由しない細胞内タンパク質の品質管理機構はあまり報告されていない．ALDP は遊離のポリソームから直接ペルオキシソームに輸送されるが,この過程でどのように R617H, H667D などの変異が認識され,プロテアソーム系が働いているか興味深い． 171171No. Login to comment
27 df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒఔᢝ௸ ALDP Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁ4d5;ɦb; ߟe00;Έe;ឋ˿a;Ife;Ĳb;ఐĴb;Ye3;᪆ ALD <a3;ὅĲe;ᢝ௸᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;,d30;Pde;ᑁc40;ᙠ ឋ,d30;Pde;ᑁĲb;İa;௫Ĵb;b89;b9a;ឋఔYe3;᪆௳Ĵb;௭௼Ĳf;, ALDP Ĳe;ᔜc9;e1;a4;f3;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔMe5;Ĵb;e0a;௻ᨵᵨĲa;<c5;ᛇ ఔ?d0;f9b;௳Ĵb;௼əd;Ĵf;Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;ᱯĲb;df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒĲf;,ıf; ௷ıf; 1 ௸Ĳe;a2;df;ce;⏚᜕ᶒĲb;ఐĴb;ᶒe38;௻௢Ĵb;Ĳe;௻ᱯĲb; ‐ᕡdf1;௤&#ff0e;Ĵf;Ĵc;Ĵf;Ĵc;Ĳf; ALD <a3;ὅ௻ᛇȠa;௯Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb; df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒĲe;e2d;İb;఑,TMD İb;఑ 4 ௸(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P) ,NBD İb;఑ 4 ௸(Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H) ,C ʠb;aef;Ze8;f4d;İb;఑ 1 ௸ (H667D)ఔefb;ɢf;Ĳb;⍶ఁ(Fig. 1) ,ıd;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;௼d30;Pde; ᑁ4d5;ɦb;ఔYe3;᪆௱ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĵc;఑Ĳe;b9f; a13;Ĳf;,ᜧb66;▾b7;f3;dd; b8;a6;e0;௻ᛇȠa;௱ıf;Ĳe;௻,a73;௱İf;ff0;ఇıf;௤௼əd;௦&#ff0e; ALDP Ĳf;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳb;İa;௫Ĵb;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa; ⏚Ĳe; b ⏚ᓄĲb;_a2;e0e;௱௺௤Ĵb;௭௼İc;Me5;఑Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e; b9f;ωb;Ĳb; ALD <a3;ὅᵫᩭĲe;e4a;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;௻Ĳf;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa; ⏚Ĳe; b ⏚ᓄd3b;ឋİc;b63;e38;Ĳa;dda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;௼bd4;ఇ௺d04; 50 ߟ70%a0b;ea6;e1b;c11;௱௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e;ıd;௭௻[ce;˯f;ɂb;5ca;ఁ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔNba;a8d;௳Ĵb;ıf;ఉ,ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௱௺ ௤Ĳa;௤ ALD <a3;ὅᵫᩭdda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;Ĳb;,N ʠb;aef;Ĳb; His bf;b0;ఔed8;4a0;௱ıf;[ce;˯f;ɂb;௼᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP ఔe00;Έe;ឋĲb; ˿a;Ife;௱, &#ff3b;1-14 C]lignoceric acid ఔ9fa;cea;௼௱௺ᬿ╩⒴ ᾦPaa;⏚ b ⏚ᓄd3b;ឋĲe;e2c;b9a;ఔʹc;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ıd;Ĳe;d50;ʧc;, ALDP b20;ʀd;dda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;Ĳe;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa;⏚ b ⏚ᓄd3b;ឋ Ĳf;,b63;e38;d30;Pde;Ĳe;d04; 50%ĳe;௻e1b;c11;௱௺௤ıf;İc;,[ce;˯f; ɂb; His-ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௯ıb;Ĵb;௼b63;e38;௼Ȝc;a0b;ea6;Ĳb;ĳe;௻ d3b;ឋİc;8de;fa9;௱ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĳe;௭௼İb;఑˿a;Ife;௯ıb;ıf;[ce;˯f;ɂb; His-ALDP Ĳf; ALDP ௼Ȝc;b49;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔᢝ௸௭௼İc;Nba; a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,9 a2e;ϙe;Ĳe;df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒ ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௱ıf;dda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;௻Ĳf;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa;⏚ b ⏚ᓄd3b; ឋĲe;ᜉ4a0;Ĳf;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ఐ௷௺,௭Ĵc;఑Ĳe;df; b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳf;a5f;Pfd;ఔb20;İf;௭௼İc;Nba;a8d;௯Ĵc; ıf;&#ff0e; ௸௤௻,[ce;˯f;ɂb;5ca;ఁ᜕ᶒɂb; His-ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௱ ıf; ALD <a3;ὅdda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;ఔ8de;5ce;௱,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;ఔ immunoblotting Ĳb;ఐĴa;b9a;[cf;ᓄ௱Ye3;᪆௱ ıf;(Table 1) &#ff0e;Ĳa;İa; ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;Ĳf;,da;eb;aa;ad; b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳe;ᢣa19;⏗d20;௻௢Ĵb;ab;bf;e9;fc;bc;Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;௻Xdc; b63;௱ıf;&#ff0e;ıd;Ĳe;d50;ʧc;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P)Ĳf;,[ce;˯f;ɂb;௼ĳb;ĳc; Ȝc;a0b;ea6;Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;ఔ̙a;௱ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP (S606L, R617H, H667D)௻Ĳf;˿a;Ife;[cf;İc;[ce;˯f;ɂb;Ĳe;˿a; 167 Table 1. Login to comment
34 167 No. 1 Ife;[cf;௼bd4;ఇ௺d04; 50%a0b;ea6;e1b;c11;௱௺௤ıf;&#ff0e;Ĳa;İa;,ᔜ ALDP dd;b8;c6;a3;d6;Ĳe;d30;Pde;Ĳf;d04; 30%a0b;ea6;௻௢Ĵa;,ᔜ d30;Pde;╹௻Ĳe;˿a;Ife;4b9;᳛Ĳb;ᨵɢf;Ĳa;dee;Ĳf;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĳe;௭௼İb;఑,ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;İc;e1b;c11;௱௺௤ ıf; 3 ௸Ĳe;᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳf;d30;Pde;ᑁ௻Ĳe;b89;b9a;ឋİc;f4e;e0b;௱ ௺௤Ĵb;௼?a8;bdf;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;ĳe;ıf;‐ᕡdf1;௤௭௼Ĳb; S606P ௼ S606L Ĳf;Ȝc;௲Ze8;f4d;Ĳe;᜕ᶒĲb;ఊfc2;Ĵf;఑ıa;,f6e;?db;௱ ıf;a2;df;ce;⏚Ĳb;ఐ௷௺˿a;Ife;[cf;Ĳb;Ĳf;dee;İc;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e; ௸௤௻,᜕ᶒɂb; His-ALDP Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc40;ᙠఔVcd;ᐝ ᢙf53;cd5;௻Nba;a8d;௱ıf;&#ff0e;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L)௻Ĳf; ALDP