ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp
| Predicted by SNAP2: | A: D (95%), C: D (95%), D: D (95%), E: D (95%), F: D (95%), G: D (95%), H: D (95%), I: D (95%), K: D (95%), L: D (95%), M: D (95%), N: D (95%), P: D (95%), Q: D (95%), S: D (95%), T: D (95%), V: D (95%), W: D (95%), Y: D (95%), |
| Predicted by PROVEAN: | A: D, C: D, D: D, E: D, F: D, G: D, H: D, I: D, K: D, L: D, M: D, N: D, P: D, Q: D, S: D, T: D, V: D, W: D, Y: D, |
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[hide] Mutational and protein analysis of patients and he... Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Jun;58(6):1135-44. Feigenbaum V, Lombard-Platet G, Guidoux S, Sarde CO, Mandel JL, Aubourg P
Mutational and protein analysis of patients and heterozygous women with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Jun;58(6):1135-44., [PMID:8651290]
Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a neurodegenerative disorder associated with impaired beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA), is due to mutations in a gene encoding a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter (ALD protein [ALDP]). We analyzed the open reading frame of the ALD gene in 44 French ALD kindred by using SSCP or denaturing gradient-gel electrophoresis and studied the effect of mutations on ALDP by immunocytofluorescence and western blotting of fibroblasts and/or white blood cells. Mutations were detected in 37 of 44 kindreds and were distributed over the whole protein-coding region, with the exception of the C terminus encoded in exon 10. Except for two mutations (delAG1801 and P560L) observed four times each, nearly every ALD family has a different mutation. Twenty-four of 37 mutations were missense mutations leading to amino acid changes located in or close to putative transmembrane segments (TMS 2, 3, 4, and 5), in the EAA-like motif and in the nucleotide fold of the ATP-binding domain of ALDP. Of 38 ALD patients tested, 27 (71%) lacked ALDP immunoreactivity in their fibroblasts and/or white blood cells. More than half of missense mutations studied (11 of 21) resulted in a complete lack of ALDP immunoreactivity, and six missense mutations resulted in decreased ALDP expression. The fibroblasts and/or white blood cells of 15 of 15 heterozygous carrier from ALD kindred with no ALDP showed a mixture of positive- and negative-ALDP immunoreactivity due to X-inactivation. Since 5%-15% of heterozygous women have normal VLCFA levels, the immunodetection of ALDP in white blood cells can be applicable in a majority of ALD kindred, to identify heterozygous women, particularly when the ALD gene mutation has not yet been identified.
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59 Twenty-nine different mutations were found, and five of them were present in more than one family (S98L, R518W, and R660W in two families, and 1801 delAG and P560L in four families each).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:59:116
status: NEW76 58:1135-1144, 1996 Table 2 Mutations in the ALD Gene in Studied Patients AMINO ACID MUTATIONSb HOMOLOGUE INd KINDRED CLINICAL LOCALIZATION AMINO ACID ALDP BY NUMBER PHENOTYPEa DNA CpG Exon IN PROTEINC ALTERATION h/m ALDRP hPMP70 IF/WB' CALD, AMN CALD CALD CALD, AS AD CALD, AMN CALC AD AD AD ALMD CALD CALD, AMN CALD CALD, AMN, AD AMN ALMD CALD ALMD CALD AMN ALD AD, AMN, AS CALD, AS CALD CALD AD CALD AMN, ALMD CALD CALD AMN, ALMD CALD CALD, AMN, ALMD CALD CALD, ALMD, AS ALMD CALD AMN CALD, AMN AD AD AMN CALD G416A Ins T524 C679T C679T C700T C709G G732A A829G C840T Del TA927-28 A928G A985T A1048G DeIGC1080-81 C1174T G1266A ins C1521 1636delC DelAG 1801-02 DelAG 1801-02 DelAG 1801-02 DelAG 1801-02 ins TGG 1848 G 1920 A C1938T C1938T G1950A C2065T C2065T C2065T C2065T C2065G G 2166+1 A T2202C DelGC 2335 C2364T C2364T No mutation found No mutation found No mutation found No mutation found No mutation found No mutation found No mutation found 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 3 4 S 5 S S S 6 + 6 + 6 6 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 8 9 9 9 W10 X Frameshift at L46 TMS2 S98L TMS2 S98L T1OSI S108W G116R TMS3 N148S TMS3 R152C Frameshift at Y180 Y181C TMS4 D200V TMS4 D221G Frameshift at R231 P263L EAA-like A294T Frameshift at V378 Frameshift at T416 Frameshift at E471 Frameshift at E471 Frameshift at E471 Frameshift at E471 ins val 491 Walker A G512S Walker A R518W Walker A R518W G 522 W P560L P560L P560L P560L P56OR Splice at G593 Walker B S606P Frameshift at D649 R660W R660W Absent Not done S A Present S A Present T T Absent S D Decreased G T Absent N N Present R K Present Absent Y Y Not done D D Not done D D Absent Absent P R Decreased A A Not done Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent G G Absent R R Absent R R Decreased G E Absent P P Decreased P P Decreased P P Decreased P P Absent P P Absent Not done S S Absent Absent R R Absent R R Absent Not done Absent Absent Absent Present Absent Absent a CALD = cerebral ALD (5-15 years); AMN = adrenomyeloneuropathy; ALMD = adrenomyeloneuropathy with cerebral involvement; AD = Addison disease; AS = Asymptomatic.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:76:1479
status: NEWX
ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:76:1485
status: NEW92 F, ALD white blood cells (R660W mutation) immunostained with mAb 2B4, showing the absence of ALDP immunoreactivity.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:92:26
status: NEW131 Lane 1, protein markers; lane 2, control; lane 3, patient 18 (S108W); lane 4, patient 32 (P263L); lane 5, patient 5 (P560L); lane 6, patient 4 (G116R); lane 7, patient 19 (D221G); lane 8, patient 33 (S98L); lane 9, patient 78 (S606P); lane 10, patient 3 (no mutation found); lane 11, patient 37 (P560L); lane 12, patient 22 (R660W); lane 13, control; lane 14, patient 39 (T1051); lane 15, patient 4 (G116R); lane 16, patient 43 (frameshift at Y180); lane 17, patient 5 (P560L); lane 18, patient 59 (G512S); lane 19, patient 29 (frameshift at D649); lane 20, patient 69 (P560L); lane 21, patient 19 (D221G); lane 22, patient 64 (W1OX); lane 23, patient 63 (frameshift at R231); lane 24, patient 52 (no mutation found); lane 25, patient 61 (frameshift at E471); and lane 26, patient 83 (G522W).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:131:325
status: NEW134 Exceptions are a dinucleotide deletion (del 1801-1802) and P560L missense mutation, which were both observed in four kindreds, and S98L, R518W, and R660W missense mutations, which were each observed in two kindreds.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:134:148
status: NEW140 In all cases, only one alteration was found, and except for the S98L, R518W, P560L, and R660W mutations, these alterations differed from each other.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:140:88
status: NEW58 Twenty-nine different mutations were found, and five of them were present in more than one family (S98L, R518W, and R660W in two families, and 1801 delAG and P560L in four families each).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:58:116
status: NEW75 58:1135-1144, 1996 Table 2 Mutations in the ALD Gene in Studied Patients AMINO ACID MUTATIONSb HOMOLOGUE INd KINDRED CLINICAL LOCALIZATION AMINO ACID ALDP BY NUMBER PHENOTYPEa DNA CpG Exon IN PROTEINC ALTERATION h/m ALDRP hPMP70 IF/WB' CALD, AMN CALD CALD CALD, AS AD CALD, AMN CALC AD AD AD ALMD CALD CALD, AMN CALD CALD, AMN, AD AMN ALMD CALD ALMD CALD AMN ALD AD, AMN, AS CALD, AS CALD CALD AD CALD AMN, ALMD CALD CALD AMN, ALMD CALD CALD, AMN, ALMD CALD CALD, ALMD, AS ALMD CALD AMN CALD, AMN AD AD AMN CALD G416A Ins T524 C679T C679T C700T C709G G732A A829G C840T Del TA927-28 A928G A985T A1048G DeIGC1080-81 C1174T G1266A ins C1521 1636delC DelAG 1801-02 DelAG 1801-02 DelAG 1801-02 DelAG 1801-02 ins TGG 1848 G 1920 A C1938T C1938T G1950A C2065T C2065T C2065T C2065T C2065G G 2166+1 A T2202C DelGC 2335 C2364T C2364T No mutation found No mutation found No mutation found No mutation found No mutation found No mutation found No mutation found 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 3 4 S 5 S S S 6 + 6 + 6 6 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 7 8 9 9 9 W10 X Frameshift at L46 TMS2 S98L TMS2 S98L T1OSI S108W G116R TMS3 N148S TMS3 R152C Frameshift at Y180 Y181C TMS4 D200V TMS4 D221G Frameshift at R231 P263L EAA-like A294T Frameshift at V378 Frameshift at T416 Frameshift at E471 Frameshift at E471 Frameshift at E471 Frameshift at E471 ins val 491 Walker A G512S Walker A R518W Walker A R518W G 522 W P560L P560L P560L P560L P56OR Splice at G593 Walker B S606P Frameshift at D649 R660W R660W Absent Not done S A Present S A Present T T Absent S D Decreased G T Absent N N Present R K Present Absent Y Y Not done D D Not done D D Absent Absent P R Decreased A A Not done Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent G G Absent R R Absent R R Decreased G E Absent P P Decreased P P Decreased P P Decreased P P Absent P P Absent Not done S S Absent Absent R R Absent R R Absent Not done Absent Absent Absent Present Absent Absent a CALD = cerebral ALD (5-15 years); AMN = adrenomyeloneuropathy; ALMD = adrenomyeloneuropathy with cerebral involvement; AD = Addison disease; AS = Asymptomatic.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:75:1479
status: NEWX
ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:75:1485
status: NEW91 F, ALD white blood cells (R660W mutation) immunostained with mAb 2B4, showing the absence of ALDP immunoreactivity.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 8651290:91:26
status: NEW[hide] ABCD1 mutations and the X-linked adrenoleukodystro... Hum Mutat. 2001 Dec;18(6):499-515. Kemp S, Pujol A, Waterham HR, van Geel BM, Boehm CD, Raymond GV, Cutting GR, Wanders RJ, Moser HW
ABCD1 mutations and the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mutation database: role in diagnosis and clinical correlations.
