ABCMdb

ABCD1 p.Arg554His

ClinVar:	c.1661G>A , p.Arg554His D , Pathogenic c.1660C>A , p.Arg554Ser D , Likely pathogenic
Predicted by SNAP2:	A: D (95%), C: D (95%), D: D (95%), E: D (95%), F: D (95%), G: D (95%), H: D (95%), I: D (95%), K: D (95%), L: D (95%), M: D (95%), N: D (95%), P: D (95%), Q: D (95%), S: D (95%), T: D (95%), V: D (95%), W: D (95%), Y: D (95%),
Predicted by PROVEAN:	A: D, C: D, D: D, E: D, F: D, G: D, H: D, I: D, K: N, L: D, M: D, N: D, P: D, Q: D, S: D, T: D, V: D, W: D, Y: D,

[switch to compact view]
Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Publications
[hide] ABCD1 mutations and the X-linked adrenoleukodystro... Hum Mutat. 2001 Dec;18(6):499-515. Kemp S, Pujol A, Waterham HR, van Geel BM, Boehm CD, Raymond GV, Cutting GR, Wanders RJ, Moser HW
ABCD1 mutations and the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mutation database: role in diagnosis and clinical correlations.
Hum Mutat. 2001 Dec;18(6):499-515., [PMID:11748843]

Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which encodes a peroxisomal ABC half-transporter (ALDP) involved in the import of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) into the peroxisome. The disease is characterized by a striking and unpredictable variation in phenotypic expression. Phenotypes include the rapidly progressive childhood cerebral form (CCALD), the milder adult form, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), and variants without neurologic involvement. There is no apparent correlation between genotype and phenotype. In males, unambiguous diagnosis can be achieved by demonstration of elevated levels of VLCFA in plasma. In 15 to 20% of obligate heterozygotes, however, test results are false-negative. Therefore, mutation analysis is the only reliable method for the identification of heterozygotes. Since most X-ALD kindreds have a unique mutation, a great number of mutations have been identified in the ABCD1 gene in the last seven years. In order to catalog and facilitate the analysis of these mutations, we have established a mutation database for X-ALD ( http://www.x-ald.nl). In this review we report a detailed analysis of all 406 X-ALD mutations currently included in the database. Also, we present 47 novel mutations. In addition, we review the various X-ALD phenotypes, the different diagnostic tools, and the need for extended family screening for the identification of new patients.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
164 X-ALD Mutations Identified in the ABCD1 Gene Allele Exon Mutation Protein Remark fs P42 1 125insC n.d. # fs P84 1 253insC n.d. # E90K 1 268G>A n.d. # S98L 1 293C>T Present S98L 1 293C>T Present R104H 1 311G>A n.d. fs A112 1 337delC Absent # R113C 1 337C>T Present # R113P 1 338G>C n.d. # Q133X 1 397C>T Absent W137X 1 411G>A Absent P143S 1 427C>T n.d. S149N 1 446G>A Present R152S 1 454C>A n.d. R152C 1 454C>T Present R152L 1 455G>T Reduced # S161P 1 481T>C n.d. # R163P 1 488G>C n.d. Y174C 1 521A>G Absent Y174C 1 521A>G n.d. Q177X 1 529C>T Absent Y181C 1 542A>G n.d. fs Y181 1 544ins8bp n.d. # Q195X 1 583C>T n.d. # T198K 1 593C>A n.d. # fs S207 1 621del664bp Absent # SV207-8insAAS 1 622-23ins9bp n.d. # K217E 1 649A>G Present # P218T 1 652C>A n.d. V224E 1 671T>G n.d. # L229P 1 686T>C n.d. L229P 1 686T>C n.d. fs S235 1 706delCGTG n.d. # W242X 1 726G>A Absent G266R 1 796G>A n.d. G266R 1 796G>A n.d. R274W, R280C 1 820C>T, 838C>T n.d. # R285P 1 854G>C n.d. S290X 1 869C>A Absent # E291del 1 871-73delGAG Absent Y296C 1 887A>G n.d. Y296C 1 887A>G n.d. fs E300 IVS1 IVS1+1g>t n.d. # fs E300 IVS1 IVS1-1g>a n.d. # S315X 2 944C>A n.d. # K336M 2 1007A>T n.d. # G343D 2 1028G>A n.d. # R401Q 3 1202G>A Present R401Q 3 1202G>A Present K407X 3 1219A>T n.d. # E427del 4 1279-81delGAA n.d. # Q430X 4 1288C>T n.d. # R464X 4 1390C>T n.d. fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent C511X 6 1533C>A n.d. # R518Q 6 1553G>A Absent fs G528 6 1586-90del Absent # fs Y532 6 1599delG Absent # P543L 6 1628C>T Absent P543L 6 1628C>T Absent fs Q544 6 1628-34duplicated n.d. # fs R545 IVS 6 IVS6+1g>c n.d. # R554H 7 1661G>A Absent fs Q556 7 1670delTG n.d. # (continued) replaced by a pyrimidine (C or T) or vice versa, and transitions, comprising the substitution of one purine by the other, or of one pyrimidine by the other. Login to comment