İc;ab;bf; e9;fc;bc;Ĳe;c40;ᙠ௼e00;Qf4;௱ıf;௭௼İb;఑,b63;e38;Ĳb;da;eb;aa;ad; b7;bd;fc;e0;ఆc40;ᙠ௱௺௤Ĵb;௭௼İc;Nba;a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;, ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(Y174C, H667D)௻Ĳf;c40;ᙠİc;e00;Qf4;ıb; ıa;,ALDP İc;ed6;Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc0f;ᘤb98;ఆ╹⍟௷௺f38;〈௯ Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;௼ὃ௨఑Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R617H) ௻Ĳf; ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;İc;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P)௻ Ĳf;[ce;˯f;ɂb;௼ĳb;ĳc;Ȝc;a0b;ea6;Ĳe;bf;f3;d1;af;[cf;İc;˿a;Ife;௱,da;eb; aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;ఆĲe;c40;ᙠఊNba;a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;Ĳe;௻,௭Ĵc;఑Ĳe; ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳf;ᔠᡂ௯Ĵc;ıf;Ĳe;௵Ĳb;b63;e38;Ĳb;da;eb;aa;ad; b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳb;Έb;௾Ĵc;Ĵb;İc;,da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;̳c;Ĳb;İa;௤ ௺ıd;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;(ATP d50;ᔠfb;4a0;c34;ᑖYe3;Re5;௱İf;Ĳf;9fa;cea;f38; 〈)Ĳb;ᶒe38;ఔᢝ௸௭௼İc;?a8;bdf;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;ᱯĲb; R104C, G116R, S342P Ĳf; TMD Ĳb;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb;௭௼İb;఑ ALDP Ĳe;9fa;cea;f38;〈Pfd;İc;᜕ᓄ௱௺௤Ĵb;௼ὃ௨఑Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;, NBD Ĳb;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb; Q544R, S606P Ĳf; ATP d50;ᔠfb;4a0;c34; ᑖYe3;Ĳb;f71;aff;ఔe0e;௨௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd;ឋİc;ὃ௨఑Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;ĳe;ıf; S606P, S606L Ĳf;᜕ᶒİc;Ȝc;௲Ze8;f4d;௻ఊEcb;⌼ḄĲb;b89;b9a; ឋİc;ᶒĲa;௷௺௤ıf;&#ff0e;Roerig ఑Ĳf; S606L Ĳe;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳf;,ATP ௼Ĳe;Yaa;Ȥc;ឋİc;f4e;e0b;௱௺௤Ĵb;e00;Ab9;௻ ATP 4a0;c34;ᑖYe3;Ĳf;b63;e38;Ĳb;ʹc;Ĵf;Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;௼ᛇȠa;௱௺௤ Ĵb;&#ff0e; 29) ௭Ĳe;௭௼Ĳf; ALDP ௼ ATP Ĳe;Yaa;Ȥc;ឋİc; ALDP Ĳe;b89;b9a;ឋĲb;ఊf71;aff;ఔ5ca;ĳc;௱௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd;ឋఔ̙a;௱௺௤ Ĵb;&#ff0e;S606L ௼ S606P Ĳe;b89;b9a;ឋĲe;⍟௤௼a5f;Pfd;Ĳe;_a2;fc2; Ĳf; ALDP Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔMe5;Ĵb;e0a;௻ఊ‐ᕡdf1;௤Fb9;௻௢Ĵa;, eca;f8c;௯఑Ĳb;ʳc;a0e;ఔʹc;௦fc5;⌕İc;௢Ĵb;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,Y174C