Hum Mutat. 2001 Dec;18(6):499-515., [PMID:11748843]
Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which encodes a peroxisomal ABC half-transporter (ALDP) involved in the import of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) into the peroxisome. The disease is characterized by a striking and unpredictable variation in phenotypic expression. Phenotypes include the rapidly progressive childhood cerebral form (CCALD), the milder adult form, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), and variants without neurologic involvement. There is no apparent correlation between genotype and phenotype. In males, unambiguous diagnosis can be achieved by demonstration of elevated levels of VLCFA in plasma. In 15 to 20% of obligate heterozygotes, however, test results are false-negative. Therefore, mutation analysis is the only reliable method for the identification of heterozygotes. Since most X-ALD kindreds have a unique mutation, a great number of mutations have been identified in the ABCD1 gene in the last seven years. In order to catalog and facilitate the analysis of these mutations, we have established a mutation database for X-ALD ( http://www.x-ald.nl). In this review we report a detailed analysis of all 406 X-ALD mutations currently included in the database. Also, we present 47 novel mutations. In addition, we review the various X-ALD phenotypes, the different diagnostic tools, and the need for extended family screening for the identification of new patients.
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174 P560S 7 1678C>T n.d. # P560L 7 1679C>T Reduced P560L 7 1679C>T Reduced fs I588 7 1765delC n.d. # R591P 7 1772G>C Absent S606L 8 1817C>T Present E609K 8 1825G>A Absent E609K 8 1825G>A Absent R617C 8 1849C>T Absent R617H 8 1850G>A Absent R617H 8 1850G>A Absent A626T 9 1876G>A Absent A626T 9 1876G>A Absent A626D 9 1877C>A n.d. # E630G 9 1889A>G n.d. # C631Y 9 1892G>A n.d. # T632I 9 1895C>T n.d. # V635M 9 1903G>A n.d. # L654P 9 1961T>C Absent # R660W 9 1978C>T Absent fs L663 9 1988insT n.d. # fs L663 IVS 9 IVS9+1g>a n.d. # fs L663 IVS 9 IVS9-1g>a n.d. # H667D 10 1999C>G Absent # T668I 10 2003C>T Absent # T693M 10 2078C>T Present # exon1-5del 1-5 n.d. # The 47 mutations marked with a # are novel unique mutations reported for the first time in this paper.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 11748843:174:445
status: NEW[hide] Identification of novel SNPs of ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD... Neurogenetics. 2011 Feb;12(1):41-50. Epub 2010 Jul 27. Matsukawa T, Asheuer M, Takahashi Y, Goto J, Suzuki Y, Shimozawa N, Takano H, Onodera O, Nishizawa M, Aubourg P, Tsuji S
Identification of novel SNPs of ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 genes in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) based on comprehensive resequencing and association studies with ALD phenotypes.
Neurogenetics. 2011 Feb;12(1):41-50. Epub 2010 Jul 27., [PMID:20661612]
Abstract [show]
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an X-linked disorder affecting primarily the white matter of the central nervous system occasionally accompanied by adrenal insufficiency. Despite the discovery of the causative gene, ABCD1, no clear genotype-phenotype correlations have been established. Association studies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified by comprehensive resequencing of genes related to ABCD1 may reveal genes modifying ALD phenotypes. We analyzed 40 Japanese patients with ALD. ABCD1 and ABCD2 were analyzed using a newly developed microarray-based resequencing system. ABCD3 and ABCD4 were analyzed by direct nucleotide sequence analysis. Replication studies were conducted on an independent French ALD cohort with extreme phenotypes. All the mutations of ABCD1 were identified, and there was no correlation between the genotypes and phenotypes of ALD. SNPs identified by the comprehensive resequencing of ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 were used for association studies. There were no significant associations between these SNPs and ALD phenotypes, except for the five SNPs of ABCD4, which are in complete disequilibrium in the Japanese population. These five SNPs were significantly less frequently represented in patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) than in controls in the Japanese population (p=0.0468), whereas there were no significant differences in patients with childhood cerebral ALD (CCALD). The replication study employing these five SNPs on an independent French ALD cohort, however, showed no significant associations with CCALD or pure AMN. This study showed that ABCD2, ABCD3, and ABCD4 are less likely the disease-modifying genes, necessitating further studies to identify genes modifying ALD phenotypes.
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84 Interestingly, the five previously described SNPs (rs17782508, rs2301345, rs4148077, rs4148078, and rs3742801) that are in complete linkage disequilibrium were significantly less frequently represented in the patients with Japanese AMN than in the controls in the Japanese population (p=0.0468), whereas Table 2 Identified ABCD1 mutations: mutations of ABCD1 that result in amino acid substitutions or in-frame deletions Patient number Phenotype Mutation of ABCD1 Effect of mutation of ABCD1 Position of mutation 13 CCALD 709C>T S108L Loop1 14 CCALD 709C>T S108L Loop1 15 CCALD 829A>G N148S TM2 16 CCALD 1026A>G N214D TM3 17 CCALD 1182G>A G266R Between TM4 and EAA-like 18 CCALD 1324T>Ca L313P Between EAA-like and TM5 19 CCALD 1938C>T R518W Walker A 20 CCALD 1939G>A R518Q Walker A 21 CCALD 2017A>G Q544R Between Walker A and Cons 22 CCALD 2017A>G Q544R Between Walker A and Cons 23 CCALD 2065C>T P560L Between Walker A and Cons 24 CCALD 2065C>T P560L Between Walker A and Cons 25 CCALD Del. 2145-2156 Del. HILQ587-590 Between Walker A and Cons 26 AdultCer Del. 1257-1259 Del.E291 EAA-like 27 AdultCer 2005T>C F540S Between Walker A and Cons 28 AdultCer 2358C>T R660W C-terminal to Walker B 29 AdultCer 2385C>A H667N C-terminal to Walker B 30 AMN-Cer 1146A>C T254P TM4 31 AMN 636C>T P84S TM1 32 AMN 709C>T S108L Loop1 33 AMN 1182G>A G266R Between TM4 and EAA-like 34 AMN 1197G>A E271K Between TM4 and EAA-like 35 AMN 1215G>Aa G277R Between TM4 and EAA-like 36 AMN 1255C>G S290W EAA-like 37 AMN 1581C>T R401W Between TM6 and Walker A 38 AMN 2233C>A A616D Cons 39 AMN 2385C>A H667N C-terminal to Walker B 40 Asymptomatic 2211G>A E609K Cons Amino acid residue numbers in ALDP are based on Mosser et al. [1].
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 20661612:84:1163
status: NEW[hide] Komrower Lecture. Adrenoleukodystrophy: natural hi... J Inherit Metab Dis. 1995;18(4):435-47. Moser HW
Komrower Lecture. Adrenoleukodystrophy: natural history, treatment and outcome.
J Inherit Metab Dis. 1995;18(4):435-47., [PMID:7494402]
Abstract [show]
Our laboratory has identified nearly 2000 patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and conducted therapeutic trials in groups of patients who represent the major phenotypes. We report recent results of dietary therapy with a mixture of glyceryl trioleate and glyceryl trierucate oil, also referred to as Lorenzo's Oil, in the asymptomatic and childhood cerebral phenotypes. Fifty-three patients started this therapy at a mean age of 7.5 years at a time when they were free of neurological symptoms. Although analysis of data is hampered by the lack of a concurrent control group, follow-up studies after 39 months of therapy suggest that subsequent neurological involvement was less frequent and less severe than anticipated from historical controls. Retrospective analysis of the effect of the oil in patients with the severe childhood cerebral phenotype indicates that there was a slight but statistically significant slowing of clinical progression and delay of death.
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29 Mutation Predicted consequence Phenotype a 1 310 C -4 T R104C AMN 2 420 G -4 A A140T Cer 3 454 C -4 T R152C Cer 4 545 G -4 C R182P Addis 5 692 G -4 C Addis 693-4 del GG Frameshift at AA 231 6 770 G -4 T G277W Cer 7 1166 G -4 A R389H AMN 8 I224 G -4 A Spl mutation at AA 408 AMN 9 1389 G --+ A R464 stop AMN 10 1411 ins A Frameshift at AA 470 AMN 11 1412-3 del AA Frameshift at AA 470 Cer 12 1415-6 del AG Frameshift at AA 472 Cer 13 1415-6 del AG Frarneshift at AA 472 Cer 14 1415-6 del AG Frameshift at AA 472 Addis 15 1415-6 del AG Frameshift at AA 472 AMN 16 t415-6 del AG Frameshift at AA 472 AMN 17 1415-6 del AG Frameshift at AA 472 Cer 18 1534 G -4 A G512S Cer 19 1698 T -4 A M567K AMN 20 t817 C -4 T $604F Addis 1548 G -4 A L516L 21 1850 G -+ A R617H AMN 22 1978 G -4 A R660W AMN ~Cer=childhoodcerebralALD; Addis=Addisondisease the multiple binding sites on bovine albumin for shorter-chain fatty acids, there is only a single binding site for C26:0.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 7494402:29:778
status: NEW[hide] Mutational analysis and genotype-phenotype correla... Arch Neurol. 1999 Mar;56(3):295-300. Takano H, Koike R, Onodera O, Sasaki R, Tsuji S
Mutational analysis and genotype-phenotype correlation of 29 unrelated Japanese patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Arch Neurol. 1999 Mar;56(3):295-300., [PMID:10190819]
Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an inherited disease characterized by progressive neurologic dysfunction, occasionally associated with adrenal insufficiency. The classic form of ALD usually has onset in childhood (childhood cerebral ALD), with rapid neurologic deterioration leading to a vegetative state. Adult-onset cerebral ALD also presents with rapidly progressive neurologic dysfunction. Milder phenotypes such as adrenomyeloneuropathy and Addison disease only also have been recognized. Despite discovery of the causative gene, a molecular basis for the diverse clinical presentations remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES: To conduct mutational analyses in 29 Japanese patients with ALD from 29 unrelated families, to obtain knowledge of the spectrum of mutations in this gene, and to study genotype-phenotype correlations in Japanese patients. METHODS: The 29 patients comprised 13 patients with childhood cerebral ALD, 11 patients with adult-onset cerebral ALD, and 5 patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy. We conducted detailed mutational analyses of 29 unrelated Japanese patients with ALD by genomic Southern blot analysis and direct nucleotide sequence analysis of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction products derived from total RNA that was extracted from cultured skin fibroblasts, lymphoblastoid cells, or peripheral blood leukocytes. RESULTS: Three patients with adult-onset cerebral ALD were identified as having large genomic rearrangements. The remaining 26 patients were identified as having 21 independent mutations, including 12 novel mutations resulting in small nucleotide alterations in the ALD gene. Eighteen (69%) of 26 mutations were missense mutations. Most missense mutations involved amino acids conserved in homologous gene products, including PMP70, mALDRP, and Pxa1p. The AG dinucleotide deletion at position 1081-1082, which has been reported previously to be the most common mutation in white patients (12%-17%), was also identified as the most common mutation in Japanese patients (12%). All phenotypes were associated with mutations resulting in protein truncation or subtle amino acid changes. There were no differences in phenotypic expressions between missense mutations involving conserved amino acids and those involving nonconserved amino acids. CONCLUSIONS: There are no obvious correlations between the phenotypes of patients with ALD and their genotypes, suggesting that other genetic or environmental factors modify the phenotypic expressions of ALD.
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42 Mutations in the ALD Gene That Result in Amino Acid Substitutions or In-frame Deletions* Patient No. Phenotype Mutation† Exon Effect of Mutation‡ Position of Mutation§ Amino Acid Identityሻ Family DataPMP70 mALDRP Pxa1p Amino Acid Deletion G4010 ACALD del.1256-1258 1 del.E291 EAA-like motif E E E CCALD G4011(s) ACALD del.2146-2157¶ 7 del.HILQ587-590 Between Walker A and B# HILE HIVQ YLLK No family history Missense Mutation G4012 CCALD A829G 1 N148S TM3 N N N AMN G1986 CCALD G984A¶ 1 D200N TM4 D D D ACALD G4013 CCALD A1026G¶ 1 N214D TM4 N N N Not available G4014 AMN G1182A 1 G266R Between TM5 and EAA motif G G Non AMN G4015(s) CCALD G1182A 1 G266R Between TM5 and EAA motif G G Non No family history G4016(s) AMN G1197A 1 E271K Between TM5 and EAA motif T E R No family history G4017(s) ACALD A1273G¶ 1 Y296C EAA motif Y Y Y No family history G4018 CCALD A1273G¶ 1 Y296C EAA motif Y Y Y Not available G4019 AMN C1587T¶ 3 R401W Between TM6 and Walker A R R R Asymptomatic carrier G4020 CCALD G1906T¶ 6 G507V Walker A# G G G Not available G4021 CCALD G1939A 6 R518Q Walker A# R R R CCALD G4022 CCALD G1939A 6 R518Q Walker A# R R R Not available G4023 ACALD T2005C¶ 6 F540S Between Walker A and B# F F F Adult asymptomatic carrier G4024(s) CCALD A2017G 6 Q544R Between Walker A and B# Q Q Q No family history G4025 CCALD C2065T 7 S560L Between Walker A and B# P P P Adult asymptomatic carrier G2469(s) ACALD C2157T¶ 7 R591W Between Walker A and B# R R R No family history G2022(s) AMN C2203T 8 S606L Between Walker A and B# S S S No family history G4026 ACALD C2364T 8 R660W C-terminal to Walker B R R R ACALD *ALD indicates adrenoleukodystrophy; ACALD, adult-onset cerebral ALD; CCALD, childhood cerebral ALD; AMN, adrenomyeloneuropathy; (s), apparently sporadic patients; and del., delete.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 10190819:42:1625
status: NEWX
ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 10190819:42:1643
status: NEW[hide] Conservation of targeting but divergence in functi... Biochem J. 2011 Jun 15;436(3):547-57. Zhang X, De Marcos Lousa C, Schutte-Lensink N, Ofman R, Wanders RJ, Baldwin SA, Baker A, Kemp S, Theodoulou FL
Conservation of targeting but divergence in function and quality control of peroxisomal ABC transporters: an analysis using cross-kingdom expression.
Biochem J. 2011 Jun 15;436(3):547-57., [PMID:21476988]
Abstract [show]
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) subfamily D transporters are found in all eukaryotic kingdoms and are known to play essential roles in mammals and plants; however, their number, organization and physiological contexts differ. Via cross-kingdom expression experiments, we have explored the conservation of targeting, protein stability and function between mammalian and plant ABCD transporters. When expressed in tobacco epidermal cells, the mammalian ABCD proteins ALDP (adrenoleukodystrophy protein), ALDR (adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein) and PMP70 (70 kDa peroxisomal membrane protein) targeted faithfully to peroxisomes and P70R (PMP70-related protein) targeted to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), as in the native host. The Arabidopsis thaliana peroxin AtPex19_1 interacted with human peroxisomal ABC transporters both in vivo and in vitro, providing an explanation for the fidelity of targeting. The fate of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy disease-related mutants differed between fibroblasts and plant cells. In fibroblasts, levels of ALDP in some 'protein-absent' mutants were increased by low-temperature culture, in some cases restoring function. In contrast, all mutant ALDP proteins examined were stable and correctly targeted in plant cells, regardless of their fate in fibroblasts. ALDR complemented the seed germination defect of the Arabidopsis cts-1 mutant which lacks the peroxisomal ABCD transporter CTS (Comatose), but neither ALDR nor ALDP was able to rescue the defect in fatty acid beta-oxidation in establishing seedlings. Taken together, our results indicate that the mechanism for trafficking of peroxisomal membrane proteins is shared between plants and mammals, but suggest differences in the sensing and turnover of mutant ABC transporter proteins and differences in substrate specificity and/or function.
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153 Approximately 60% of X-ALD ABCD1 mutations are missense mutations, 65% of which result in no detectable ALDP, based on IF (immunofluorescence), indicating that they affect protein Table 1 Quantification of ALDP levels in X-ALD fibroblasts ALDP Mutation IF Immunoblot (% of control) p.Arg74Trp Absent 7.5 + - 0.6 p.Arg104Cys Reduced 35 + - 3.0 p.Ser149Asn Present 77 + - 3.0 p.Asp194His Present 60 + - 13.6 p.Leu220Pro Reduced 21.8 + - 5.4 p.Arg389His Present 40.6 + - 3.6 p.Arg554His Absent 1.0 + - 0.5 p.Ser606Leu Present 25 + - 1.5 p.Glu609Gly Absent 2.1 + - 1.3 p.Glu609Lys Absent 1.8 + - 0.9 p.Ala616Thr Absent 4.3 + - 1.7 p.Leu654Pro Absent 1.5 + - 1.3 p.Arg660Trp Absent 1.6 + - 0.8 p.His667Asp Absent 2.9 + - 1.0 p.Arg113fs Absent - Figure 3 Interaction of mammalian ABCD proteins with Arabidopsis Pex19 in vivo Tobacco plants stably expressing CFP-SKL were co-transfected with 35S::ABCD-YFP fusions andNLS-Pex19constructs.Leafepidermalcellswereimagedusingconfocalmicroscopy:(A-D) ALDP-YFP plus NLS-HsPex19; (E-H) ALDP-YFP plus NLS-AtPex19_1; (I-L) ALDR-YFP plus NLS-AtPex19_1.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 21476988:153:660
status: NEW169 Results are means + - S.D.; n = 3. significantly in response to low temperature in ten wild-type control lines tested (see Supplementary Figure S3A at http://www.BiochemJ.org/bj/436/bj4360547add.htm); however, increased expression levels of ALDP were found in several of the X-ALD fibroblasts investigated: p.Arg74Cys, p.Arg104Cys, p.Arg554His, p.Glu609Gly, p.Ala616Thr, p.Leu654Pro and p.Arg660Trp (Figures 4A and 4B).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 21476988:169:389
status: NEW172 ALDP was increased from 2-4% to ~20% of wild-type levels in cell lines bearing the mutations p.Glu609Gly, p.Ala616Thr and p.Arg660Trp, from 1 to 10% in p.Glu609Lys and p.Arg554His cells and from 45 to 75% in the p.Asp194His cell line (Figure 4A).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 21476988:172:124
status: NEW173 VLCFA β-oxidation was measured in cells that were cultured at 30◦ C for 72 h, but in only one case (p.Ala616Thr) was the capacity to degrade VLCFA restored to near-control levels (Figure 4C).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 21476988:173:124
status: NEW174 However, after 4 weeks of culture at 30◦ C, VLCFA levels were partially corrected in p.Arg660Trp, p.Arg554His and p.Ala616Thr fibroblasts.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 21476988:174:93
status: NEW154 Approximately 60% of X-ALD ABCD1 mutations are missense mutations, 65% of which result in no detectable ALDP, based on IF (immunofluorescence), indicating that they affect protein Table 1 Quantification of ALDP levels in X-ALD fibroblasts ALDP Mutation IF Immunoblot (% of control) p.Arg74Trp Absent 7.5 + - 0.6 p.Arg104Cys Reduced 35 + - 3.0 p.Ser149Asn Present 77 + - 3.0 p.Asp194His Present 60 + - 13.6 p.Leu220Pro Reduced 21.8 + - 5.4 p.Arg389His Present 40.6 + - 3.6 p.Arg554His Absent 1.0 + - 0.5 p.Ser606Leu Present 25 + - 1.5 p.Glu609Gly Absent 2.1 + - 1.3 p.Glu609Lys Absent 1.8 + - 0.9 p.Ala616Thr Absent 4.3 + - 1.7 p.Leu654Pro Absent 1.5 + - 1.3 p.Arg660Trp Absent 1.6 + - 0.8 p.His667Asp Absent 2.9 + - 1.0 p.Arg113fs Absent - Figure 3 Interaction of mammalian ABCD proteins with Arabidopsis Pex19 in vivo Tobacco plants stably expressing CFP-SKL were co-transfected with 35S::ABCD-YFP fusions andNLS-Pex19constructs.Leafepidermalcellswereimagedusingconfocalmicroscopy:(A-D) ALDP-YFP plus NLS-HsPex19; (E-H) ALDP-YFP plus NLS-AtPex19_1; (I-L) ALDR-YFP plus NLS-AtPex19_1.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 21476988:154:660
status: NEW170 Results are means + - S.D.; n = 3. significantly in response to low temperature in ten wild-type control lines tested (see Supplementary Figure S3A at http://www.BiochemJ.org/bj/436/bj4360547add.htm); however, increased expression levels of ALDP were found in several of the X-ALD fibroblasts investigated: p.Arg74Cys, p.Arg104Cys, p.Arg554His, p.Glu609Gly, p.Ala616Thr, p.Leu654Pro and p.Arg660Trp (Figures 4A and 4B).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 21476988:170:389
status: NEW175 However, after 4 weeks of culture at 30e6; C, VLCFA levels were partially corrected in p.Arg660Trp, p.Arg554His and p.Ala616Thr fibroblasts.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 21476988:175:93
status: NEW[hide] Molecular analysis of X-linked adrenoleukodystroph... J Neurol Sci. 1995 Jul;131(1):58-64. Yasutake T, Yamada T, Furuya H, Shinnoh N, Goto I, Kobayashi T
Molecular analysis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients.
