ABCMdb

ABCD1 p.Gln544Arg

Predicted by SNAP2:	A: D (85%), C: D (85%), D: D (95%), E: D (91%), F: D (91%), G: D (91%), H: D (91%), I: D (91%), K: D (95%), L: D (91%), M: D (91%), N: D (91%), P: D (95%), R: D (95%), S: D (91%), T: D (91%), V: D (91%), W: D (91%), Y: D (91%),
Predicted by PROVEAN:	A: D, C: D, D: D, E: D, F: D, G: D, H: D, I: D, K: D, L: D, M: D, N: D, P: D, R: D, S: D, T: D, V: D, W: D, Y: D,

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[hide] Identification of novel SNPs of ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD... Neurogenetics. 2011 Feb;12(1):41-50. Epub 2010 Jul 27. Matsukawa T, Asheuer M, Takahashi Y, Goto J, Suzuki Y, Shimozawa N, Takano H, Onodera O, Nishizawa M, Aubourg P, Tsuji S
Identification of novel SNPs of ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 genes in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) based on comprehensive resequencing and association studies with ALD phenotypes.
Neurogenetics. 2011 Feb;12(1):41-50. Epub 2010 Jul 27., [PMID:20661612]

Abstract [show]
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an X-linked disorder affecting primarily the white matter of the central nervous system occasionally accompanied by adrenal insufficiency. Despite the discovery of the causative gene, ABCD1, no clear genotype-phenotype correlations have been established. Association studies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by comprehensive resequencing of genes related to ABCD1 may reveal genes modifying ALD phenotypes. We analyzed 40 Japanese patients with ALD. ABCD1 and ABCD2 were analyzed using a newly developed microarray-based resequencing system. ABCD3 and ABCD4 were analyzed by direct nucleotide sequence analysis. Replication studies were conducted on an independent French ALD cohort with extreme phenotypes. All the mutations of ABCD1 were identified, and there was no correlation between the genotypes and phenotypes of ALD. SNPs identified by the comprehensive resequencing of ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 were used for association studies. There were no significant associations between these SNPs and ALD phenotypes, except for the five SNPs of ABCD4, which are in complete disequilibrium in the Japanese population. These five SNPs were significantly less frequently represented in patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) than in controls in the Japanese population (p=0.0468), whereas there were no significant differences in patients with childhood cerebral ALD (CCALD). The replication study employing these five SNPs on an independent French ALD cohort, however, showed no significant associations with CCALD or pure AMN. This study showed that ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 are less likely the disease-modifying genes, necessitating further studies to identify genes modifying ALD phenotypes.

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84 Interestingly, the five previously described SNPs (rs17782508, rs2301345, rs4148077, rs4148078, and rs3742801) that are in complete linkage disequilibrium were significantly less frequently represented in the patients with Japanese AMN than in the controls in the Japanese population (p=0.0468), whereas Table 2 Identified ABCD1 mutations: mutations of ABCD1 that result in amino acid substitutions or in-frame deletions Patient number Phenotype Mutation of ABCD1 Effect of mutation of ABCD1 Position of mutation 13 CCALD 709C>T S108L Loop1 14 CCALD 709C>T S108L Loop1 15 CCALD 829A>G N148S TM2 16 CCALD 1026A>G N214D TM3 17 CCALD 1182G>A G266R Between TM4 and EAA-like 18 CCALD 1324T>Ca L313P Between EAA-like and TM5 19 CCALD 1938C>T R518W Walker A 20 CCALD 1939G>A R518Q Walker A 21 CCALD 2017A>G Q544R Between Walker A and Cons 22 CCALD 2017A>G Q544R Between Walker A and Cons 23 CCALD 2065C>T P560L Between Walker A and Cons 24 CCALD 2065C>T P560L Between Walker A and Cons 25 CCALD Del. 2145-2156 Del. HILQ587-590 Between Walker A and Cons 26 AdultCer Del. 1257-1259 Del.E291 EAA-like 27 AdultCer 2005T>C F540S Between Walker A and Cons 28 AdultCer 2358C>T R660W C-terminal to Walker B 29 AdultCer 2385C>A H667N C-terminal to Walker B 30 AMN-Cer 1146A>C T254P TM4 31 AMN 636C>T P84S TM1 32 AMN 709C>T S108L Loop1 33 AMN 1182G>A G266R Between TM4 and EAA-like 34 AMN 1197G>A E271K Between TM4 and EAA-like 35 AMN 1215G>Aa G277R Between TM4 and EAA-like 36 AMN 1255C>G S290W EAA-like 37 AMN 1581C>T R401W Between TM6 and Walker A 38 AMN 2233C>A A616D Cons 39 AMN 2385C>A H667N C-terminal to Walker B 40 Asymptomatic 2211G>A E609K Cons Amino acid residue numbers in ALDP are based on Mosser et al. [1]. Login to comment

[hide] Mutational analysis and genotype-phenotype correla... Arch Neurol. 1999 Mar;56(3):295-300. Takano H, Koike R, Onodera O, Sasaki R, Tsuji S
Mutational analysis and genotype-phenotype correlation of 29 unrelated Japanese patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Arch Neurol. 1999 Mar;56(3):295-300., [PMID:10190819]

Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an inherited disease characterized by progressive neurologic dysfunction, occasionally associated with adrenal insufficiency. The classic form of ALD usually has onset in childhood (childhood cerebral ALD), with rapid neurologic deterioration leading to a vegetative state. Adult-onset cerebral ALD also presents with rapidly progressive neurologic dysfunction. Milder phenotypes such as adrenomyeloneuropathy and Addison disease only also have been recognized. Despite discovery of the causative gene, a molecular basis for the diverse clinical presentations remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES: To conduct mutational analyses in 29 Japanese patients with ALD from 29 unrelated families, to obtain knowledge of the spectrum of mutations in this gene, and to study genotype-phenotype correlations in Japanese patients. METHODS: The 29 patients comprised 13 patients with childhood cerebral ALD, 11 patients with adult-onset cerebral ALD, and 5 patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy. We conducted detailed mutational analyses of 29 unrelated Japanese patients with ALD by genomic Southern blot analysis and direct nucleotide sequence analysis of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction products derived from total RNA that was extracted from cultured skin fibroblasts, lymphoblastoid cells, or peripheral blood leukocytes. RESULTS: Three patients with adult-onset cerebral ALD were identified as having large genomic rearrangements. The remaining 26 patients were identified as having 21 independent mutations, including 12 novel mutations resulting in small nucleotide alterations in the ALD gene. Eighteen (69%) of 26 mutations were missense mutations. Most missense mutations involved amino acids conserved in homologous gene products, including PMP70, mALDRP, and Pxa1p. The AG dinucleotide deletion at position 1081-1082, which has been reported previously to be the most common mutation in white patients (12%-17%), was also identified as the most common mutation in Japanese patients (12%). All phenotypes were associated with mutations resulting in protein truncation or subtle amino acid changes. There were no differences in phenotypic expressions between missense mutations involving conserved amino acids and those involving nonconserved amino acids. CONCLUSIONS: There are no obvious correlations between the phenotypes of patients with ALD and their genotypes, suggesting that other genetic or environmental factors modify the phenotypic expressions of ALD.

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42 Mutations in the ALD Gene That Result in Amino Acid Substitutions or In-frame Deletions* Patient No. Phenotype Mutation† Exon Effect of Mutation‡ Position of Mutation§ Amino Acid Identityሻ Family DataPMP70 mALDRP Pxa1p Amino Acid Deletion G4010 ACALD del.1256-1258 1 del.E291 EAA-like motif E E E CCALD G4011(s) ACALD del.2146-2157¶ 7 del.HILQ587-590 Between Walker A and B# HILE HIVQ YLLK No family history Missense Mutation G4012 CCALD A829G 1 N148S TM3 N N N AMN G1986 CCALD G984A¶ 1 D200N TM4 D D D ACALD G4013 CCALD A1026G¶ 1 N214D TM4 N N N Not available G4014 AMN G1182A 1 G266R Between TM5 and EAA motif G G Non AMN G4015(s) CCALD G1182A 1 G266R Between TM5 and EAA motif G G Non No family history G4016(s) AMN G1197A 1 E271K Between TM5 and EAA motif T E R No family history G4017(s) ACALD A1273G¶ 1 Y296C EAA motif Y Y Y No family history G4018 CCALD A1273G¶ 1 Y296C EAA motif Y Y Y Not available G4019 AMN C1587T¶ 3 R401W Between TM6 and Walker A R R R Asymptomatic carrier G4020 CCALD G1906T¶ 6 G507V Walker A# G G G Not available G4021 CCALD G1939A 6 R518Q Walker A# R R R CCALD G4022 CCALD G1939A 6 R518Q Walker A# R R R Not available G4023 ACALD T2005C¶ 6 F540S Between Walker A and B# F F F Adult asymptomatic carrier G4024(s) CCALD A2017G 6 Q544R Between Walker A and B# Q Q Q No family history G4025 CCALD C2065T 7 S560L Between Walker A and B# P P P Adult asymptomatic carrier G2469(s) ACALD C2157T¶ 7 R591W Between Walker A and B# R R R No family history G2022(s) AMN C2203T 8 S606L Between Walker A and B# S S S No family history G4026 ACALD C2364T 8 R660W C-terminal to Walker B R R R ACALD *ALD indicates adrenoleukodystrophy; ACALD, adult-onset cerebral ALD; CCALD, childhood cerebral ALD; AMN, adrenomyeloneuropathy; (s), apparently sporadic patients; and del., delete. Login to comment

[hide] Two novel missense mutations in the ATP-binding do... Clin Genet. 1997 May;51(5):322-5. Imamura A, Suzuki Y, Song XQ, Fukao T, Uchiyama A, Shimozawa N, Kamijo K, Hashimoto T, Orii T, Kondo N
Two novel missense mutations in the ATP-binding domain of the adrenoleukodystrophy gene: immunoblotting and immunocytological study of two patients.
Clin Genet. 1997 May;51(5):322-5., [PMID:9212180]

Abstract [show]
Two novel missense mutations, 1939G to A (R518Q) and 2017A to G (Q544R) were identified in Japanese patients with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). They are located in exon 6, which encodes part of the putative adenosine triphosphate binding domain of ALD protein. The ALD protein carrying the R518Q mutation was undetectable in fibroblasts, by immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis, while the Q544R mutation had no apparent effect on the stability and localization of the ALD protein, but is expected to affect its function.

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5 The ALD protein carrying the R5184mutation was undetectable in fibroblasts,by immunoblot and immunofluorescenceanalysis, whilc: the Q544R mutation had no apparent effect on the stability and localization of the ALD protein, but is expected to affect its function. Login to comment
37 Two novel missense mutations patients 1 and 2 had a single base substitution of G for A at position 1939, which led to replacement of arginine for glutamine at position 518 (R518Q), and of A for G at position 2017, which led to replacement of glutamine for arginine at position 544 (Q544R) (Fig. 1 A,B). Login to comment
55 Lane 1: control; Lane 2: ALD patient with Q590STOP mutation in Uchiyama et al. (1994); Lane 3: patient 1 with R518Q mutation; Lane 4: patient 2 with Q544R mutation. Login to comment
58 a: patient 1 with R518Q mutation; b patient 2 with Q544R mutation; c: control. Login to comment
61 The mutation in patient 1 (R518Q) is located in the alpha B helix of the Walker A motif, while that of patient 2 (Q544R) resides in the alpha C helix between Walker A and B (Hyde et al. 1990). Login to comment
64 It is suggested that the mutant ALD protein with Q544R substitution would be stable but non-functional, whereas R5184 substitution would lead to unstable ALD protein or impaired targeting of the ALD protein into peroxisomal membrane. Login to comment