Ĳe;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳf;b63;e38;Ĳb;˿a;Ife;௳Ĵb;Ĳb;ఊfc2;Ĵf;఑ıa;, da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;ఆc40;ᙠıb;ıa;ed6;Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc0f;ᘤb98;ఆdf; b9;bf;fc;b2;c3;c6;a3;f3;b0;௱ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĵc;ĳe;௻Ĳb;da;eb;aa;ad;b7; bd;fc;e0;ఆĲe;c40;ᙠᓄb7;b0;ca;eb;ఔb20;İf;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0; ̳c;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;Ĳf;,Ϗe;ᱯᶒḄĲb;df;c8;b3;f3;c9;ea;a2;ఌc0f;Pde; f53;Ĳb;Ofb;ʹc;௳Ĵb;௭௼İc;Me5;఑Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e; 30,31) ఐ௷௺, ALDP Ĳe; TMD2ߟ3 Ĳe;╹Ĳe;eb;fc;d7;Ĳf;,da;eb;aa;ad;b7; bd;fc;e0;ఆĲe;c40;ᙠᓄĲb;[cd;⌕Ĳa;f79;ᒘఔʧc;ıf;௱௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd; ឋİc;?a8;bdf;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;Pex19p b58;ᙠᓄ௻Ĳe; in vitro bf;f3; d1;af;cea;ffb;a33;cfb;Ĳb;İa;௤௺,ALDP(Y174C)Ĳf; Pex19p Ĳb;d50;ᔠ௻İd;Ĵb;Ĳe;௻,ALDP Ĳe; N ʠb;aef; 67ߟ164 Ĳb;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;Ofb;ʹc;Ĳb;fc2;Ĵf;Ĵb;♚9df;İc; ALDP Ĳe;f55;఑İb;Ĳe;Ecb;⌼᜕ᓄĲb;ఐ௷௺de;b9;af;௯Ĵc;Ĵb; Ĳe;İb;ఊ௱Ĵc;Ĳa;௤&#ff0e; 5. Login to comment
46 ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳe;ᑖYe3;Έe;a0b;Ĳe;Ye3;᪆ Ab0;˯f;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;İc;b63;௱௤d5;a9;fc;eb;c7;a3;f3;b0;ఔ5d7;௫ Ĵb;௭௼Ĳf;,ıd;Ĳe;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;Ĳe;b63;e38;Ĳa;a5f;Pfd;˿a;Ife;Ĳe;ıf;ఉ Ĳb;fc5;♐௻௢Ĵb;&#ff0e;΋a;f1d;b50;᜕ᶒĲa;௽İc;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb;௼,bf;f3; d1;af;cea;İc;df;b9;d5;a9;fc;eb;c7;a3;f3;b0;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;௭Ĳe;df;b9;d5; a9;fc;eb;c9;bf;f3;d1;af;İc;d30;Pde;᜜ఆᑖccc;௯Ĵc;ıf;Ĵa;,d30;Pde;ᑁ Ĳb;Tc4;a4d;௱ıf;Ĵa;௳Ĵb;௼˯f;f53;Ĳb;௼௷௺ᬿఉ௺ᨵbb3;Ĳb;Ĳa;Ĵb; ıf;ఉ,௭Ĳe;ఐ௦Ĳa;bf;f3;d1;af;Ĳf;d7;ed;c6;a2;bd;fc;e0;,ea;bd; bd;fc;e0;b49;Ĳb;ఐ௷௺fc5;΅f;Ĳb;ᑖYe3;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;௵Ĳa;ĳf;Ĳb;,8a2; Pde;ឋdda;dad;Kc7;Ĳe;țf;8e0;bf;f3;d1;af;cea; CFTR Ĳf;d30;Pde;̳c;a4;aa; f3;c1;e3;cd;eb;௼௱௺a5f;Pfd;௳Ĵb; ABC bf;f3;d1;af;cea;௻௢Ĵb; İc;,᜕ᶒ CFTR Ĳf;c0f;Pde;f53;̳c;İb;఑d7;ed;c6;a2;bd;fc;e0;Ĳb; ea;af;eb;fc;c8;௯Ĵc;ᑖYe3;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;௭௼İc;ᛇȠa;௯Ĵc;௺௤ Ĵb;&#ff0e; 32,33) ௱İb;௱Ĳa;İc;఑,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP ఔ;cb;ఉ௼௱ ௺,da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;̳c;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;Ĳb;௸௤௺Ĳe;Ye3;᪆ Ĳf;ĳb;௼క௽ʹc;Ĵf;Ĵc;௺௤Ĳa;௤&#ff0e; ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳe;e00;Έe;ឋ˿a;Ife;௼b89;b9a;Έe;ᒖ˿a;Ife;b9f; a13; ఐĴa;,ALDP (S606L, R617H, H667D, R104C) Ĳf;, d7;ed;c6;a2;fc;bc;Ĳb;ఐĴa;ᑖYe3;௯Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;௼?a8;b9a;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e; ıd;௭௻,ALDP-GFP(H667D)ఔ˿a;Ife;௱௺௤Ĵb; CHO d30;Pde;Ĳb;ᔜa2e;d7;ed;c6;a2;fc;bc;σb;bb3;ᒐఔ3e6;ᳮ௱,Ye3; ᪆ఔʹc;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ıd;Ĳe;d50;ʧc;,d7;ed;c6;a2;bd;fc;e0;σb;bb3;ᒐ௻௢ Ĵb; lactacystin ఔ3e6;ᳮ௱ıf;d30;Pde;௻Ĳf; ALDP-GFP 5ca;ఁ ALDP Ĳe; d0; f3; c9; İc; 3fa; Ife; ௱ ıf; ( Fig. 4 ) &#ff0e; e00; Ab9; , leupeptin, AEBSF, E64d Ĳb;Ĳf;4b9;ʧc;İc;Ĳa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ĳe; ıf;ed6;Ĳe;d7;ed;c6;a2;bd;fc;e0;σb;bb3;ᒐ௻௢Ĵb; MG132 ఊᨵ4b9; ௻௢௷ıf;&#ff0e;௯఑Ĳb;d7;ed;c6;a2;bd;fc;e0;σb;bb3;ᒐĲb;ఐĴa;ᑖYe3; ఔ⌫Ĵc;ıf;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP-GFP(H667D)Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc40; ᙠఔVcd;ᐝᢙf53;cd5;௻Yb3;bdf;௳Ĵb;௼,da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳb; c40;ᙠ௱௺௤Ĵb;௭௼İc;Nba;a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP (R104C) Ĳe;d5;e9;b0;e1;f3;c8;ᓄĲf;e0a;a18;d7;ed;c6;a2;fc; bc;3e6;ᳮ௻Ĳf;σb;bb3;௯Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e; ௯఑Ĳb; ALD <a3;ὅᵫᩭd30;Pde;Ĳe;ᑁ8e0;ឋ᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳe;ᑖYe3;௼d7;ed;c6;a2;bd;fc;e0;ᑖYe3;cfb;Ĳe;_a2;e0e;Ĳb;௸௤௺Nba;a8d; ௳Ĵb;ıf;ఉ,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R617H)ఔᢝ௸<a3;ὅᵫ ᩭdda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;ఔᵨ௤௺bf;f3;d1;af;ᑖYe3;Ĳe;σb;bb3;b9f; a13;ఔʹc; ௷ıf;&#ff0e;ıd;Ĳe;d50;ʧc;,lactacystin ௼ MG132 3e6;ᳮĲb;ఐĴa;, ALDP Ĳe;d0;f3;c9;İc;3fa;Ife;௱ıf;&#ff0e;ee5;e0a;Ĳe;d50;ʧc;ఐĴa;,da; eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;̳c;e0a;Ĳb;Ĳf;df;b9;d5;a9;fc;eb;c9;௱ıf;bf;f3;d1; af;cea;ఔa8d;b58;௳Ĵb;ed5;d44;ĳf;İc;b58;ᙠ௱,d7;ed;c6;a2;bd;fc;e0;5ca; ఁed6;Ĳe;d7;ed;c6;a2;fc;bc;ఔecb;௱௺᣸◀௱௺௤Ĵb;௭௼İc;̙a; ᖂ௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e; e00;Ab9;,c71;ᵪ఑Ĳf; ALD <a3;ὅdda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;ఔ &#ff3b;35 S&#ff3d; e1;c1; aa;cb;f3;௻d1;eb;b9;c1;a7;a4;b9;௳Ĵb;௭௼Ĳb;ఐĴa;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP (G512S, R660W) Ĳe;ᑖYe3;İc; E-64 ௼ leupepu- tin Ĳb;ఐĴa;ᢓᑴ௯Ĵc;Ĵb;௭௼ఔᛇȠa;௱௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e; 34) f7c;఑ Ĳe;b9f; a13;௻Ĳf;d7;ed;c6;a2;bd;fc;e0;σb;bb3;ᒐĲb;௸௤௺Ĳf;b9f; a13;௱ ௺௤Ĳa;௤Ĳe;௻,d7;ed;c6;a2;bd;fc;e0;Ĳe;_a2;e0e;Ĳf;e0d;ʔe;௻௢Ĵb; İc;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳe;ᑖYe3;Ĳb;Ĳf;,⋋ᦪĲe;d7;ed;c6;a2;fc; bc;İc;_a2;e0e;௱௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd;ឋİc;௢Ĵb;&#ff0e; 7. Login to comment