[hide] X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in Spain. Identifica... Clin Genet. 2005 May;67(5):418-24. Coll MJ, Palau N, Camps C, Ruiz M, Pampols T, Giros M
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in Spain. Identification of 26 novel mutations in the ABCD1 gene in 80 patients. Improvement of genetic counseling in 162 relative females.
Clin Genet. 2005 May;67(5):418-24., [PMID:15811009]

Abstract [show]
In this study, we analyzed the ABCD1 gene in 80 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) patients from 62 unrelated families. We identified 53 different mutations, of which 26 are novel and two are non-pathogenic sequence variants (L516L and 3'UTR, 2246C/G) that have been previously described. The Spanish population had significant allelic heterogeneity, in which most of the mutations were exclusive to a single family 47/53 (88.7%). Only six mutations (Y174S, G277R, FsE471, R518Q, P543L, and R554H) were found in more than one family. Mutations G277R, P543L, and R554H were the most frequent, each of them being found in three patients (5%). Intra-familiar phenotype variability was observed in most of the families, but in one, with the novel mutation R120P, only the adult mild phenotype was present (five hemizygous family members). We detected 80 heterozygous women by mutation analysis, but only 78 of them showed increased very-long-chain fatty acid levels. In conclusion, this study extends the spectrum of mutations in X-ALD and facilitates the identification of heterozygous females. Our results are also consistent with previous studies reporting the difficulty of predicting genotype-phenotype correlation.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
6 Only six mutations (Y174S, G277R, FsE471, R518Q, P543L, and R554H) were found in more than one family. Login to comment
7 Mutations G277R, P543L, and R554H were the most frequent, each of them being found in three patients (5%). Login to comment
67 With respect to the 12 missense mutations (R17H, V102E, R120P, N148Y, G277R, L279P, A396T, M501L, K533E, D561V, R617L, and S656F), only in four cases (L279P, K533E, R554H, and S656F mutations), three of which (K533E, R554H, and S656F) affect adenosine triphosphate-binding domain or boundaries, could negative ALDP protein expression be established. Login to comment
72 Only six mutations (Y174S, G277R, FsE471, R518Q, P543L, and R554H) have been found repeated in patients belonging to different families. Login to comment
74 In contrast, mutations G277R, P543L, and R554H are the most frequent in the Spanish population, each one accounting for three independent patients (5%) with different phenotypes, as occurs in other populations (for more information: http://www.x-ald.nl). Login to comment

[hide] Conservation of targeting but divergence in functi... Biochem J. 2011 Jun 15;436(3):547-57. Zhang X, De Marcos Lousa C, Schutte-Lensink N, Ofman R, Wanders RJ, Baldwin SA, Baker A, Kemp S, Theodoulou FL
Conservation of targeting but divergence in function and quality control of peroxisomal ABC transporters: an analysis using cross-kingdom expression.
Biochem J. 2011 Jun 15;436(3):547-57., [PMID:21476988]