[hide] Adrenoleukodystrophy: subcellular localization and... J Neurochem. 2007 Jun;101(6):1632-43. Takahashi N, Morita M, Maeda T, Harayama Y, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, Furuya H, Sato R, Kashiwayama Y, Imanaka T
Adrenoleukodystrophy: subcellular localization and degradation of adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP/ABCD1) with naturally occurring missense mutations.
J Neurochem. 2007 Jun;101(6):1632-43., [PMID:17542813]

Abstract [show]
Mutation in the X-chromosomal adrenoleukodystrophy gene (ALD; ABCD1) leads to X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a severe neurodegenerative disorder. The encoded adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP/ABCD1) is a half-size peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette protein of 745 amino acids in humans. In this study, we chose nine arbitrary mutant human ALDP forms (R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H, and H667D) with naturally occurring missense mutations and examined the intracellular behavior. When expressed in X-ALD fibroblasts lacking ALDP, the expression level of mutant His-ALDPs (S606L, R617H, and H667D) was lower than that of wild type and other mutant ALDPs. Furthermore, mutant ALDP-green fluorescence proteins (S606L and H667D) stably expressed in CHO cells were not detected due to rapid degradation. Interestingly, the wild type ALDP co-expressed in these cells also disappeared. In the case of X-ALD fibroblasts from an ALD patient (R617H), the mutant ALDP was not detected in the cells, but appeared upon incubation with a proteasome inhibitor. When CHO cells expressing mutant ALDP-green fluorescence protein (H667D) were cultured in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor, both the mutant and wild type ALDP reappeared. In addition, mutant His-ALDP (Y174C), which has a mutation between transmembrane domain 2 and 3, did not exhibit peroxisomal localization by immunofluorescense study. These results suggest that mutant ALDPs, which have a mutation in the COOH-terminal half of ALDP, including S606L, R617H, and H667D, were degraded by proteasomes after dimerization. Further, the region between transmembrane domain 2 and 3 is important for the targeting of ALDP to the peroxisome.

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2 In this study, we chose nine arbitrary mutant human ALDP forms (R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H, and H667D) with naturally occurring missense mutations and examined the intracellular behavior. Login to comment
35 We found that mutant ALDPs with the missense mutations in the G116R S342P Q544R R617H H667D Y174C NH2 COOH C sequence Cytosol Membrane Matrix Walker A Walker B S606P, S606L R104C Fig. 1 A putative secondary structure of adrenoleukodystrophy protein. Login to comment
71 CHO-K1 cells (5 · 105 cells) were cultured in Ham`s F-12 medium with 10% FBS, 70 lg/mL of penicillin, and 140 lg/mL of streptomycin and transfected with 5 lg of pMAM2/ Table 1 Oligonucleotide primer sequences used for the generation of mutant ALDP constructs Construct name Forward primer (5' to 3') (top) R104C GCCTTGGTGAGCTGCACCTTCCTGTCG G116R GCCCGCCTGGACAGAAGGCTGGCC Y174C GCCTACCGCCTCTGCTCCTCCCAG S342P TGGAGCGCCCCGGGCCTGCTCATG Q544R GCATGTTCTACATCCCGCGGAGGCCCTACATGTC S606P AAGGACGTCCTGCCGGGTGGCGAGAAG S606L AAGGACGTCCTGTTGGGTGGCGAGAAG R617H GCAGAGAATCGGCATGGCCCACATGTTCTACCACAGGC H667D TCCCTGTGGAAATACGACACACACTTGCTA The underlined letters indicate the single base mutation leading to an amino acid replacement. Login to comment
119 Six mutant His-ALDPs (R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, and S606P) were expressed in an equal amount to the wild type His-ALDP. Login to comment
127 As shown in Fig. 3d, His-ALDPs (R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P, and S606L) exhibited a punctate staining pattern in the cells, which was superimposable on the distribution of catalase in the same cells, suggesting that these mutant His-ALDPs were correctly localized to peroxisomes. Login to comment
150 The fragments were not extractable with 0.1 mol/L sodium carbonate, indicating (a) (c) (b) (d) 400 140 120 100 Expressionratio(%) 80 60 40 His-ALDP R104C G116R Y174C S342P Q544R S606P S606L R617H H667D Catalase 20 0 100 Expressionratio(%) 80 60 40 20 0 350 300 250 200 150 pmol/h/mgprotein 100 50 0 Normal (139T) X-ALD (163T) M ock M ock W ild W ild N one S606L His-ALDP GFP Catalase R 617H H 667D R 104CG 116RY174C S342PQ 544RS606PS606LR 617HH 667D M ock W ildR 104CG 116RY174CS342PQ 544RS606PS606LR 617HH 667D Fig. 3 Expression of wild type and mutant His-adrenoleukodystrophy proteins (ALDPs) in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) fibroblasts (163T). Login to comment
188 As a control, we used normal fibroblasts and X-ALD fibroblasts where mutant ALDP (Q544R) was present at a normal level (Imamura et al. 1997). Login to comment
189 As shown in Fig. 7, a band corresponding to ALDP was not detected in the X-ALD fibroblasts (R617H) under the conditions where ALDP was detected in normal fibroblasts and X-ALD fibroblasts (Q544R). Login to comment
206 Q544R R617H MG132 Mutant ALDP Catalase -- + Fig. 7 Immunoblot analysis of endogenous mutant adrenoleukodystrophy proteins (ALDPs) (Q544R and R617H) incubated with or without MG132. Login to comment
207 The fibroblasts were incubated with 10 lmol/L MG132 for 20 h. Cell homogenates (100 lg of protein) from the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy fibroblasts with mutation of ALDP (Q544R) and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy fibroblasts with mutation of ALDP (R617H) were subjected to immunoblot analysis with anti-ALDP antibody or anti-catalase antibody. Login to comment
216 The mutation of R104C and G116R is located in loop1 between TMD1 and 2, Y174 is in loop2 between TMD2 and 3, S342P and Q544R are located in TMD6 and the helical region between Walker A and B, respectively. Login to comment
229 Recently Lie et al. investigated the dimerization of the COOH-terminal half of ALDP by a yeast two-hybrid assay and found that it could dimerize Table 2 Expression and localization of missense ALDPs Mutant ALDP Transient Stable Expressiona Localizationb b-Oxidationc Expressiona Localizationb Wild +++ Px + ++ Px R104Cd , G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P +++ Px ) ++ Px Y174C +++ mis ) + mis S606L ++ Px ) ) ) R617H, H667D + ) ) ) ) Wild and mutant His-ALDPs or ALDP-GFPs were transiently expressed in X-ALD fibroblasts or stably expressed in CHO cells, respectively. Login to comment
259 Second, mutant ALDP (G116R, S342P, Q544R, and S606P) expressed similar levels to wild type ALDP in the experiment of transient expression as the corresponding His-ALDP in X-ALD fibroblasts (Fig. 3b and Table 2) and stable expression as ALDP-GFP in CHO cells (Fig. 4 and Table 2). Login to comment