J Neurol Sci. 1995 Jul;131(1):58-64., [PMID:7561948]
Abstract [show]
A molecular analysis of 4 Japanese adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) patients was carried out, according to the recently published report on ALD gene cDNA. In a Southern blot analysis, we were not able to detect a large deletion in all patients. In a Northern blot analysis, no mRNA was detected in one patient, while the others had normal mRNA in both size and amount. Three patients had missense mutations including; 534Pro-->Leu (1987C-->T), 660Arg-->Trp (2364C-->T), and 512Gly-->Ser (1920G-->A), respectively. These mutations existed in the C-terminal region conserved in the ATP-binding cassette superfamily of transporters. In a Western blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies against the C-terminal peptide as well as the whole peptide of ALD protein, no 80 kDa protein was found in any of the 4 patients, which was observed in the control cells. The ALD protein in 3 patients with a missense mutation might be degraded immediately after translation because of the unstable higher structure or by the disruption of the hitherto unknown targetting signal to the peroxisome. The molecular analysis of the ALD gene as done in this study is thus considered to be the first step to further elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of ALD.
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No. Sentence Comment
101 Patient #249 exhibited a point mutation (2364 C + T) which induced a single amino acid substitution from @'arginine to tryptophan (R660W).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 7561948:101:131
status: NEW100 Patient #249 exhibited a point mutation (2364 C + T) which induced a single amino acid substitution from @'arginine to tryptophan (R660W).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 7561948:100:131
status: NEW[hide] X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: diagnostic and foll... J Hum Genet. 2011 Feb;56(2):106-9. Epub 2010 Nov 11. Shimozawa N, Honda A, Kajiwara N, Kozawa S, Nagase T, Takemoto Y, Suzuki Y
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: diagnostic and follow-up system in Japan.
J Hum Genet. 2011 Feb;56(2):106-9. Epub 2010 Nov 11., [PMID:21068741]
Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an intractable neurodegenerative disease associated with the accumulation of very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLCFA) in tissues and body fluids. We have established a Japanese referral center for the diagnosis of ALD, using VLCFA measurements and mutation analysis of the ABCD1 gene, and have identified 60 kinds of mutations in 69 Japanese ALD families, which included 38 missense mutations, 6 nonsense mutations, 8 frame-shift mutations, 3 amino acid deletions, 2 exon-skip mutations and 3 large deletions. A total of 24 kinds of mutations (40%) were identified only in Japanese patients by referring to the current worldwide ALD mutation database. There was no clear correlation between these mutations and phenotypes of 81 male patients in these 69 families. About 12% of the individuals with ALD had de novo mutations by mutation analysis in the male probands and their mothers, which should be helpful data for genetic counseling. The only effective therapy for the cerebral form of ALD should be hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the early stages of the cerebral symptoms, therefore, we performed presymptomatic diagnosis of ALD by extended familial screening of the probands with careful genetic counseling, and established a long follow-up system for these patients to prevent the progression of brain involvement and to monitor the adrenocortical insufficiency. Further elucidation of pathology in ALD, especially concerning the mechanisms of the onset of brain involvement, is expected.
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No. Sentence Comment
21 Although most probands with ALD identified by us had a unique gene mutation, 6 missense mutations (p.Gly266Arg, p.Arg401Gln, p.Gly512Ser, p.Ser514Ile, p.Arg617His and p.Arg660Trp) and 1 frame-shift mutation (p.Gln472fs) were detected in two or three families (* in Figure 2).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 21068741:21:169
status: NEW[hide] Adrenoleukodystrophy: subcellular localization and... J Neurochem. 2007 Jun;101(6):1632-43. Takahashi N, Morita M, Maeda T, Harayama Y, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, Furuya H, Sato R, Kashiwayama Y, Imanaka T
Adrenoleukodystrophy: subcellular localization and degradation of adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP/ABCD1) with naturally occurring missense mutations.
J Neurochem. 2007 Jun;101(6):1632-43., [PMID:17542813]
Abstract [show]
Mutation in the X-chromosomal adrenoleukodystrophy gene (ALD; ABCD1) leads to X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a severe neurodegenerative disorder. The encoded adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP/ABCD1) is a half-size peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette protein of 745 amino acids in humans. In this study, we chose nine arbitrary mutant human ALDP forms (R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H, and H667D) with naturally occurring missense mutations and examined the intracellular behavior. When expressed in X-ALD fibroblasts lacking ALDP, the expression level of mutant His-ALDPs (S606L, R617H, and H667D) was lower than that of wild type and other mutant ALDPs. Furthermore, mutant ALDP-green fluorescence proteins (S606L and H667D) stably expressed in CHO cells were not detected due to rapid degradation. Interestingly, the wild type ALDP co-expressed in these cells also disappeared. In the case of X-ALD fibroblasts from an ALD patient (R617H), the mutant ALDP was not detected in the cells, but appeared upon incubation with a proteasome inhibitor. When CHO cells expressing mutant ALDP-green fluorescence protein (H667D) were cultured in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor, both the mutant and wild type ALDP reappeared. In addition, mutant His-ALDP (Y174C), which has a mutation between transmembrane domain 2 and 3, did not exhibit peroxisomal localization by immunofluorescense study. These results suggest that mutant ALDPs, which have a mutation in the COOH-terminal half of ALDP, including S606L, R617H, and H667D, were degraded by proteasomes after dimerization. Further, the region between transmembrane domain 2 and 3 is important for the targeting of ALDP to the peroxisome.
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No. Sentence Comment
255 In an early study, Yamada et al. showed that degradation of endogenous mutant ALDP (G512S and R660W) as well as wild type ALDP was suppressed by E-64 or leupeptin, which inhibit thiol proteases including lysosomal cathepsins and cytosolic calcium-activated neutral proteases in human fibroblasts (Yamada et al. 1997).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 17542813:255:94
status: NEW[hide] Molecular characterization of 21 X-ALD Portuguese ... Mol Genet Metab. 2002 May;76(1):62-7. Guimaraes CP, Lemos M, Sa-Miranda C, Azevedo JE
Molecular characterization of 21 X-ALD Portuguese families: identification of eight novel mutations in the ABCD1 gene.
Mol Genet Metab. 2002 May;76(1):62-7., [PMID:12175782]
Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common inherited peroxisomal disorder. The gene associated with X-ALD, ABCD1, encodes a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette half-transporter. In this study, we describe the molecular characterization of 21 affected Portuguese families. The complete coding region of the ABCD1 gene was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or genomic PCR. After conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis analysis, fragments with a conformational heteroduplex pattern were sequenced. Using this strategy, we have identified 14 missense mutations, two nonsense mutations, two splicing site defects, and three small deletions, two of them resulting in frameshifts. Eight of the genetic alterations characterized in this study are novel. The levels of the ABCD1 transcript as well as the levels of ALDP in cultured skin fibroblasts of male probands were also determined in most cases. The levels of the ABCD1 transcript in one patient (corresponding to a nonsense mutation) were below the detection limit of Northern-blotting analysis. ALDP was found at normal levels in only three patients, absent in five (corresponding to a double missense, two nonsense, and two frameshift mutations), and decreased in all the others.