Abstract [show]
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) subfamily D transporters are found in all eukaryotic kingdoms and are known to play essential roles in mammals and plants; however, their number, organization and physiological contexts differ. Via cross-kingdom expression experiments, we have explored the conservation of targeting, protein stability and function between mammalian and plant ABCD transporters. When expressed in tobacco epidermal cells, the mammalian ABCD proteins ALDP (adrenoleukodystrophy protein), ALDR (adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein) and PMP70 (70 kDa peroxisomal membrane protein) targeted faithfully to peroxisomes and P70R (PMP70-related protein) targeted to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), as in the native host. The Arabidopsis thaliana peroxin AtPex19_1 interacted with human peroxisomal ABC transporters both in vivo and in vitro, providing an explanation for the fidelity of targeting. The fate of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy disease-related mutants differed between fibroblasts and plant cells. In fibroblasts, levels of ALDP in some 'protein-absent' mutants were increased by low-temperature culture, in some cases restoring function. In contrast, all mutant ALDP proteins examined were stable and correctly targeted in plant cells, regardless of their fate in fibroblasts. ALDR complemented the seed germination defect of the Arabidopsis cts-1 mutant which lacks the peroxisomal ABCD transporter CTS (Comatose), but neither ALDR nor ALDP was able to rescue the defect in fatty acid beta-oxidation in establishing seedlings. Taken together, our results indicate that the mechanism for trafficking of peroxisomal membrane proteins is shared between plants and mammals, but suggest differences in the sensing and turnover of mutant ABC transporter proteins and differences in substrate specificity and/or function.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
153 Approximately 60% of X-ALD ABCD1 mutations are missense mutations, 65% of which result in no detectable ALDP, based on IF (immunofluorescence), indicating that they affect protein Table 1 Quantification of ALDP levels in X-ALD fibroblasts ALDP Mutation IF Immunoblot (% of control) p.Arg74Trp Absent 7.5 + - 0.6 p.Arg104Cys Reduced 35 + - 3.0 p.Ser149Asn Present 77 + - 3.0 p.Asp194His Present 60 + - 13.6 p.Leu220Pro Reduced 21.8 + - 5.4 p.Arg389His Present 40.6 + - 3.6 p.Arg554His Absent 1.0 + - 0.5 p.Ser606Leu Present 25 + - 1.5 p.Glu609Gly Absent 2.1 + - 1.3 p.Glu609Lys Absent 1.8 + - 0.9 p.Ala616Thr Absent 4.3 + - 1.7 p.Leu654Pro Absent 1.5 + - 1.3 p.Arg660Trp Absent 1.6 + - 0.8 p.His667Asp Absent 2.9 + - 1.0 p.Arg113fs Absent - Figure 3 Interaction of mammalian ABCD proteins with Arabidopsis Pex19 in vivo Tobacco plants stably expressing CFP-SKL were co-transfected with 35S::ABCD-YFP fusions andNLS-Pex19constructs.Leafepidermalcellswereimagedusingconfocalmicroscopy:(A-D) ALDP-YFP plus NLS-HsPex19; (E-H) ALDP-YFP plus NLS-AtPex19_1; (I-L) ALDR-YFP plus NLS-AtPex19_1. Login to comment
169 Results are means + - S.D.; n = 3. significantly in response to low temperature in ten wild-type control lines tested (see Supplementary Figure S3A at http://www.BiochemJ.org/bj/436/bj4360547add.htm); however, increased expression levels of ALDP were found in several of the X-ALD fibroblasts investigated: p.Arg74Cys, p.Arg104Cys, p.Arg554His, p.Glu609Gly, p.Ala616Thr, p.Leu654Pro and p.Arg660Trp (Figures 4A and 4B). Login to comment
172 ALDP was increased from 2-4% to ~20% of wild-type levels in cell lines bearing the mutations p.Glu609Gly, p.Ala616Thr and p.Arg660Trp, from 1 to 10% in p.Glu609Lys and p.Arg554His cells and from 45 to 75% in the p.Asp194His cell line (Figure 4A). Login to comment
173 VLCFA β-oxidation was measured in cells that were cultured at 30◦ C for 72 h, but in only one case (p.Ala616Thr) was the capacity to degrade VLCFA restored to near-control levels (Figure 4C). Login to comment
174 However, after 4 weeks of culture at 30◦ C, VLCFA levels were partially corrected in p.Arg660Trp, p.Arg554His and p.Ala616Thr fibroblasts. Login to comment
154 Approximately 60% of X-ALD ABCD1 mutations are missense mutations, 65% of which result in no detectable ALDP, based on IF (immunofluorescence), indicating that they affect protein Table 1 Quantification of ALDP levels in X-ALD fibroblasts ALDP Mutation IF Immunoblot (% of control) p.Arg74Trp Absent 7.5 + - 0.6 p.Arg104Cys Reduced 35 + - 3.0 p.Ser149Asn Present 77 + - 3.0 p.Asp194His Present 60 + - 13.6 p.Leu220Pro Reduced 21.8 + - 5.4 p.Arg389His Present 40.6 + - 3.6 p.Arg554His Absent 1.0 + - 0.5 p.Ser606Leu Present 25 + - 1.5 p.Glu609Gly Absent 2.1 + - 1.3 p.Glu609Lys Absent 1.8 + - 0.9 p.Ala616Thr Absent 4.3 + - 1.7 p.Leu654Pro Absent 1.5 + - 1.3 p.Arg660Trp Absent 1.6 + - 0.8 p.His667Asp Absent 2.9 + - 1.0 p.Arg113fs Absent - Figure 3 Interaction of mammalian ABCD proteins with Arabidopsis Pex19 in vivo Tobacco plants stably expressing CFP-SKL were co-transfected with 35S::ABCD-YFP fusions andNLS-Pex19constructs.Leafepidermalcellswereimagedusingconfocalmicroscopy:(A-D) ALDP-YFP plus NLS-HsPex19; (E-H) ALDP-YFP plus NLS-AtPex19_1; (I-L) ALDR-YFP plus NLS-AtPex19_1. Login to comment
170 Results are means + - S.D.; n = 3. significantly in response to low temperature in ten wild-type control lines tested (see Supplementary Figure S3A at http://www.BiochemJ.org/bj/436/bj4360547add.htm); however, increased expression levels of ALDP were found in several of the X-ALD fibroblasts investigated: p.Arg74Cys, p.Arg104Cys, p.Arg554His, p.Glu609Gly, p.Ala616Thr, p.Leu654Pro and p.Arg660Trp (Figures 4A and 4B). Login to comment
175 However, after 4 weeks of culture at 30e6; C, VLCFA levels were partially corrected in p.Arg660Trp, p.Arg554His and p.Ala616Thr fibroblasts. Login to comment