[hide] Functional characterization of the adrenoleukodyst... Endocr Res. 2002 Nov;28(4):741-8. Gartner J, Dehmel T, Klusmann A, Roerig P
Functional characterization of the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP) and disease pathogenesis.
Endocr Res. 2002 Nov;28(4):741-8., [PMID:12530690]

Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common peroxisomal disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in tissues and body fluids with predominance in brain white matter and adrenal cortex. The clinical phenotype is highly variable ranging from the severe childhood cerebral form to asymptomatic persons. The responsible ALD gene encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP), a peroxisomal integral membrane protein that is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter protein family. The patient gene mutations are heterogeneously distributed over the functional domains of ALDP. The extreme variability in clinical phenotype, even within one affected family, indicates that besides the ALD gene mutations other factors strongly influence the clinical phenotype. To understand the cell biology and function of mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters and to determine their role in the pathogenesis of X-ALD we developed a system for expressing functional ABC protein domains in fusion with the maltose binding protein. Wild type and mutant fusion proteins of the nucleotide-binding fold were overexpressed, purified, and characterized by photoaffinity labeling with 8-azido ATP or 8-azido GTP and a coupled ATP regenerating enzyme assay for ATPase activity. Our studies provide evidence that peroxisomal ABC transporters utilize ATP to become a functional transporter and that ALD gene mutations alter peroxisomal transport function. The established disease model will be used further to study the influence of possible disease modifier proteins on ALDP function.

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41 The mutant constructs included missense mutations of patients with X-ALD in the nucleotide binding fold regions Walker A and 19mer (ALDP-NBF-G512S, ALDP-NBF-Q544R, ALDP-NBF-P560L, ALDP-NBF-R591Q, ALDP-NBF-S606L, and ALDP-NBF-D629H) and corresponding mutations in another ABC transporter in the peroxisome membrane, the 70 kDa peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP70; PMP70-NBF-G478R, PMP70- NBF-S572I). Login to comment

[hide] [Adrenoleukodystrophy: structure and function of A... Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Jan;127(1):163-72. Takahashi N, Morita M, Imanaka T
[Adrenoleukodystrophy: structure and function of ALDP, and intracellular behavior of mutant ALDP with naturally occurring missense mutations].
Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Jan;127(1):163-72., [PMID:17202797]

Abstract [show]
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an inherited disorder characterized by progressive demyelination of the central nervous system and adrenal dysfunction. The biochemical characterization is based on the accumulation of pathgnomonic amounts of saturated very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA; C>22) in all tissues, including the brain white matter, adrenal glands, and skin fibroblasts, of the patients. The accumulation of VLCFA in ALD is linked to a mutation in the ALD (ABCD1) gene, an ABC subfamily D member. The ALD gene product, so-called ALDP (ABCD1), is thought to be involved in the transport of VLCFA or VLCFA-CoA into the peroxisomes. ALDP is a half-sized peroxisomal ABC protein and it has 745 amino acids in humans. ALDP is thought to be synthesized on free polysomes, posttranslationally transported to peroxisomes, and inserted into the membranes. During this process, ALDP interacts with Pex19p, a chaperone-like protein for intracellular trafficking of peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP), the complex targets Pex3p on the peroxisomal membranes, and ALDP is inserted into the membranes. After integration into the membranes, ALDP is thought to form mainly homodimers. Here, we chose nine arbitrary mutations of human ALDP with naturally occurring missense mutations and examined the intracellular behavior of their ALDPs. We found that mutant ALDP (S606L, R617H, and H667D) was degraded together with wild-type ALDP by proteasomes. These results suggest that the complex of mutant and wild-type ALDP is recognized as misfolded proteins and degraded by the protein quality control system associated with proteasomes. Further, we found fragmentation of mutant ALDP (R104C) on peroxisomes and it was not inhibited by proteasomes inhibitors, suggesting that an additional protease(s) is also involved in the quality control of mutant ALDP. In addition, mutation of ALDP (Y174C) suggests that a loop between transmembrane domains 2 and 3 is important for the targeting of ALDP to peroxisomes.