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No. Sentence Comment
66 Type of genetic alteration Exon RT-PCR fragmenta Nucleotide change Amplicon usedb /RFLP associatedc ALDP (WB) ABCD1 mRNA (NB) References Missense 1 S103R 1 F2 c.309C > G ALDe1A/þCfoI Diminished Detectable [19] 2 S108W 1 - c.323C > G ALDe1B/þRleAI Not done Not done [18] 3 S108L 1 - c.323C > T - Normal Not done [20] 4 L114P 1 F2 c.341T > C ALDe1B/ÀEcoRII Diminished Detectable Novel mutation 5 ½R236H; G512S 1 F3 [c.707G > A; ALDe1C/þNcoI Novel mutation 6 F6 c.1534G > A] ALDe6/þPstI Not detectable Not done [16,17] 6 G266R 1 F3 c.796G > A - Normal Detectable [21] 7 R518W 6 F6 c.1552C > T ALDe6/ÀHpaII Diminished Detectable [22] 8 R518Q 6 F6 c.1153G > A ALDe6/ÀBamHI Diminished Not done [23] 9 R545W 6 - c.1633A > T ALDe6/þTspRI Not done Not done Novel mutation 10 R591W 7 F7 c.1171C > T ALDe7/ÀAciI Normal Not done [24] 11 L655P 9 F8 c.1964T > C ALDe8/9/ÀSapId Diminished Detectable Novel mutation 12 R660W 9 F7/F8 c.1978C > T ALDe8/9/þBsrI Diminished Detectable [16,17,25] 13 H667L 10 F8 c.2000A > T ALDe10/þDdeId Diminished Detectable Novel mutation Nonsense 14 Q574X 7 F6 c.1720C > T ALDe7/ÀAlwNI Not detectable Detectable Novel mutation 15 W601X 8 F7 c.1802G > A ALDe8/9/ÀBsrI Not detectable Not detectable [9] Frameshift 16 fs G298 1 F3 [c.893delG; c.894C > T] ALDe1C/ÀNlaIV Not detectable Detectable Novel mutation 17, 18 fs E472 5 F5 c.1415-1416delAG - Not detectable Detectable [21,26,27] Microdeletion 19 F175del 1 F2 c.522-524delCTT d Diminished Detectable Novel mutation Splicing defect 20 Splicing IVS1 - c.900G > A - Not done Not done [10] 21 Splicing IVS7 - c.1760+1G > A - Not done Not done [18] Polymorphism 1, 5 F673F 8 F8 c.2019C > T ÀTaqI - - [28] 1, 2, 5, 11, 13 30 UTR F8 - ÀDrdI - - [27] a RT-PCR fragment (defined according to [10]) which shows heteroduplex molecules in a CSGE analysis.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 12175782:66:928
status: NEWX
ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 12175782:66:964
status: NEW[hide] Altered expression of ALDP in X-linked adrenoleuko... Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Aug;57(2):292-301. Watkins PA, Gould SJ, Smith MA, Braiterman LT, Wei HM, Kok F, Moser AB, Moser HW, Smith KD
Altered expression of ALDP in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Aug;57(2):292-301., [PMID:7668254]
Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with variable phenotypic expression that is characterized by elevated plasma and tissue levels of very long-chain fatty acids. However, the product of the gene defective in ALD (ALDP) is a membrane transporter of the ATP-binding cassette family of proteins and is not related to enzymes known to activate or oxidize fatty acids. We generated an antibody that specifically recognizes the C-terminal 18 amino acids of ALDP and can detect ALDP by indirect immunofluorescence. To better understand the mechanism by which mutations in ALDP lead to disease, we used this antibody to examine the subcellular distribution and relative abundance of ALDP in skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and ALD patients. Punctate immunoreactive material typical of fibroblast peroxisomes was observed in cells from seven normal controls and eight non-ALD patients. Of 35 ALD patients tested, 17 had the childhood-onset cerebral form of the disease, 13 had the milder adult phenotype adrenomyeloneuropathy, 3 had adrenal insufficiency only, and 2 were affected fetuses. More than two-thirds (69%) of all patients studied showed no punctate immunoreactive material. There was no correlation between the immunofluorescence pattern and clinical phenotype. We determined the mutation in the ALD gene in 15 of these patients. Patients with either a deletion or frameshift mutation lacked ALDP immunoreactivity, as expected. Four of 11 patients with missense mutations were also immunonegative, indicating that these mutations affected the stability or localization of ALDP. In the seven immunopositive patients with missense mutations, correlation of the location and nature of the amino acid substitution may provide new insights into the function of this peroxisomal membrane protein. Furthermore, the study of female relatives of immunonegative ALD probands may aid in the assessment of heterozygote status.
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176 In 11 patients, missense mutations that occurred throughout the protein were found: within the transmembrane domains (patients 1, 3, and 4), within the ATP-binding domain (patients 8-12), and on either side of the ATP-binding Table 3 Mutational Analysis of the ALD Gene in IS Unrelated Patients ALDP Patient Phenotype Mutation Consequence Immunoreactivity 1 .................. CALD 825 A-GG K276E + 2.................. AMN 870-2AGAGE291,& 3 .................. CALD 872 G-C E291D 4 .................. AMN 1023 T-IC S342P+ 5 .................. AMN 1166 G-C R389H + 6 .................. CALD 1201 G-AA R401Q + 7 ........ CALD 1415-6 AAG FS@472 8 ........ AMN 1771 G-AA R591Q + 9 ........ Addison 1817 C-T S606L + 10 ................ AMN 1850 G-AA R617H 11 ................ CALD 1876 G-AA A626T 12 ................ Fetus 1884 G-C D629H + 13 ................ CALD 1932 C-UT Q645X 14 ................ AMN 1978 C-OT R660W 15 ........ AMN AExon7-10 Null Mutations in the ALD gene were determined, as described in Methods, in 15 of the ALD patients reported in table 2.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 7668254:176:912
status: NEW178 In 11 patients, missense mutations that occurred throughout the protein were found: within the transmembrane domains (patients 1, 3, and 4), within the ATP-binding domain (patients 8-12), and on either side of the ATP-binding Table 3 Mutational Analysis of the ALD Gene in IS Unrelated Patients ALDP Patient Phenotype Mutation Consequence Immunoreactivity 1 .................. CALD 825 A-GG K276E + 2 .................. AMN 870-2 AGAG E291,& 3 .................. CALD 872 G-C E291D 4 .................. AMN 1023 T-IC S342P + 5 .................. AMN 1166 G-C R389H + 6 .................. CALD 1201 G-AA R401Q + 7 ........ CALD 1415-6 AAG FS@472 8 ........ AMN 1771 G-AA R591Q + 9 ........ Addison 1817 C-T S606L + 10 ................ AMN 1850 G-AA R617H 11 ................ CALD 1876 G-AA A626T 12 ................ Fetus 1884 G-C D629H + 13 ................ CALD 1932 C-UT Q645X 14 ................ AMN 1978 C-OT R660W 15 ........ AMN AExon7-10 Null Mutations in the ALD gene were determined, as described in Methods, in 15 of the ALD patients reported in table 2.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 7668254:178:916
status: NEW[hide] Spectrum of mutations in the gene encoding the adr... Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Jan;56(1):44-50. Ligtenberg MJ, Kemp S, Sarde CO, van Geel BM, Kleijer WJ, Barth PG, Mandel JL, van Oost BA, Bolhuis PA
Spectrum of mutations in the gene encoding the adrenoleukodystrophy protein.
Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Jan;56(1):44-50., [PMID:7825602]
Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) has been associated with mutations in a gene encoding an ATP-binding transporter, which is located in the peroxisomal membrane. Deficiency of the gene leads to impaired peroxisomal beta-oxidation. Systematic analysis of the open reading frame of the ALD gene, using reverse transcriptase-PCR, followed by direct sequencing, revealed mutations in all 28 unrelated kindreds analyzed. No entire gene deletions or drastic promoter mutations were detected. In only one kindred did the mutation involve multiple exons. The other mutations were small alterations leading to missense (13 of 28) or nonsense mutations, a single amino acid deletion, frameshifts, or splice acceptor-site defects. Mutations affecting a single amino acid were concentrated in the region between the third and fourth putative transmembrane domains and in the ATP-binding domain. Mutations were detected in all investigated ALD kindreds, suggesting that this gene is the only gene responsible for X-linked ALD. This overview of mutations is useful in the determination of structurally and functionally important regions and provides an efficient screening strategy for identification of mutations in the ALD gene.