[hide] Variability of endocrinological dysfunction in 55 ... Eur J Endocrinol. 1997 Jul;137(1):40-7. Korenke GC, Roth C, Krasemann E, Hufner M, Hunneman DH, Hanefeld F
Variability of endocrinological dysfunction in 55 patients with X-linked adrenoleucodystrophy: clinical, laboratory and genetic findings.
Eur J Endocrinol. 1997 Jul;137(1):40-7., [PMID:9242200]

Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleucodystrophy (ALD) has been shown to be one of the most frequent causes of Addison's disease in men. It is characterized by an impaired peroxisomal beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids and is associated with mutations of the ALD gene resulting in a defective peroxisomal membrane transport protein. There is a striking variability of endocrinological and neurological symptoms in patients with ALD, with no clearly evident correlation between mutations of the ALD gene and the different neurological phenotypes. No data on endocrinological symptoms and the ALD genotype have been published so far. We report endocrinological, clinical, laboratory and molecular genetic data from 55 patients with ALD from 34 families. Endocrinological symptoms of adrenal insufficiency were observed in 33 patients, 20 of whom showed additional neurological symptoms of cerebral ALD or adrenomyeloneuropathy. Isolated neurological symptoms were seen in 12 patients; in nine patients there were neither endocrinological nor neurological symptoms. Mutations of the ALD gene (n = 28) were detected in 50 patients (including nine sets of brothers) from 32 families. No correlation was found between the ALD gene mutation and endocrinological dysfunction. However, we found that all sets of brothers were concordant for the endocrinological phenotype (cortisol synthesis was reduced in two sets and normal in seven sets), whereas four sets showed a discordant neurological phenotype. As yet unknown hereditary factors other than mutations within the ALD gene may interfere with the endocrinological phenotype more strongly than with the neurological phenotype of ALD.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
120 Sixteen of these mutations have been published before (11, 21); the remaining 12 mutations comprise nine missense mutations (A141T, Y281H, R389H, G512S, P543L, R554H, Y559H, R617H, R679R), two frame-shift mutations (del 740, del 2132) and one splice site mutation (ins 8 bp 2252). Login to comment

[hide] Identification of seven novel mutations in ABCD1 b... Hum Mutat. 2005 Feb;25(2):222. Montagna G, Di Biase A, Cappa M, Melone MA, Piantadosi C, Colabianchi D, Patrono C, Attori L, Cannelli N, Cotrufo R, Salvati S, Santorelli FM
Identification of seven novel mutations in ABCD1 by a DHPLC-based assay in Italian patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Hum Mutat. 2005 Feb;25(2):222., [PMID:15643618]

Abstract [show]
We report the molecular findings in 14 patients (12 families) with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD, MIM# 300100), a well-defined peroxisomal disorder attributed to mutations in the ABCD1 gene on chromosome Xq28. With the aims of determining the spectrum of mutations and developing an efficient molecular genetic test for analysis of at-risk women whose carrier status is unknown, and to offer molecular confirmation of their status to obligate heterozygotes, regardless of their clinical status, we carried out molecular screening by setting up a denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC)-based protocol. We identified eleven hemizygous base changes in ABCD1, including seven new mutations (c.145underscore;146ins4, c.264C>G, c.919C>T, c.994C>T, c.1027G>A, c.1508T>C, and c.1540A>C, resulting in the p.Pro193fs, p.Cys88Trp, p.Gln307X, p.Gln332X, p.Gly343Ser, p.Leu503Pro, and p.Ser514Arg changes, respectively). Adding new variants to the repertoire of ABCD1 mutations in X-ALD, our data provide an efficient, cost-effective, and reliable DHPLC detection protocol for mutation screening of X-ALD families.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
95 Summary of Mutations in ABCD1 (RefSeq: NM_000033.2) Identified in this Study ABCD1 gene cDNA level Protein level Exon 1 c.145_146ins4 p.Pro49fs Exon 1 c.264C>G p.Cys88Trp Exon 1 c. 454C>T p.Arg152Cys Exon 1 c.542A>G p.Tyr181Cys Exon 2 c.919C>T p.Gln307X Exon 2 c.994C>T p.Gln332X Exon 2 c.1027G>A p.Gly343Ser Exon 5 c.1415_1416del2 p.Glu471fs Exon 6 c.1508T>C p.Leu503Pro Exon 6 c.1540A>C p.Ser514Arg Exon 7 c.1661G>A p.Arg554His Novel variants are in bold. Login to comment