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18 S342P and Q544R are located in TMD6 and helical region between Walker A and B, respectively. Login to comment
28 ミスセンス変異を持つ ALDP の細胞内動態 ―一過性ݧa;現による解析 ALD 患者の持つ変異 ALDP の機能,細胞内局在性,細胞内における安定性を解析することは, ALDP の各ドメインの機能を知る上で有用な情報を提供すると思われる．特にミスセンス変異は,たった 1 つのアミノ酸変異による異常であるので特に興味深い．われわれは ALD 患者で報告されているミスセンス変異の中から,TMD から 4 つ(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P),NBD から 4 つ(Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H),C 末端部位から 1 つ (H667D)を任意に選び(Fig. 1),その機能と細胞内動態を解析した．これらの実験は,大学院シンポジウムで報告したので,詳しく述べたいと思う． ALDP はペルオキシソームにおける極長鎖脂肪酸の b 酸化に関与していることが知られている．実際に ALD 患者由来の繊維芽細胞では極長鎖脂肪酸の b 酸化活性が正常な線維芽細胞と比べて約 50 ―70%程度減少している．そこで野生型及び変異型 ALDP の機能を確認するため,ALDP を発現していない ALD 患者由来線維芽細胞に,N 末端に His タグを付加した野生型と変異型 ALDP を一過性に発現し,［1-14 C]lignoceric acid を基質として極長鎖脂肪酸 b 酸化活性の測定を行った．その結果, ALDP 欠損線維芽細胞の極長鎖脂肪酸 b 酸化活性は,正常細胞の約 50%まで減少していたが,野生型 His-ALDP を発現させると正常と同程度にまで活性が回復した．このことから発現させた野生型 His-ALDP は ALDP と同等の機能を持つことが確認された．一方,9 種類のミスセンス変異 ALDP を発現した線維芽細胞では極長鎖脂肪酸 b 酸化活性の増加は認められなかった．よって,これらのミスセンス変異 ALDP は機能を欠くことが確認された．ついで,野生型及び変異型 His-ALDP を発現した ALD 患者線維芽細胞を回収し,変異型 ALDP の発現量を immunoblotting により定量化し解析した(Table 1)．なお ALDP の発現量は,ペルオキシソームの指標酵素であるカタラーゼの発現量で補正した．その結果,変異型 ALDP(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P)は,野生型とほぼ同程度の発現量を示した．一方,変異型 ALDP (S606L, R617H, H667D)では発現量が野生型の発 167 Table 1. Login to comment
29 Expression and Localization of Missense ALDPs Mutant Transient Stable Expression Localization b-Oxidation Expression Localization Wild Z Px ＋ Z Px R104C, G116R S342P, Q544R S606P Z Px － Z Px Y174C Z mis － Z mis S606L ＋ Px －－－ R617H ± －－ na na H667D ＋－－－－ Wild and Mutant His-ALDPs or ALDP-GFPs were transiently expressed in X-ALD ˆbroblasts and stably expressed in CHO cells, respectively. Login to comment
36 1 現量と比べて約 50%程度減少していた．なお,各 ALDP ポジティブの細胞は約 30%程度であり,各細胞間での発現効率に有意な差は認められなかった．このことから,ALDP の発現量が減少していた 3 つの変異 ALDP は細胞内での安定性が低下していると推察された．また興味深いことに S606P と S606L は同じ部位の変異にも係わらず,置換したアミノ酸によって発現量には差が認められた．ついで,変異型 His-ALDP の細胞内局在を蛍光抗体法で確認した．変異型 ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L)では ALDP がカタラーゼの局在と一致したことから,正常にペルオキシソームへ局在していることが確認された．一方, 変異型 ALDP(Y174C, H667D)では局在が一致せず,ALDP が他の細胞内小器官へ間違って輸送されていると考えられた．変異型 ALDP(R617H) では ALDP の発現が認められなかった．変異型 ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P)では野生型とほぼ同程度のタンパク量が発現し,ペルオキシソームへの局在も確認されたので,これらの変異型 ALDP は合成されたのちに正常にペルオキシソームに運ばれるが,ペルオキシソーム膜においてその機能(ATP 結合・加水分解若しくは基質輸送)に異常を持つことが推察された．特に R104C, G116R, S342P は TMD に存在することから ALDP の基質輸送能が変化していると考えられる．一方, NBD に存在する Q544R, S606P は ATP 結合・加水分解に影響を与えている可能性が考えられる．また S606P, S606L は変異が同じ部位でも構造的に安定性が異なっていた．Roerig らは S606L の変異型 ALDP は,ATP との親和性が低下している一方で ATP 加水分解は正常に行われていると報告している．29) このことは ALDP と ATP の親和性が ALDP の安定性にも影響を及ぼしている可能性を示している．S606L と S606P の安定性の違いと機能の関係は ALDP の機能を知る上でも興味深い点であり, 今後さらに検討を行う必要がある．一方,Y174C の変異型 ALDP は正常に発現するにも係わらず, ペルオキシソームへ局在せず他の細胞内小器官へミスターゲッティングした．これまでにペルオキシソームへの局在化シグナルを欠くペルオキシソーム膜タンパク質は,非特異的にミトコンドリアや小胞体に移行することが知られている．30,31) よって, ALDP の TMD2―3 の間のループは,ペルオキシソームへの局在化に重要な役割を果たしている可能性が推察される．Pex19p 存在化での in vitro タンパク質翻訳系において,ALDP(Y174C)は Pex19p に結合できるので,ALDP の N 末端 67―164 に存在するペルオキシソーム移行に係わる領域が ALDP の何らかの構造変化によってマスクされるのかもしれない． 5. Login to comment