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No. Sentence Comment
85 The mutation T1045C created a novel HpaII site, which was confirmed Table 2 Mutations in the Putative ALD Gene in Patients Studied Genomic- Kindred Type of Mutation and Amino Acid Genomic-PCR Mutation Reference cDNA Alterationa Alterationb Exonc Primers Detectiond Phenotype' Number Missense: C696Tf ................ R104C (R) 1 303F + 821R 303F, 821R AMN 17 G832A ................ S149N (N) 1 702F + 1145R 702F, 931R AMN 8 G841C ................ R152P (K) 1 702F + 1145R 702F, 931R ChALD 27 G874Af ................ R163H (R) 1 702F + 931R 702F, 931R SympCar 14 G966C ................ D194H (D) 1 685F + 1145R 914F, 1145R ChALD 12 T1045C ................ L220P (L) 1 914F + 1145R HpaII AMN 7 G1182A ................. G266R (G) 1 702F + 1231R 914F,1231R AMN 24 G1552A ................. R389H (R) 3 1479F + 1861R 1479F,1752R AMN 20 (2X): G2211A................. E609K(E) 8 544F*+ 1078R*h 544F*, 876R* AMN 13,18 A2212G ................ E609G (E) 8 544F*+ 1078R*h 544F*, 876R* ChALD 5 C2235Tf................ R617C (R) 8 544F* + 2742R 544F*, 876R* ChALD 23 C2364Tf................ R660W (R) 9 544F* + 2742R 2312F, 1078R* AMN 21 Amino acid deletion: del 2355-2357 ........... del 1657(V) 9 849F* + 2478Rh 2312F,1078R* ChALD 6 Nonsense: C783Tf ................ Q133h 1 702F + 931R 702F, 931R ChALD 26 G797A ................ W137h 1 685F +1145R 702F,931R ChALD 10 C855T ................ Q157h 1 702F + 1145R 702F,931R AMN 9 C929A ................ Y181h 1 702F + 1145R HpaIl ChALD 15 Frameshift: delC442 ................ A19> 1 303F + 821R 303F,593R ChALD 2 del C663 ................ G92> 1 303F + 840R 576F, 821R ChALD 22 dell71-1178 ........... F261> 1 702F + 1231R 914F,1231R ChALD 28 (4X): del 1801-1802 ........... E471> 5 1781F + 1861R Polyacrylamide gel ChALD, AMN 3,4,16,25 alt 1989-2377 ........... P534> 6-9 1890F +2669R 1890F,1078R* AMN 11 Splice defect: de12021-2054 ........... R545> SA 7 1880F +2132R 1880F,2114R ChALD 1 ins 8 bp 2251f ............ R622> SA 9 849F* + 1078R*h 849F*, 1078R* AMN 19 a Nucleotide numbers refer to Mosser et al. (1993), EMBL database Z21876.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 7825602:85:1080
status: NEW140 Although the missense mutation R660W and the deletion of an isoleucine at position 657 are located 30 and 27 amino acids downstream of the second ATP-binding site motif, 49 respectively, they are situated within a strongly conserved region.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 7825602:140:31
status: NEW[hide] Protease inhibitors suppress the degradation of mu... Neurochem Res. 1997 Mar;22(3):233-7. Yamada T, Shinnoh N, Kobayashi T
Protease inhibitors suppress the degradation of mutant adrenoleukodystrophy proteins but do not correct impairment of very long chain fatty acid metabolism in adrenoleukodystrophy fibroblasts.
Neurochem Res. 1997 Mar;22(3):233-7., [PMID:9051655]
Abstract [show]
The adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) gene product, ALD protein (ALDP), was not detected in fibroblasts from our or most other patients with ALD as determined by immunoblot or immunocytochemistry. We investigated the stability of mutant ALDP and found from pulse-chase experiments that the respective half-lives of the normal and mutant #140 (Gly512Ser) and #249 (Arg660Trp) were 72.6, 32.1 and 26.1 min, indicative that mutant ALDPs are less stable than normal ones. The mutant ALDPs were detectable in fibroblasts cultured with the protease inhibitor E-64 or leupeptin. Protease inhibitor treatment for 2 to 28 days did not affect the amount of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA), C26:0, or VLCFA beta-oxidation activity in ALD fibroblasts. Protease inhibitors therefore suppress the degradation of ALDP but do not correct the impairment of VLCFA metabolism in ALD.
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No. Sentence Comment
3 We investigated the stability of mutant ALDP and found from pulse-chase experiments that the respective half-lives of the normal and mutant #140 (Gly512Ser) and #249 (Arg660Trp) were 72.6, 32.1 and 26.1 min, indicative that mutant ALDPs are less stable than normal ones.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 9051655:3:167
status: NEW19 Two, #240 and #249, respectively had the missense mutations Gly512Ser (G1920A) and Arg660Trp (C2364T).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 9051655:19:83
status: NEW37 Normal and mutant (Gly512Ser or Arg660Trp) ALDP cDNAs synthesized by reverse-transcription and PCR were inserted into the expression vector, pCAGGS (8).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 9051655:37:32
status: NEW82 Gly512Ser and Arg660Trp mutations in their patients resulted in a complete lack of immunoreactivity, as they did in our patients (2).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 9051655:82:14
status: NEW[hide] Mutational analysis of patients with X-linked adre... Hum Mutat. 1995;6(2):104-15. Kok F, Neumann S, Sarde CO, Zheng S, Wu KH, Wei HM, Bergin J, Watkins PA, Gould S, Sack G, et al.
Mutational analysis of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Hum Mutat. 1995;6(2):104-15., [PMID:7581394]
Abstract [show]
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an X-linked neurodegenerative disorder characterized by elevated very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) levels, reduced activity of peroxisomal VLCFA-CoA ligase, and variable phenotypic expression. A putative gene for ALD was recently identified and surprisingly encodes a protein (ALDP) that belongs to a family of transmembrane transporters regulated or activated by ATP (the ABC proteins). We have examined genomic DNA from ALD probands for mutations in the putative ALD gene. We detected large deletions of the carboxyl-terminal portion of the gene in 4 of 112 probands. Twenty-five of the ALD probands whose ALD genes appeared normal by Southern blot analysis were surveyed for mutations by Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) procedures and DNA sequence analysis. SSCP variants were detected in 22 probands and none in 60 X-chromosomes from normal individuals. Mutations were detected in all of the ALD probands. The mutations were distributed throughout the gene and did not correlate with phenotype. Approximately half were non-recurrent missense mutations of which 64% occurred in CpG dinucleotides. There was a cluster of frameshift mutations in a small region of exon 5, including an identical AG deletion in 7 unrelated probands. These data strongly support the supposition that mutations in the putative ALD gene result in ALD.
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No. Sentence Comment
131 3' deletion 3' deletion 3' deletion 3' deletion R104C A141T R152C R182P Frameshift at AA 231 G277W R389H Spl mutation at AA 408 Q466 stop Frameshift at AA 470 Frameshift at AA 470 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 Frameshift at AA 472 G512S M566K S606L L516L R617H R660W - - Exons 3-10 Exons 7-10 Exons 8-10 Exons 7-10 33 Anglos 5 Scott 8 Anglos 7 Anglos 11 Jewish 36 Irish 51 Italian 37 Filipino 28 Anglos 23 Anglos 11 Anglos 8 Anglos 40 Italian 22 German 4 Anglos 5 black 8 Anglos 31 Anglos 10 Anglos 28 Anglos 22 Italian 8 German 35 German 7 Hispanic 28 German 24 Anglos 18 Jewish 9 Hispanic AMNa C E R ~ Cer Add' Cer AMN AMN AMN AMN Cer Cer Cer Add AMN AMN Cer Cer Cer AMN Add AMN AMN Cer AMN Cer AMN AMN AMN 5 Cer,AMN,Add 4 Cer,AMN 1 Cer 5 Cer,AMN,Add 1 4 2 1 2 2 5 Adopted 5 2 15 1 13 2 2 1 Cer AMN AMN,Add AMN Cer,AMN Cer,AMN Cer,AMN,Add ?
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 7581394:131:357
status: NEW[hide] [Adrenoleukodystrophy: structure and function of A... Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Jan;127(1):163-72. Takahashi N, Morita M, Imanaka T
[Adrenoleukodystrophy: structure and function of ALDP, and intracellular behavior of mutant ALDP with naturally occurring missense mutations].
Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Jan;127(1):163-72., [PMID:17202797]
Abstract [show]
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an inherited disorder characterized by progressive demyelination of the central nervous system and adrenal dysfunction. The biochemical characterization is based on the accumulation of pathgnomonic amounts of saturated very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA; C>22) in all tissues, including the brain white matter, adrenal glands, and skin fibroblasts, of the patients. The accumulation of VLCFA in ALD is linked to a mutation in the ALD (ABCD1) gene, an ABC subfamily D member. The ALD gene product, so-called ALDP (ABCD1), is thought to be involved in the transport of VLCFA or VLCFA-CoA into the peroxisomes. ALDP is a half-sized peroxisomal ABC protein and it has 745 amino acids in humans. ALDP is thought to be synthesized on free polysomes, posttranslationally transported to peroxisomes, and inserted into the membranes. During this process, ALDP interacts with Pex19p, a chaperone-like protein for intracellular trafficking of peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP), the complex targets Pex3p on the peroxisomal membranes, and ALDP is inserted into the membranes. After integration into the membranes, ALDP is thought to form mainly homodimers. Here, we chose nine arbitrary mutations of human ALDP with naturally occurring missense mutations and examined the intracellular behavior of their ALDPs. We found that mutant ALDP (S606L, R617H, and H667D) was degraded together with wild-type ALDP by proteasomes. These results suggest that the complex of mutant and wild-type ALDP is recognized as misfolded proteins and degraded by the protein quality control system associated with proteasomes. Further, we found fragmentation of mutant ALDP (R104C) on peroxisomes and it was not inhibited by proteasomes inhibitors, suggesting that an additional protease(s) is also involved in the quality control of mutant ALDP. In addition, mutation of ALDP (Y174C) suggests that a loop between transmembrane domains 2 and 3 is important for the targeting of ALDP to peroxisomes.
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No. Sentence Comment
49 変異型 ALDP の分解過程の解析 新生タンパク質が正しいフォールディングを受け ることは,そのタンパク質の正常な機能発現のため に必須である．遺伝子変異などが存在すると,タン パク質がミスフォールディングされる．このミスフ ォールドタンパクが細胞外へ分泌されたり,細胞内 に蓄積したりすると生体にとって極めて有害になる ため,このようなタンパクはプロテアソーム,リソ ソーム等によって迅速に分解される．ちなみに,嚢 胞性線維症の原因タンパク質 CFTR は細胞膜イオ ンチャネルとして機能する ABC タンパク質である が,変異 CFTR は小胞体膜からプロテアソームに リクルートされ分解されることが報告されてい る．32,33) しかしながら,変異型 ALDP を始めとし て,ペルオキシソーム膜タンパク質についての解析 はほとんど行われていない． 変異型 ALDP の一過性発現と安定過剰発現実験 より,ALDP(S606L, R617H, H667D, R104C)は, プロテアーゼにより分解されていると推定された． そこで,ALDP-GFP(H667D)を発現している CHO 細胞に各種プロテアーゼ阻害剤を処理し,解 析を行った．その結果,プロテアソーム阻害剤であ る lactacystin を処理した細胞では ALDP-GFP 及び ALDP の バ ン ド が 出 現 し た ( Fig. 4 )． 一 方 , leupeptin, AEBSF, E64d には効果がなかった．ま た他のプロテアソーム阻害剤である MG132 も有効 であった．さらにプロテアソーム阻害剤により分解 を逃れた変異型 ALDP-GFP(H667D)の細胞内局 在を蛍光抗体法で観察すると,ペルオキシソームに 局在していることが確認された．一方,変異型 ALDP(R104C)のフラグメント化は上記プロテアー ゼ処理では阻害されなかった． さらに ALD 患者由来細胞の内因性変異 ALDP の分解とプロテアソーム分解系の関与について確認 するため,変異型 ALDP(R617H)を持つ患者由 来線維芽細胞を用いてタンパク分解の阻害実験を行 った．その結果,lactacystin と MG132 処理により, ALDP のバンドが出現した．以上の結果より,ペ ルオキシソーム膜上にはミスフォールドしたタンパ ク質を認識する仕組みが存在し,プロテアソーム及 び他のプロテアーゼを介して排除していることが示 唆された． 一方,山田らは ALD 患者線維芽細胞を［35 S］メチ オニンでパルスチェイスすることにより,変異型 ALDP(G512S, R660W)の分解が E-64 と leupepu- tin により抑制されることを報告している．34) 彼ら の実験ではプロテアソーム阻害剤については実験し ていないので,プロテアソームの関与は不明である が,変異型 ALDP の分解には,複数のプロテアー ゼが関与している可能性がある． 7.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 17202797:49:6655
status: NEW46 ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP IJe;ᑖYe3;Έe;a0b;IJe;Ye3;᪆ Ab0;˯f; bf; f3; d1; af;cea;İc;b63;௱ d5; a9; fc; eb; c7; a3; f3; b0;ఔ5d7;௫ Ĵb;௭IJf;,ıd;IJe; bf; f3; d1; af;cea;IJe;b63;e38;IJa;a5f;Pfd;˿a;Ife;IJe;ıf;ఉ IJb;fc5;♐Ĵb;&#ff0e;a;f1d;b50;᜕ᶒIJa;İc;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb;, bf; f3; d1; af;cea;İc; df; b9; d5; a9; fc; eb; c7; a3; f3; b0;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;௭IJe; df; b9; d5; a9; fc; eb; c9; bf; f3; d1; af;İc;d30;Pde;ఆᑖccc;௯Ĵc;ıf;Ĵa;,d30;Pde;ᑁ IJb;Tc4;a4d;௱ıf;Ĵa;௳Ĵb;˯f;f53;IJb;௷௺ᬿఉ௺ᨵbb3;IJb;IJa;Ĵb; ıf;ఉ,௭IJe;ఐ௦IJa; bf; f3; d1; af;IJf; d7; ed; c6; a2; bd; fc; e0;, ea; bd; bd; fc; e0;b49;IJb;ఐ௷௺fc5;΅f;IJb;ᑖYe3;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;௵IJa;ijf;IJb;,8a2; Pde;ឋdda;dad;Kc7;IJe;țf;8e0; bf; f3; d1; af;cea; CFTR IJf;d30;Pde;̳c; a4; aa; f3; c1; e3; cd; eb;௱௺a5f;Pfd;௳Ĵb; ABC bf; f3; d1; af;cea;Ĵb; İc;,᜕ᶒ CFTR IJf;c0f;Pde;f53;̳c;İb; d7; ed; c6; a2; bd; fc; e0;IJb; ea; af; eb; fc; c8;௯Ĵc;ᑖYe3;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;௭İc;ᛇȠa;௯Ĵc;௺ Ĵb;&#ff0e; 32,33) ௱İb;௱IJa;İc;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP ఔ;cb;ఉ௱ ௺, da; eb; aa; ad; b7; bd; fc; e0;̳c; bf; f3; d1; af;cea;IJb;௸௺IJe;Ye3;᪆ IJf;ijb;కʹc;Ĵf;Ĵc;௺IJa;&#ff0e; ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP IJe;e00;Έe;ឋ˿a;Ife;b89;b9a;Έe;ᒖ˿a;Ife;b9f; a13; ఐĴa;,ALDP (S606L, R617H, H667D, R104C) IJf;, d7; ed; c6; a2; fc; bc;IJb;ఐĴa;ᑖYe3;௯Ĵc;௺Ĵb;?a8;b9a;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e; ıd;௭,ALDP-GFP(H667D)ఔ˿a;Ife;௱௺Ĵb; CHO d30;Pde;IJb;ᔜa2e; d7; ed; c6; a2; fc; bc;σb;bb3;ᒐఔ3e6;ᳮ௱,Ye3; ᪆ఔʹc;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ıd;IJe;d50;ʧc;, d7; ed; c6; a2; bd; fc; e0;σb;bb3;ᒐ Ĵb; lactacystin ఔ3e6;ᳮ௱ıf;d30;Pde;IJf; ALDP-GFP 5ca;ఁ ALDP IJe; d0; f3; c9; İc; 3fa; Ife; ௱ ıf; ( Fig. 4 ) &#ff0e; e00; Ab9; , leupeptin, AEBSF, E64d IJb;IJf;4b9;ʧc;İc;IJa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ije; ıf;ed6;IJe; d7; ed; c6; a2; bd; fc; e0;σb;bb3;ᒐĴb; MG132 ఊᨵ4b9; ௷ıf;&#ff0e;௯IJb; d7; ed; c6; a2; bd; fc; e0;σb;bb3;ᒐIJb;ఐĴa;ᑖYe3; ఔ⌫Ĵc;ıf;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP-GFP(H667D)IJe;d30;Pde;ᑁc40; ᙠఔVcd;ᐝᢙf53;cd5;Yb3;bdf;௳Ĵb;, da; eb; aa; ad; b7; bd; fc; e0;IJb; c40;ᙠ௱௺Ĵb;௭İc;Nba;a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP (R104C) IJe; d5; e9; b0; e1; f3; c8;ᓄIJf;e0a;a18; d7; ed; c6; a2; fc; bc;3e6;ᳮIJf;σb;bb3;௯Ĵc;IJa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e; ௯IJb; ALD <a3;ὅᵫᩭd30;Pde;IJe;ᑁ8e0;ឋ᜕ᶒ ALDP IJe;ᑖYe3; d7; ed; c6; a2; bd; fc; e0;ᑖYe3;cfb;IJe;_a2;e0e;IJb;௸௺Nba;a8d; ௳Ĵb;ıf;ఉ,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R617H)ఔᢝ௸<a3;ὅᵫ ᩭdda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;ఔᵨ௺ bf; f3; d1; af;ᑖYe3;IJe;σb;bb3;b9f; a13;ఔʹc; ௷ıf;&#ff0e;ıd;IJe;d50;ʧc;,lactacystin MG132 3e6;ᳮIJb;ఐĴa;, ALDP IJe; d0; f3; c9;İc;3fa;Ife;௱ıf;&#ff0e;ee5;e0a;IJe;d50;ʧc;ఐĴa;, da; eb; aa; ad; b7; bd; fc; e0;̳c;e0a;IJb;IJf; df; b9; d5; a9; fc; eb; c9;௱ıf; bf; f3; d1; af;cea;ఔa8d;b58;௳Ĵb;ed5;d44;ijf;İc;b58;ᙠ௱, d7; ed; c6; a2; bd; fc; e0;5ca; ఁed6;IJe; d7; ed; c6; a2; fc; bc;ఔecb;௱௺◀௱௺Ĵb;௭İc;̙a; ᖂ௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e; e00;Ab9;,c71;ᵪIJf; ALD <a3;ὅdda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;ఔ &#ff3b;35 S&#ff3d; e1; c1; aa; cb; f3; d1; eb; b9; c1; a7; a4; b9;௳Ĵb;௭IJb;ఐĴa;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP (G512S, R660W) IJe;ᑖYe3;İc; E-64 leupepu- tin IJb;ఐĴa;ᢓᑴ௯Ĵc;Ĵb;௭ఔᛇȠa;௱௺Ĵb;&#ff0e; 34) f7c; IJe;b9f; a13;IJf; d7; ed; c6; a2; bd; fc; e0;σb;bb3;ᒐIJb;௸௺IJf;b9f; a13;௱ ௺IJa;IJe;, d7; ed; c6; a2; bd; fc; e0;IJe;_a2;e0e;IJf;e0d;ʔe;Ĵb; İc;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP IJe;ᑖYe3;IJb;IJf;,⋋ᦪIJe; d7; ed; c6; a2; fc; bc;İc;_a2;e0e;௱௺Ĵb;5ef;Pfd;ឋİc;Ĵb;&#ff0e; 7.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 17202797:46:5874
status: NEW[hide] Functional hot spots in human ATP-binding cassette... Protein Sci. 2010 Nov;19(11):2110-21. Kelly L, Fukushima H, Karchin R, Gow JM, Chinn LW, Pieper U, Segal MR, Kroetz DL, Sali A
Functional hot spots in human ATP-binding cassette transporter nucleotide binding domains.