PMID: 18481121 [PubMed] Fogel BL et al: "A family with combined mutations of the hemophilia A and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy genes."

No. Sentence Comment

56 The R617H mutation, in exon 8, lies within the ATP-binding domain [6] and results in complete absence of the protein in fibroblast cell lines by immunofluorescence detection, presumably through protein destabilization [6]. Login to comment
57 Table 1 The clinical phenotypes of the proband and other family members are shown IV-16 IV-15 III-10 III-4 Age 19 22 51 61 Onset age (ALD) 17 asymp asymp asymp Cognition - - - - Dysarthria - - - - CN/Bulbar palsies - - - - Visual loss - - - - Pes cavus + + + - Amyotrophy distal - - - Weakness distal - - - ↓ Touch/pain - - - - ↓ Vibration + + + - ↓ Temperature + - - - ↓ Proprioception + - - - Leg spasticity + + + - Hyper-reflexia + + + - Extensor plantars + + + - Ataxia - - - - Gait spastic - - - EPS - - - - Bladder dysfunction + - - - Epilepsy - - - - Factor VIII 5% 4% np 5% C26:0 (μmol/L) 2.37 2.84 1.54 0.73 ACTH (pg/mL) 728 144 11 9 F8 Mutation np np np L1929P ABCD1 Mutation R617H R617H R617H - EMG AOC np np np NCS ASM np np np MRI DWM np np np Plus sign indicates a feature is present, minus sign indicates normal function or absence of the specified finding, downwards arrow indicates reduced sensation. Login to comment
67 Of interest, a recent molecular analysis of 21 ALD Portuguese families did not identify the R617H mutation [13] suggesting that the ALD mutations in these two families are distinct, although it is unclear if any members from the original family described with hemophilia A were included in the analysis. Login to comment
58 Table 1 The clinical phenotypes of the proband and other family members are shown IV-16 IV-15 III-10 III-4 Age 19 22 51 61 Onset age (ALD) 17 asymp asymp asymp Cognition - - - - Dysarthria - - - - CN/Bulbar palsies - - - - Visual loss - - - - Pes cavus + + + - Amyotrophy distal - - - Weakness distal - - - ࢑ Touch/pain - - - - ࢑ Vibration + + + - ࢑ Temperature + - - - ࢑ Proprioception + - - - Leg spasticity + + + - Hyper-reflexia + + + - Extensor plantars + + + - Ataxia - - - - Gait spastic - - - EPS - - - - Bladder dysfunction + - - - Epilepsy - - - - Factor VIII 5% 4% np 5% C26:0 (bc;mol/L) 2.37 2.84 1.54 0.73 ACTH (pg/mL) 728 144 11 9 F8 Mutation np np np L1929P ABCD1 Mutation R617H R617H R617H - EMG AOC np np np NCS ASM np np np MRI DWM np np np Plus sign indicates a feature is present, minus sign indicates normal function or absence of the specified finding, downwards arrow indicates reduced sensation. Login to comment
68 Of interest, a recent molecular analysis of 21 ALD Portuguese families did not identify the R617H mutation [13] suggesting that the ALD mutations in these two families are distinct, although it is unclear if any members from the original family described with hemophilia A were included in the analysis. Login to comment

PMID: 9425230 [PubMed] Braiterman LT et al: "Suppression of peroxisomal membrane protein defects by peroxisomal ATP binding cassette (ABC) proteins."

No. Sentence Comment

184 Mutant ALDP cDNAs were generated by TA cloning (Invitrogen) of RT-PCR products generated from RNA isolated from patient fibroblast cell lines harboring either the R617H mutation that both destablizes and inactivates ALDP or the missense mutation R591Q that inactivates ALDP without altering stability of the protein (5). Login to comment
183 Mutant ALDP cDNAs were generated by TA cloning (Invitrogen) of RT-PCR products generated from RNA isolated from patient fibroblast cell lines harboring either the R617H mutation that both destablizes and inactivates ALDP or the missense mutation R591Q that inactivates ALDP without altering stability of the protein (5). Login to comment
185 Mutant ALDP cDNAs were generated by TA cloning (Invitrogen) of RT-PCR products generated from RNA isolated from patient fibroblast cell lines harboring either the R617H mutation that both destablizes and inactivates ALDP or the missense mutation R591Q that inactivates ALDP without altering stability of the protein (5). Login to comment

PMID: 20799350 [PubMed] Kelly L et al: "Functional hot spots in human ATP-binding cassette transporter nucleotide binding domains."