49 変異型 ALDP の分解過程の解析新生タンパク質が正しいフォールディングを受けることは,そのタンパク質の正常な機能発現のために必須である．遺伝子変異などが存在すると,タンパク質がミスフォールディングされる．このミスフォールドタンパクが細胞外へ分泌されたり,細胞内に蓄積したりすると生体にとって極めて有害になるため,このようなタンパクはプロテアソーム,リソソーム等によって迅速に分解される．ちなみに,嚢胞性線維症の原因タンパク質 CFTR は細胞膜イオンチャネルとして機能する ABC タンパク質であるが,変異 CFTR は小胞体膜からプロテアソームにリクルートされ分解されることが報告されている．32,33) しかしながら,変異型 ALDP を始めとして,ペルオキシソーム膜タンパク質についての解析はほとんど行われていない．変異型 ALDP の一過性発現と安定過剰発現実験より,ALDP(S606L, R617H, H667D, R104C)は, プロテアーゼにより分解されていると推定された．そこで,ALDP-GFP(H667D)を発現している CHO 細胞に各種プロテアーゼ阻害剤を処理し,解析を行った．その結果,プロテアソーム阻害剤である lactacystin を処理した細胞では ALDP-GFP 及び ALDP のバンドが出現した ( Fig. 4 )．一方 , leupeptin, AEBSF, E64d には効果がなかった．また他のプロテアソーム阻害剤である MG132 も有効であった．さらにプロテアソーム阻害剤により分解を逃れた変異型 ALDP-GFP(H667D)の細胞内局在を蛍光抗体法で観察すると,ペルオキシソームに局在していることが確認された．一方,変異型 ALDP(R104C)のフラグメント化は上記プロテアーゼ処理では阻害されなかった．さらに ALD 患者由来細胞の内因性変異 ALDP の分解とプロテアソーム分解系の関与について確認するため,変異型 ALDP(R617H)を持つ患者由来線維芽細胞を用いてタンパク分解の阻害実験を行った．その結果,lactacystin と MG132 処理により, ALDP のバンドが出現した．以上の結果より,ペルオキシソーム膜上にはミスフォールドしたタンパク質を認識する仕組みが存在し,プロテアソーム及び他のプロテアーゼを介して排除していることが示唆された．一方,山田らは ALD 患者線維芽細胞を［35 S］メチオニンでパルスチェイスすることにより,変異型 ALDP(G512S, R660W)の分解が E-64 と leupepu- tin により抑制されることを報告している．34) 彼らの実験ではプロテアソーム阻害剤については実験していないので,プロテアソームの関与は不明であるが,変異型 ALDP の分解には,複数のプロテアーゼが関与している可能性がある． 7. Login to comment
52 Some mutant ALDPs (R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R and S606P) are normally inserted into the peroxisomal membrane, and others were mislocalized (Y174C) or degraded by proteasome (S606L, R617H and H667D). Login to comment
53 170 Vol. 127 (2007) その結果より,ミスセンス変異 ALDP は以下に示すように 4 種類の細胞内動態を持つことが示された(Fig. 5)．1) 野生型と同様にペルオキシソームに局在するがその機能が阻害されている変異 (R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P),2) ペルオキシソームへの局在化に障害がある変異(Y174C), 3) 変異によりタンパク質の安定性が低下しプロテアソームでの分解を受けるが,一部ペルオキシソームに局在する変異(S606L),4) 変異によりタンパク質の安定性が低下しプロテアソームで選択的に分解を受け,細胞内でほとんど確認できない変異 (R617H, H667D)の 4 種類のパターンである．発現量も局在化も正常な変異では,ABC タンパク質としての機能に直接関与している機能ドメインの障害が起こっていると推察される．この中で G116R, S342P は TMD に位置しており,基質の認識や輸送に障害があると推察される．また Q544R, S606P は ATP との結合・加水分解に関与する NBD に位置している．このような変異は,ALDP の ABC タンパク質としての機能を解析するために有益と考えられる．発現量は正常だが局在化に異常が認められた Y174C は,TMD2 と 3 の間のループ 2 に位置しており,この領域が ALDP のペルオキシソームへのターゲッティングに必要であることを示している． ALDP のターゲッティングに必要な領域は 67―164 番目のアミノ酸に存在することが報告されている．20) このことから,Y174C の変異による構造変化のため,ターゲッティングシグナルがマスクされているのかもしれない．このタイプの変異は ALDP のペルオキシソームへの局在化を調べる上で重要と考えられる． ALDP の変異で最も多いミスセンス変異ではその多くが細胞内で分解を受けている．R617H 及び H667D では発現量の著しい低下が認められる．特に安定発現した CHO では immunoblot で検出できなかった．ミスフォールドタンパク質の分解システムの 1 つにプロテアソームによる分解系がある．このタンパク質分解は,生物の様々な高次機能の制御や環境ストレスに応答した恒常性の維持(ストレス応答,タンパク質の品質管理など)に必須な役割を担っている．しかし,小胞体を経由して合成される分泌タンパク質や膜タンパク質に比べて,小胞体を経由しない細胞内タンパク質の品質管理機構はあまり報告されていない．ALDP は遊離のポリソームから直接ペルオキシソームに輸送されるが,この過程でどのように R617H, H667D などの変異が認識され,プロテアソーム系が働いているか興味深い． 171171No. Login to comment
27 df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒఔᢝ௸ ALDP Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁ4d5;ɦb; ߟe00;Έe;ឋ˿a;Ife;Ĳb;ఐĴb;Ye3;᪆ ALD <a3;ὅĲe;ᢝ௸᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;,d30;Pde;ᑁc40;ᙠ ឋ,d30;Pde;ᑁĲb;İa;௫Ĵb;b89;b9a;ឋఔYe3;᪆௳Ĵb;௭௼Ĳf;, ALDP Ĳe;ᔜc9;e1;a4;f3;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔMe5;Ĵb;e0a;௻ᨵᵨĲa;<c5;ᛇ ఔ?d0;f9b;௳Ĵb;௼əd;Ĵf;Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;ᱯĲb;df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒĲf;,ıf; ௷ıf; 1 ௸Ĳe;a2;df;ce;⏚᜕ᶒĲb;ఐĴb;ᶒe38;௻௢Ĵb;Ĳe;௻ᱯĲb; ‐ᕡdf1;௤&#ff0e;Ĵf;Ĵc;Ĵf;Ĵc;Ĳf; ALD <a3;ὅ௻ᛇȠa;௯Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb; df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒĲe;e2d;İb;఑,TMD İb;఑ 4 ௸(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P) ,NBD İb;఑ 4 ௸(Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H) ,C ʠb;aef;Ze8;f4d;İb;఑ 1 ௸ (H667D)ఔefb;ɢf;Ĳb;⍶ఁ(Fig. 1) ,ıd;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;௼d30;Pde; ᑁ4d5;ɦb;ఔYe3;᪆௱ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĵc;఑Ĳe;b9f; a13;Ĳf;,ᜧb66;▾b7;f3;dd; b8;a6;e0;௻ᛇȠa;௱ıf;Ĳe;௻,a73;௱İf;ff0;ఇıf;௤௼əd;௦&#ff0e; ALDP