[hide] Decreased expression of ABCD4 and BG1 genes early ... Hum Mol Genet. 2005 May 15;14(10):1293-303. Epub 2005 Mar 30. Asheuer M, Bieche I, Laurendeau I, Moser A, Hainque B, Vidaud M, Aubourg P
Decreased expression of ABCD4 and BG1 genes early in the pathogenesis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Hum Mol Genet. 2005 May 15;14(10):1293-303. Epub 2005 Mar 30., [PMID:15800013]

Abstract [show]
Childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCER), adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and AMN with cerebral demyelination (AMN-C) are the main phenotypic variants of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). It is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding a half-size peroxisomal transporter that has to dimerize to become functional. The biochemical hallmark of ALD is the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in plasma and tissues. However, there is no correlation between the ALD phenotype and the ABCD1 gene mutations or the accumulation of VLCFA in plasma and fibroblast from ALD patients. The absence of genotype-phenotype correlation suggests the existence of modifier genes. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic variability of ALD, we studied the expression of ABCD1, three other peroxisomal transporter genes of the same family (ABCD2, ABCD3 and ABCD4) and two VLCFA synthetase genes (VLCS and BG1) involved in VLCFA metabolism, as well as the VLCFA concentrations in the normal white matter (WM) from ALD patients with CCER, AMN-C and AMN phenotypes. This study shows that: (1) ABCD1 gene mutations leading to truncated ALD protein are unlikely to cause variation in the ALD phenotype; (2) accumulation of saturated VLCFA in normal-appearing WM correlates with ALD phenotype and (3) expression of the ABCD4 and BG1, but not of the ABCD2, ABCD3 and VLCS genes, tends to be correlated with the severity of the disease, acting early in the pathogenesis of ALD.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
76 Mutation Amino acid alteration Type of mutation at the protein level Tissue sample CCER1 521A.G Y174C Missense CCER2 1414insC fsE471 Frame shift CCER3 Unknown Unknown Unknown Fibroblast CCER4 411G.A W137X Nonsense CCER5 1961T.C L654P Missense CCER6 529C.T Q177X Nonsense CCER7 901-1G.A fsE300 Frame shift CCER8 796G.A G266R Missense CCER9 1822G.A G608S Missense Brain CCER10 1390C.A R464X Nonsense CCER11 253-254insC fsP84 Frame shift CCER12 619_627del S207_A209del Deletion AMN-C1 1414-1415insC fsE471 Frame shift AMN-C2 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C3 1585delG fsG528 Frame shift Fibroblast AMN-C4 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C5 1825G.A E609K Missense AMN-C6 919C.T Q307X Nonsense AMN-C7 1850G.A R617H Missense AMN-C8 887A.G Y296C Missense AMN-C9 965T.C L322P Missense Brain AMN-C10 1390C.T R464X Nonsense AMN-C11 [1165C.T;1224 þ 1GT.TG] [R389C;fSE408] Missense; frame shift AMN-C12 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C13 [1997A.C;2007C.G] [Y666S;H669Q] Missense AMN-C14 1755delG fsH586 Frame shift AMN1 529C.T Q177X Nonsense AMN2 1999C.G H667D Missense AMN3 1415delAG fsE471 Frame shift Fibroblast AMN4 337delC fsA112 Frame shift AMN5 310C.T R104C Missense AMN6 919C.T Q307X Nonsense AMN7 323C.T S108L Missense Brain All mutation designations conform to the nomenclature described by Antonarakis and den Dunnen (30,31). Login to comment

[hide] X-linked adrenomyeloneuropathy due to a novel miss... J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2011 Dec;16(4):353-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011.00367.x. Engelen M, van der Kooi AJ, Kemp S, Wanders RJ, Sistermans EA, Waterham HR, Koelman JT, van Geel BM, de Visser M
X-linked adrenomyeloneuropathy due to a novel missense mutation in the ABCD1 start codon presenting as demyelinating neuropathy.
J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2011 Dec;16(4):353-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011.00367.x., [PMID:22176151]

Abstract [show]

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
29 Lanes 1 and 4, protein extracts from two different control subjects; lane 2, the index patient; lane 3, protein extract from an X-ALD patient with a p.Arg554His mutation that results in no detectable ALDP (www.x-ald.nl). Login to comment