No. Sentence Comment

50 Disease-associated nsSNPs at Three Structural Hotspots in Human ABC Transporter NBDs Gene Disease Position ARA motif ABCB11 BRIC2 A570T ABCD1 X-ALD A616V CFTR CF A559T ABCC6 PXE R765Q ABCC8 HHF1 R841G ABCC8 HHF1 R1493Q ABCC8 HHF1 R1493W ABCD1 X-ALD R617C ABCD1 X-ALD R617G ABCD1 X-ALD R617H CFTR CF R560K CFTR CF R560S CFTR CF R560T ABCA1 HDLD1 A1046D ABCB4 ICP A546D C-loop 1 motif ABCC8 HHF1 D1471H ABCC8 HHF1 D1471N CFTR CBAVD G544V ABCC8 HHF1 G1478R C-loop2 motif ABCA4 STGD1 H2128R ABCC8 HHF1 K889T ABCD1 X-ALD R660P ABCD1 X-ALD R660W ABCA1 HDLD2 M1091T ABCA4 STGD1 E2131K ABCA12 LI2 E1539K ABCA4 STGD1 and CORD3 E1122K CFTR CF L610S ABCC8 HHF1 L1543P ABCA1 Colorectal cancer sample; somatic mutation A2109T ABCC9 CMD1O A1513T ABCD1 X-ALD H667D CFTR CF A613T ABCA1 HDLD2 D1099Y ABCD1 X-ALD T668I CFTR CF D614G ABCA4 STGD1 R2139W ABCA4 STGD1 R1129C ABCA4 ARMD2, STGD1, and FFM R1129L Disease abbreviations are as follows: BRIC2, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2; X-ALD, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy; CF, cystic fibrosis; PXE, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum; HHF1, familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia-1; HDLD1, high density lipoprotein deficiency type 1; ICP, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; CBAVD, congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens; STGD1, Stargardt disease type 1; HDLD2, high density lipoprotein deficiency type 2; LI2, ichthyosis lamellar type 2; CORD3, cone-rod dystrophy type 3; CMD1O, cardiomyopathy dilated type 1O; ARMD2, age-related macular degeneration type 2; FFM, fundus flavimaculatus. Login to comment

PMID: 22479560 [PubMed] Pereira Fdos S et al: "Mutations, clinical findings and survival estimates in South American patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy."

No. Sentence Comment

24 Family/Index case Phenotype at diagnosis Mutation Exon/IVS Mutation type Effect on protein (cDNA) Effect on protein (mRNA) Protein localization Origin of mutations Origin of family 1/Female asymptomatic p.Gly512Ser (Feigenbaum V et al. 1996) E6 Missense c.1534G.A GGC.AGC NBF de novo Southern Brazil 2/Female asymptomatic p.Ser606Leu (Fanen P et al., 1994) E8 Missense c.1817C.T UCG.UUG NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 3/Male AMN p.Trp601X (Gartner J et al.,1998) E8 Stop codon c.1802C.A Truncated NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 4/Female asymptomatic p.Arg617His (Fanen P et al., 1994) E8 Missense c.1850G.A CGC.CAC NBF ND Southern Brazil 5/Male AMN p.Pro623Leu # E9 Missense c.1868C.T CCC.CUC NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 6/Male AO p.Trp326X (Barcelo A et al, 1996) E2 Stop codon c.978G.A Truncated TMD Inherited Southern Brazil 8/Female asymptomatic p.Glu577X # E7 Stop codon c.1729G.T Truncated NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 9/Male asymptomatic p.Arg554His (Smith KD et al., 1999) E7 Missense c.1661G.A CGU.CAU NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 10/Male CALD p.Arg518Gln (Imamura A et al., 1997) E6 Missense c.1553G.A CGG.CAG NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 11/Male AO p.Tyr33_Pro34fsX34 # E1A Frameshift+stop codon c.99_102delC Truncated - Inherited Southern Brazil 12/Female asymptomatic p.Gly266Arg (Fuchs S et al., 1994) E7 Missense c.1653insG Truncated TMD ND Southern Brazil 20/Male CALD p.Arg538fs # E6 Frameshift c.1614_1615dup27 Elonged NBF de novo Southern Brazil 21/Male CALD p.Ala232fsX64 # E2 Frameshift+stop codon c.696_697del11 Truncated TMD Inherited Southern Brazil 22/Male CALD p.Trp137fsX57 # E1B Frameshift+stop codon c.411_412insC Truncated TMD Inherited Northern Brazil 23/Male asymptomatic p.Trp679X (Waterham HR et al, 1998) E10 Stop codon c.2037G.A Truncated NBF ND Southern Brazil 24/Male AO p.Tyr296Cys (Takano H et al., 1999) E2 Missense c.887A.G UAU.UGU TMD Inherited Southern Brazil 27/Male CALD p.Leu628Glu # E9 Missense c.1883T.A CUG.GAG NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 29/Male CALD p.Pro546fsX? Login to comment