Ĳf;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳb;İa;௫Ĵb;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa; ⏚Ĳe; b ⏚ᓄĲb;_a2;e0e;௱௺௤Ĵb;௭௼İc;Me5;఑Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e; b9f;ωb;Ĳb; ALD <a3;ὅᵫᩭĲe;e4a;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;௻Ĳf;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa; ⏚Ĳe; b ⏚ᓄd3b;ឋİc;b63;e38;Ĳa;dda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;௼bd4;ఇ௺d04; 50 ߟ70%a0b;ea6;e1b;c11;௱௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e;ıd;௭௻[ce;˯f;ɂb;5ca;ఁ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔNba;a8d;௳Ĵb;ıf;ఉ,ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௱௺ ௤Ĳa;௤ ALD <a3;ὅᵫᩭdda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;Ĳb;,N ʠb;aef;Ĳb; His bf;b0;ఔed8;4a0;௱ıf;[ce;˯f;ɂb;௼᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP ఔe00;Έe;ឋĲb; ˿a;Ife;௱, &#ff3b;1-14 C]lignoceric acid ఔ9fa;cea;௼௱௺ᬿ╩⒴ ᾦPaa;⏚ b ⏚ᓄd3b;ឋĲe;e2c;b9a;ఔʹc;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ıd;Ĳe;d50;ʧc;, ALDP b20;ʀd;dda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;Ĳe;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa;⏚ b ⏚ᓄd3b;ឋ Ĳf;,b63;e38;d30;Pde;Ĳe;d04; 50%ĳe;௻e1b;c11;௱௺௤ıf;İc;,[ce;˯f; ɂb; His-ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௯ıb;Ĵb;௼b63;e38;௼Ȝc;a0b;ea6;Ĳb;ĳe;௻ d3b;ឋİc;8de;fa9;௱ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĳe;௭௼İb;఑˿a;Ife;௯ıb;ıf;[ce;˯f;ɂb; His-ALDP Ĳf; ALDP ௼Ȝc;b49;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔᢝ௸௭௼İc;Nba; a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,9 a2e;ϙe;Ĳe;df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒ ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௱ıf;dda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;௻Ĳf;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa;⏚ b ⏚ᓄd3b; ឋĲe;ᜉ4a0;Ĳf;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ఐ௷௺,௭Ĵc;఑Ĳe;df; b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳf;a5f;Pfd;ఔb20;İf;௭௼İc;Nba;a8d;௯Ĵc; ıf;&#ff0e; ௸௤௻,[ce;˯f;ɂb;5ca;ఁ᜕ᶒɂb; His-ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௱ ıf; ALD <a3;ὅdda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;ఔ8de;5ce;௱,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;ఔ immunoblotting Ĳb;ఐĴa;b9a;[cf;ᓄ௱Ye3;᪆௱ ıf;(Table 1) &#ff0e;Ĳa;İa; ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;Ĳf;,da;eb;aa;ad; b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳe;ᢣa19;⏗d20;௻௢Ĵb;ab;bf;e9;fc;bc;Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;௻Xdc; b63;௱ıf;&#ff0e;ıd;Ĳe;d50;ʧc;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P)Ĳf;,[ce;˯f;ɂb;௼ĳb;ĳc; Ȝc;a0b;ea6;Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;ఔ̙a;௱ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP (S606L, R617H, H667D)௻Ĳf;˿a;Ife;[cf;İc;[ce;˯f;ɂb;Ĳe;˿a; 167 Table 1. Login to comment
34 167 No. 1 Ife;[cf;௼bd4;ఇ௺d04; 50%a0b;ea6;e1b;c11;௱௺௤ıf;&#ff0e;Ĳa;İa;,ᔜ ALDP dd;b8;c6;a3;d6;Ĳe;d30;Pde;Ĳf;d04; 30%a0b;ea6;௻௢Ĵa;,ᔜ d30;Pde;╹௻Ĳe;˿a;Ife;4b9;᳛Ĳb;ᨵɢf;Ĳa;dee;Ĳf;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĳe;௭௼İb;఑,ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;İc;e1b;c11;௱௺௤ ıf; 3 ௸Ĳe;᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳf;d30;Pde;ᑁ௻Ĳe;b89;b9a;ឋİc;f4e;e0b;௱ ௺௤Ĵb;௼?a8;bdf;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;ĳe;ıf;‐ᕡdf1;௤௭௼Ĳb; S606P ௼ S606L Ĳf;Ȝc;௲Ze8;f4d;Ĳe;᜕ᶒĲb;ఊfc2;Ĵf;఑ıa;,f6e;?db;௱ ıf;a2;df;ce;⏚Ĳb;ఐ௷௺˿a;Ife;[cf;Ĳb;Ĳf;dee;İc;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e; ௸௤௻,᜕ᶒɂb; His-ALDP Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc40;ᙠఔVcd;ᐝ ᢙf53;cd5;௻Nba;a8d;௱ıf;&#ff0e;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L)௻Ĳf; ALDP İc;ab;bf; e9;fc;bc;Ĳe;c40;ᙠ௼e00;Qf4;௱ıf;௭௼İb;఑,b63;e38;Ĳb;da;eb;aa;ad; b7;bd;fc;e0;ఆc40;ᙠ௱௺௤Ĵb;௭௼İc;Nba;a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;, ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(Y174C, H667D)௻Ĳf;c40;ᙠİc;e00;Qf4;ıb; ıa;,ALDP İc;ed6;Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc0f;ᘤb98;ఆ╹⍟௷௺f38;〈௯ Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;௼ὃ௨఑Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R617H) ௻Ĳf; ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;İc;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P)௻ Ĳf;[ce;˯f;ɂb;௼ĳb;ĳc;Ȝc;a0b;ea6;Ĳe;bf;f3;d1;af;[cf;İc;˿a;Ife;௱,da;eb; aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;ఆĲe;c40;ᙠఊNba;a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;Ĳe;௻,௭Ĵc;఑Ĳe; ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳf;ᔠᡂ௯Ĵc;ıf;Ĳe;௵Ĳb;b63;e38;Ĳb;da;eb;aa;ad; b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳb;Έb;௾Ĵc;Ĵb;İc;,da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;̳c;Ĳb;İa;௤ ௺ıd;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;(ATP d50;ᔠfb;4a0;c34;ᑖYe3;Re5;௱İf;Ĳf;9fa;cea;f38; 〈)Ĳb;ᶒe38;ఔᢝ௸௭௼İc;?a8;bdf;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;ᱯĲb; R104C, G116R, S342P Ĳf; TMD Ĳb;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb;௭௼İb;఑ ALDP Ĳe;9fa;cea;f38;〈Pfd;İc;᜕ᓄ௱௺௤Ĵb;௼ὃ௨఑Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;, NBD Ĳb;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb; Q544R, S606P Ĳf; ATP d50;ᔠfb;4a0;c34; ᑖYe3;Ĳb;f71;aff;ఔe0e;௨௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd;ឋİc;ὃ௨఑Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;ĳe;ıf; S606P, S606L Ĳf;᜕ᶒİc;Ȝc;௲Ze8;f4d;௻ఊEcb;⌼ḄĲb;b89;b9a; ឋİc;ᶒĲa;௷௺௤ıf;&#ff0e;Roerig ఑Ĳf; S606L Ĳe;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳf;,ATP ௼Ĳe;Yaa;Ȥc;ឋİc;f4e;e0b;௱௺௤Ĵb;e00;Ab9;௻ ATP 4a0;c34;ᑖYe3;Ĳf;b63;e38;Ĳb;ʹc;Ĵf;Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;௼ᛇȠa;௱௺௤ Ĵb;&#ff0e; 29) ௭Ĳe;௭௼Ĳf; ALDP ௼ ATP Ĳe;Yaa;Ȥc;ឋİc; ALDP Ĳe;b89;b9a;ឋĲb;ఊf71;aff;ఔ5ca;ĳc;௱௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd;ឋఔ̙a;௱௺௤ Ĵb;&#ff0e;S606L ௼ S606P Ĳe;b89;b9a;ឋĲe;⍟௤௼a5f;Pfd;Ĳe;_a2;fc2; Ĳf; ALDP Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔMe5;Ĵb;e0a;௻ఊ‐ᕡdf1;௤Fb9;௻௢Ĵa;, eca;f8c;௯఑Ĳb;ʳc;a0e;ఔʹc;௦fc5;⌕İc;௢Ĵb;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,Y174C Ĳe;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳf;b63;e38;Ĳb;˿a;Ife;௳Ĵb;Ĳb;ఊfc2;Ĵf;఑ıa;, da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;ఆc40;ᙠıb;ıa;ed6;Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc0f;ᘤb98;ఆdf; b9;bf;fc;b2;c3;c6;a3;f3;b0;௱ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĵc;ĳe;௻Ĳb;da;eb;aa;ad;b7; bd;fc;e0;ఆĲe;c40;ᙠᓄb7;b0;ca;eb;ఔb20;İf;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0; ̳c;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;Ĳf;,Ϗe;ᱯᶒḄĲb;df;c8;b3;f3;c9;ea;a2;ఌc0f;Pde; f53;Ĳb;Ofb;ʹc;௳Ĵb;௭௼İc;Me5;఑Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e; 30,31) ఐ௷௺, ALDP Ĳe; TMD2ߟ3 Ĳe;╹Ĳe;eb;fc;d7;Ĳf;,da;eb;aa;ad;b7; bd;fc;e0;ఆĲe;c40;ᙠᓄĲb;[cd;⌕Ĳa;f79;ᒘఔʧc;ıf;௱௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd; ឋİc;?a8;bdf;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;Pex19p b58;ᙠᓄ௻Ĳe; in vitro bf;f3; d1;af;cea;ffb;a33;cfb;Ĳb;İa;௤௺,ALDP(Y174C)Ĳf; Pex19p Ĳb;d50;ᔠ௻İd;Ĵb;Ĳe;௻,ALDP Ĳe; N ʠb;aef; 67ߟ164 Ĳb;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;Ofb;ʹc;Ĳb;fc2;Ĵf;Ĵb;♚9df;İc; ALDP Ĳe;f55;఑İb;Ĳe;Ecb;⌼᜕ᓄĲb;ఐ௷௺de;b9;af;௯Ĵc;Ĵb; Ĳe;İb;ఊ௱Ĵc;Ĳa;௤&#ff0e; 5. Login to comment