[hide] Mutations, clinical findings and survival estimate... PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e34195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034195. Epub 2012 Mar 29. Pereira Fdos S, Matte U, Habekost CT, de Castilhos RM, El Husny AS, Lourenco CM, Vianna-Morgante AM, Giuliani L, Galera MF, Honjo R, Kim CA, Politei J, Vargas CR, Jardim LB
Mutations, clinical findings and survival estimates in South American patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e34195. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034195. Epub 2012 Mar 29., [PMID:22479560]

Abstract [show]
In this study, we analyzed the ABCD1 gene in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) patients and relatives from 38 unrelated families from South America, as well as phenotypic proportions, survival estimates, and the potential effect of geographical origin in clinical characteristics. METHODS: X- ALD patients from Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay were invited to participate in molecular studies to determine their genetic status, characterize the mutations and improve the genetic counseling of their families. All samples were screened by SSCP analysis of PCR fragments, followed by automated DNA sequencing to establish the specific mutation in each family. Age at onset and at death, male phenotypes, genetic status of women, and the effect of family and of latitude of origin were also studied. RESULTS: We identified thirty-six different mutations (twelve novel). This population had an important allelic heterogeneity, as only p.Arg518Gln was repeatedly found (three families). Four cases carried de novo mutations. Intra-familiar phenotype variability was observed in all families. Out of 87 affected males identified, 65% had the cerebral phenotype (CALD). The mean (95% CI) ages at onset and at death of the CALD were 10.9 (9.1-12.7) and 24.7 (19.8-29.6) years. No association was found between phenotypic manifestations and latitude of origin. One index-case was a girl with CALD who carried an ABCD1 mutation, and had completely skewed X inactivation. CONCLUSIONS: This study extends the spectrum of mutations in X-ALD, confirms the high rates of de novo mutations and the absence of common mutations, and suggests a possible high frequency of cerebral forms in our population.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
24 Family/Index case Phenotype at diagnosis Mutation Exon/IVS Mutation type Effect on protein (cDNA) Effect on protein (mRNA) Protein localization Origin of mutations Origin of family 1/Female asymptomatic p.Gly512Ser (Feigenbaum V et al. 1996) E6 Missense c.1534G.A GGC.AGC NBF de novo Southern Brazil 2/Female asymptomatic p.Ser606Leu (Fanen P et al., 1994) E8 Missense c.1817C.T UCG.UUG NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 3/Male AMN p.Trp601X (Gartner J et al.,1998) E8 Stop codon c.1802C.A Truncated NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 4/Female asymptomatic p.Arg617His (Fanen P et al., 1994) E8 Missense c.1850G.A CGC.CAC NBF ND Southern Brazil 5/Male AMN p.Pro623Leu # E9 Missense c.1868C.T CCC.CUC NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 6/Male AO p.Trp326X (Barcelo A et al, 1996) E2 Stop codon c.978G.A Truncated TMD Inherited Southern Brazil 8/Female asymptomatic p.Glu577X # E7 Stop codon c.1729G.T Truncated NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 9/Male asymptomatic p.Arg554His (Smith KD et al., 1999) E7 Missense c.1661G.A CGU.CAU NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 10/Male CALD p.Arg518Gln (Imamura A et al., 1997) E6 Missense c.1553G.A CGG.CAG NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 11/Male AO p.Tyr33_Pro34fsX34 # E1A Frameshift+stop codon c.99_102delC Truncated - Inherited Southern Brazil 12/Female asymptomatic p.Gly266Arg (Fuchs S et al., 1994) E7 Missense c.1653insG Truncated TMD ND Southern Brazil 20/Male CALD p.Arg538fs # E6 Frameshift c.1614_1615dup27 Elonged NBF de novo Southern Brazil 21/Male CALD p.Ala232fsX64 # E2 Frameshift+stop codon c.696_697del11 Truncated TMD Inherited Southern Brazil 22/Male CALD p.Trp137fsX57 # E1B Frameshift+stop codon c.411_412insC Truncated TMD Inherited Northern Brazil 23/Male asymptomatic p.Trp679X (Waterham HR et al, 1998) E10 Stop codon c.2037G.A Truncated NBF ND Southern Brazil 24/Male AO p.Tyr296Cys (Takano H et al., 1999) E2 Missense c.887A.G UAU.UGU TMD Inherited Southern Brazil 27/Male CALD p.Leu628Glu # E9 Missense c.1883T.A CUG.GAG NBF Inherited Southern Brazil 29/Male CALD p.Pro546fsX? Login to comment

[hide] ABCD1 mutations and phenotype distribution in Chin... Gene. 2013 Jun 10;522(1):117-20. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.067. Epub 2013 Apr 5. Niu YF, Ni W, Wu ZY
ABCD1 mutations and phenotype distribution in Chinese patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Gene. 2013 Jun 10;522(1):117-20. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.067. Epub 2013 Apr 5., [PMID:23566833]

Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from mutations within the ABCD1 gene. Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and childhood cerebral ALD (CCALD) are most common phenotypes in the Western ALD patients. Here we performed mutation analysis of ABCD1 in 10 Chinese ALD families and identified 8 mutations, including one novel deletion (c.1477_1488+11del23) and 7 known mutations. Mutations c.1772G>A and c.1816T>C were first reported in the Chinese patients. Mutations c.1661G>A and c.1679C>T were demonstrated to be de novo mutations. The dinucleotide deletion 1415_16delAG, described as a mutational hotspot in different ethnic groups, was identified in two families. In addition, we performed a retrospective nation-wide mutation study of X-linked ALD in China based on a literature review. The retrospective study further confirmed the hypothesis that exon 6 is a potential mutation cluster region in the Asian populations. Furthermore, it suggested that CCALD is the most common phenotype in China.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
74 Exon Nucleotide change Amino acid change Phenotype P1 None None None CCALD P2 7 c.1661G>A p.Arg554His CCALD P3 5 c.1477_1488 + 11del 23 p.Leu493_Arg496del Adolescent ALD P4 2 c.1028G>T p.Gly343Val CCALD P5 6 c.1553G>A p.Arg518Gln CCALD P6 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472fsX83 CCALD P7 6 c.1534G>A p.Gly512Ser Adolescent ALD P8 7 c.1679C>T p.Pro560Leu CCALD P9 7 c.1772G>A p.Arg591Gln ACALD P10 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472fsX83 ACALD Fig. 1. Login to comment

[hide] Exome sequencing released a case of X-linked adren... Eur J Med Genet. 2013 Jul;56(7):375-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.04.008. Epub 2013 May 9. Zhan ZX, Liao XX, Du J, Luo YY, Hu ZT, Wang JL, Yan XX, Zhang JG, Dai MZ, Zhang P, Xia K, Tang BS, Shen L
Exome sequencing released a case of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mimicking recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia.
Eur J Med Genet. 2013 Jul;56(7):375-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.04.008. Epub 2013 May 9., [PMID:23664929]

Abstract [show]
Genetic heterogeneity is common in many Mendelian disorders such as hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), which makes the genetic diagnosis more complicated. The goal of this study was to investigate a Chinese family with recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia, of which causative mutations could not be identified using the conventional PCR-based direct sequencing. Next-generation sequencing of all the transcripts of whole genome exome, after on-array hybrid capture, was performed on two affected male subjects (the proband and his brother). A missense mutation (c.1661G>A, p.R554H) was identified in ABCD1. Subsequently, PCR-based direct sequencing of other family members revealed that the mutation was co-segregating with the disease, indicating that ABCD1 mutation was the pathogenic event for this family. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) assay in the two affected cases confirmed X-ALD. Our study suggests exome sequencing can be used not only to find a novel causative gene, but also to quickly identify mutations of known genes when the clinical elements are etiologically misleading.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
3 A missense mutation (c.1661G>A, p.R554H) was identified in ABCD1. Login to comment
77 Open symbols &#bc; unaffected; filled symbols &#bc; affected; symbols with a diagonal line &#bc; deceased subjects; symbols with a point &#bc; carrier; squares &#bc; male; circles &#bc; female; arrow &#bc; the proband; minus &#bc; the wild-type allele; plus &#bc; the mutation allele, c.1661G>A, p.R554H in exon 7 of ABCD1. Login to comment
100 Finally, ABCD1, the causative gene for X-ALD, which contained a mutation of c.1661G>A, p.R554H in exon 7, was suggested to be the causative gene of the family. Login to comment
115 Subsequently, WES uncovered the mutation c.1661G>A, p.R554H in ABCD1 in both sibs. Login to comment

[hide] Clinical and genetic aspects in twelve Korean pati... Yonsei Med J. 2014 May;55(3):676-82. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.3.676. Epub 2014 Apr 1. Park HJ, Shin HY, Kang HC, Choi BO, Suh BC, Kim HJ, Choi YC, Lee PH, Kim SM
Clinical and genetic aspects in twelve Korean patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy.
Yonsei Med J. 2014 May;55(3):676-82. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.3.676. Epub 2014 Apr 1., [PMID:24719134]