PMID: 22592565 [PubMed] Tremolizzo L et al: "Granny trips down: is she carrying the big bad wolf?"

No. Sentence Comment

21 In fact, genetic analysis of the ABCD1 gene demonstrated the presence of the mutation p.R617H within exon 8. Login to comment

PMID: 25920484 [PubMed] Habekost CT et al: "Progression rate of myelopathy in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy heterozygotes."

No. Sentence Comment

46 Primers for exons 3, 6, 7 and 8, where the mutations carried by those with skewed inactivation patterns - p.Arg401Trp, p.Arg518Gln, p.Glu577X and p.Arg617His - are located, were used to amplify the cDNA. Login to comment

PMID: 26454440 [PubMed] Chu SS et al: "Eight novel mutations in the ABCD1 gene and clinical characteristics of 25 Chinese patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy."

No. Sentence Comment

111 However, some X-ALD males remain asymptomatic and one-third of heterozygous women remain free of clinical symptoms during their Patient number Exon Nucleotide change Amino acid change Protein localization References P1 2 c.1017G>T p.Trp339Cys TMD Novel P2 8 c.1850G>A p.Arg617His NBD Fanen et al, 1994[12] P4 1 c.892G>C p.Gly298Arg TMD Novel P5, P6 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 TMD to NBD Barcelo et al, 1994[13] P7 1 c.532C>T p.Gln178* TMD Novel P8 1 c.473T>C p.Leu158Pro TMD The peroxisomal diseases laboratory (unpublished) P10 6 c.1552C>T p.Arg518Trp NBD Fanen et al, 1994[12] P11 3 c.1202G>A p.Arg401Gln TMD to NBD Fuchs et al, 1994[14] P12 1 c.887A>G p.Tyr296Cys TMD Takano et al, 1999[15] P13 1 c.893G>A p.Gly298Asp TMD Lachtermacher et al, 2000[16] P14 1 c.310C>T p.Arg104Cys TMD Kok et al, 1995[17] P15 IVS 8 c.1866-10G>A p.Pro623fs* NBD Kemp et al, 1995[18] P16 5 c.1428C>A p.Cys476* NBD Novel P17 5 c.1421T>C p.Ile474Thr NBD Shimozawa et al, 2011[19] P18 6 c.1538A>G p.Lys513Arg NBD Piti&#e9;-Salp&#e9;tri&#e8;re Hospital (unpublished) P19 1 c.310C>T p.Arg104Cys TMD Kok et al, 1995[17] P20 6 c.1544C>A p.Ser515Tyr NBD Novel P21 2 c.901-1G>A p.Val301fs* TMD Kemp et al, 2001[20] P22 2 c.974T>C p.Leu325Pro TMD The peroxisomal diseases laboratory (unpublished) P23 3 c.1182delG p.Ala395Leufs*15 TMD to NBD Novel P24 1 c.424delC p.Leu142Serfs*56 TMD Novel P25 7 c.1759_1761dup p.Ile588His NBD Novel Table 2. Login to comment