Abstract [show]
PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the characteristics of Korean adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively selected 12 Korean AMN patients diagnosed by clinical analysis and increased plasma content of very long chain fatty acids. RESULTS: All 12 patients were men. Patient ages at symptom onset ranged from 18 to 55 years. Family history was positive in two patients. The phenotype distributions consisted of AMN without cerebral involvement in seven patients, AMN with cerebral involvement in two patients, and the spinocerebellar phenotype in three patients. Nerve conduction studies revealed abnormalities in four patients and visual evoked tests revealed abnormalities in three patients. Somatosensory evoked potential tests revealed central conduction defects in all of the tested patients. Spinal MRI showed diffuse cord atrophy or subtle signal changes in all 12 patients. Brain MRI findings were abnormal in six of the nine tested patients. These brain abnormalities reflected the clinical phenotypes. Mutational analysis identified nine different ABCD1 mutations in 10 of 11 tested patients. Among them, nine have been previously reported and shown to be associated with various phenotypes; one was a novel mutation. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the present study is the first to report on the clinical and mutational spectrum of Korean AMN patients, and confirms various clinical presentations and the usefulness of brain MRI scan.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
89 The Mutational Analysis of Korean Patients with Adrenomyeloneuropathy Exon Mutation Allele Type Reference Adrenomyeloneuropathy without cerebral involvement 1 1 c.479T>C p.Leu160Pro Missense Sutovsk&#fd;, et al.13 2 3 c.1166G>A p.Arg389His Missense Kok, et al.14 3 9 c.1970_72del p.Ile657del In-frame deletion Ligtenberg, et al.15 4 1 c.421G>A p.Ala141Thr Missense Kok, et al.14 5 Not found 6 7 c.1679C>T p.Pro560Leu Missense Kemp, et al.6 7 Not available Adrenomyeloneuropathy with cerebral involvement 8 7 c.1679C>T p.Pro560Leu Missense Kemp, et al.6 9 1 c.225_242del p.Trp77_Leu82del Deletion Lee, et al.9 Spinocerebellar phenotype 10 1 c.277_296dup20 p.Leu93fs Frameshift Novel 11 7 c.1661G>A p.Arg554His Missense Kemp, et al.6 12 IVS1 c.901-1G>A p.Val301fs Frameshift Kemp, et al.6 IVS, intervening sequence. Login to comment

[hide] Clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging and molecular ... Metab Brain Dis. 2015 Dec;30(6):1439-44. doi: 10.1007/s11011-015-9717-6. Epub 2015 Aug 12. Jiang MY, Cai YN, Liang CL, Peng MZ, Sheng HY, Fan LP, Lin RZ, Jiang H, Huang Y, Liu L
Clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging and molecular findings of X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy patients in South China.
Metab Brain Dis. 2015 Dec;30(6):1439-44. doi: 10.1007/s11011-015-9717-6. Epub 2015 Aug 12., [PMID:26260157]

Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a common X-linked recessive peroxisomal disorder caused by the mutations in the ABCD1 gene. In this study, we analyzed 19 male patients and 9 female carriers with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in South China. By sequencing the ABCD1 gene, 13 different mutations were identified, including 7 novel mutations, and 6 known mutations, and 1 reported polymorphism. Mutation c.1180delG was demonstrated to be de novo mutation. 26.3 % (5/19) patients carried the deletion c.1415_16delAG, which may be the mutational hot spot in South China population. In addition, 73.7 % (14/19) patients were type of childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy, 26.3 %(5/19) were in Addison only. Half of the childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy patients had the adrenocortical insufficiency preceded the onset of neurological symptoms. Furthermore, 5 of 19 cases underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Our data showed that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation performed at an advanced stage of the cerebral X- linked adrenoleukodystrophy would accelerate the progression of the disease. Good clinical outcome achieved when hematopoietic stem cell transplantation performed at the very early stage of the disease.

Comments [show]

None has been submitted yet.

Sentences [show]
No. Sentence Comment
74 Reference range Table 1 ABCD1 mutations and phenotypes of 19 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy male patients Patient Exon Nucleotide change Amino acid change Phenotype 1 1 c.102_103insCa p.Leu35LeufsX159a AO 2 1 c.347_348delGAinsATa p.Gly116Aspa CCALD 3 1 c.521A>G p.Tyr174Cys CCALD 4 1 c.785C>Aa p.Ser262Xa CCALD 5 2 c.982G>Ta p.Val328Phea AO 6 3 c.1109 T>Aa p.Leu370xa CCALD 7 3 c.1180delGab p.Ala394ArgfsX15a CCALD 8 3 c.1180delGab p.Ala394ArgfsX15a CCALD 9 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 CCALD 10 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 CCALD 11 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 CCALD 12 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 AO 13 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 CCALD 14 6 c.1553G>A; c.1548G>A p.Arg518Gln; p.Leu516Leu CCALD 15 7 c.1661G>A p.Arg554His CCALD 16 7 c.1724_1725insCa p.Leu576ProfsX24a AO 17 9 c.1894A>C p.Thr632Pro CCALD 18 - IVS2_IVS5del - CCALD 19 - IVS2_IVS5del - AO a Novel mutation b De novo mutation have been identified in the ABCD1 gene, in which 695 (44 %) mutations appear to be non-recurrent. Login to comment