Protein Sci. 2010 Nov;19(11):2110-21., [PMID:20799350]
Abstract [show]
The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily consists of 48 integral membrane proteins that couple the action of ATP binding and hydrolysis to the transport of diverse substrates across cellular membranes. Defects in 18 transporters have been implicated in human disease. In hundreds of cases, disease phenotypes and defects in function can be traced to nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs). The functional impact of the majority of ABC transporter nsSNPs has yet to be experimentally characterized. Here, we combine experimental mutational studies with sequence and structural analysis to describe the impact of nsSNPs in human ABC transporters. First, the disease associations of 39 nsSNPs in 10 transporters were rationalized by identifying two conserved loops and a small alpha-helical region that may be involved in interdomain communication necessary for transport of substrates. Second, an approach to discriminate between disease-associated and neutral nsSNPs was developed and tailored to this superfamily. Finally, the functional impact of 40 unannotated nsSNPs in seven ABC transporters identified in 247 ethnically diverse individuals studied by the Pharmacogenetics of Membrane Transporters consortium was predicted. Three predictions were experimentally tested using human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK) 293 cells stably transfected with the reference multidrug resistance transporter 4 and its variants to examine functional differences in transport of the antiviral drug, tenofovir. The experimental results confirmed two predictions. Our analysis provides a structural and evolutionary framework for rationalizing and predicting the functional effects of nsSNPs in this clinically important membrane transporter superfamily.
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No. Sentence Comment
50 Disease-associated nsSNPs at Three Structural Hotspots in Human ABC Transporter NBDs Gene Disease Position ARA motif ABCB11 BRIC2 A570T ABCD1 X-ALD A616V CFTR CF A559T ABCC6 PXE R765Q ABCC8 HHF1 R841G ABCC8 HHF1 R1493Q ABCC8 HHF1 R1493W ABCD1 X-ALD R617C ABCD1 X-ALD R617G ABCD1 X-ALD R617H CFTR CF R560K CFTR CF R560S CFTR CF R560T ABCA1 HDLD1 A1046D ABCB4 ICP A546D C-loop 1 motif ABCC8 HHF1 D1471H ABCC8 HHF1 D1471N CFTR CBAVD G544V ABCC8 HHF1 G1478R C-loop2 motif ABCA4 STGD1 H2128R ABCC8 HHF1 K889T ABCD1 X-ALD R660P ABCD1 X-ALD R660W ABCA1 HDLD2 M1091T ABCA4 STGD1 E2131K ABCA12 LI2 E1539K ABCA4 STGD1 and CORD3 E1122K CFTR CF L610S ABCC8 HHF1 L1543P ABCA1 Colorectal cancer sample; somatic mutation A2109T ABCC9 CMD1O A1513T ABCD1 X-ALD H667D CFTR CF A613T ABCA1 HDLD2 D1099Y ABCD1 X-ALD T668I CFTR CF D614G ABCA4 STGD1 R2139W ABCA4 STGD1 R1129C ABCA4 ARMD2, STGD1, and FFM R1129L Disease abbreviations are as follows: BRIC2, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2; X-ALD, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy; CF, cystic fibrosis; PXE, Pseudoxanthoma elasticum; HHF1, familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia-1; HDLD1, high density lipoprotein deficiency type 1; ICP, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; CBAVD, congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens; STGD1, Stargardt disease type 1; HDLD2, high density lipoprotein deficiency type 2; LI2, ichthyosis lamellar type 2; CORD3, cone-rod dystrophy type 3; CMD1O, cardiomyopathy dilated type 1O; ARMD2, age-related macular degeneration type 2; FFM, fundus flavimaculatus.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 20799350:50:534
status: NEW[hide] Mutational analyses on X-linked adrenoleukodystrop... Pediatr Neurol. 2013 Sep;49(3):185-90. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.04.021. Epub 2013 Jul 5. Hung KL, Wang JS, Keng WT, Chen HJ, Liang JS, Ngu LH, Lu JF
Mutational analyses on X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy reveal a novel cryptic splicing and three missense mutations in the ABCD1 gene.
Pediatr Neurol. 2013 Sep;49(3):185-90. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.04.021. Epub 2013 Jul 5., [PMID:23835273]
Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is caused by a defective peroxisomal membrane transporter, ABCD1, responsible for transporting very-long-chain fatty acid substrate into peroxisomes for degradation. The main biochemical defect, which is also one of the major diagnostic hallmarks, of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is the accumulation of saturated very-long-chain fatty acids in all tissues and body fluids. METHODS: Direct and reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reactions followed by DNA sequencing-based mutational analyses were performed on one Taiwanese and three Malaysian X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy families. RESULTS: A novel splicing donor site mutation (c.1272+1g>a) was identified in a Taiwanese X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patient, resulting in a deletion of 121 bp and a premature stop codon (p.Val425fs*92) in messenger-RNA transcript. This deletion is caused by the activation of a cryptic splicing donor site in exon 4 of the ABCD1 gene, which is consistent with the prediction by several online algorithms. In addition, three previously described missense mutations (c.965T>C, c.1978C>T, and c.2006A>G), leading to aberrant ABCD1 of p.Leu322Pro, p.Arg660Trp, and p.His669Arg, were also identified in Malaysian probands. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to unveil unequivocally that cryptic splicing-induced aberrant messenger-RNA carrying an internal frameshift deletion results from an intronic mutation in the ABCD1 gene. Furthermore, a polymorphism in intron 9 (c.1992-32c/t; refSNP: rs4898368) of the ABCD1 gene was commonly observed in both Taiwanese and Malaysian populations.
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No. Sentence Comment
5 In addition, three previously described missense mutations (c.965T>C, c.1978C>T, and c.2006A>G), leading to aberrant ABCD1 of p.Leu322Pro, p.Arg660Trp, and p.His669Arg, were also identified in Malaysian probands.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 23835273:5:141
status: NEW75 The mutation caused the conversion of a codon for arginine at position 660 to one encoding for a tryptophan (p.Arg660Trp) in ABCD1.21-23 Both the ALD-4 proband and his mother carried the A-toG transition mutation (c.2006A>G) in exon 10 of the ABCD1 gene based on genomic DNA typing results (Fig 3).
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 23835273:75:111
status: NEW98 Three missense mutations (c.965T>C, c.1978C>T, and c.2006A>G), leading to aberrant ABCD1 of p.Leu322Pro, p.Arg660Trp, and p.His669Arg, were also identified in Malaysian probands with X-ALD of the childhood cerebral form, adolescent cerebral phenotype, and adrenomyeloneuropathy with cerebral involvement, respectively.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 23835273:98:107
status: NEW99 All three missense mutations have been reported to reoccur in three or more X-ALD kindred around the world.19-22,24 All three affected amino acids were highly conserved in ABCD1 among different species or among other peroxisomal ABC transporter homologues, suggesting their possible important role in maintaining proper ABCD1 structure or function.25-27 The replacement of leucine at position 322, localized to the fifth transmembrane domain of ABCD1, with proline is most likely to disrupt membrane spanning a-helical conformation because of the relatively high differences in free-energy change (DDG0 ) for proline to adapt a-helical conformation, as compared with that for alanine.28 On the other hand, both p.Arg660Trp and p.His669Arg, localized to the cytoplasmic domain of ABCD1, have been reported to affect protein stability, resulting in dramatic reduction (<3% in normal) in the amount of ABCD1 based on either immunofluorescence or immunoblotting.22,23,29 It is interesting to note that a cluster of stability affecting mutations involving the region between Pro654 and His669 near the carboxyl terminus of ABCD1 has no known structural or functional significance,22,23,30,31 suggesting their possible roles in cellular sensing or turnover of mutant proteins.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 23835273:99:713
status: NEW113 In addition, three missense mutations (c.965T>C, c.1978C>T, and c.2006A>G), leading to aberrant ABCD1 of p.Leu322Pro, p.Arg660Trp, and p.His669Arg, were also identified in Malaysian X-ALD kindred. A polymorphism in intron 9 (c.1992-32c/t; refSNP: rs4898368) of the ABCD1 gene was also commonly observed in both Taiwanese and Malaysian populations.
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ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 23835273:113:120
status: NEW[hide] X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in women: a cross-se... Brain. 2014 Mar;137(Pt 3):693-706. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt361. Epub 2014 Jan 29. Engelen M, Barbier M, Dijkstra IM, Schur R, de Bie RM, Verhamme C, Dijkgraaf MG, Aubourg PA, Wanders RJ, van Geel BM, de Visser M, Poll-The BT, Kemp S
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in women: a cross-sectional cohort study.
Brain. 2014 Mar;137(Pt 3):693-706. doi: 10.1093/brain/awt361. Epub 2014 Jan 29., [PMID:24480483]
Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is the most common peroxisomal disorder. The disease is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene that encodes the peroxisomal transporter of very long-chain fatty acids. A defect in the ABCD1 protein results in elevated levels of very long-chain fatty acids in plasma and tissues. The clinical spectrum in males with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy has been well described and ranges from isolated adrenocortical insufficiency and slowly progressive myelopathy to devastating cerebral demyelination. As in many X-linked diseases, it was assumed that female carriers remain asymptomatic and only a few studies addressed the phenotype of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers. These studies, however, provided no information on the prevalence of neurological symptoms in the entire population of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers, since data were acquired in small groups and may be biased towards women with symptoms. Our primary goal was to investigate the symptoms and their frequency in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers. The secondary goal was to determine if the X-inactivation pattern of the ABCD1 gene was associated with symptomatic status. We included 46 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers in a prospective cross-sectional cohort study. Our data show that X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers develop signs and symptoms of myelopathy (29/46, 63%) and/or peripheral neuropathy (26/46, 57%). Especially striking was the occurrence of faecal incontinence (13/46, 28%). The frequency of symptomatic women increased sharply with age (from 18% in women <40 years to 88% in women >60 years of age). Virtually all (44/45, 98%) X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers had increased very long-chain fatty acids in plasma and/or fibroblasts, and/or decreased very long-chain fatty acids beta-oxidation in fibroblasts. We did not find an association between the X-inactivation pattern and symptomatic status. We conclude that X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy carriers develop an adrenomyeloneuropathy-like phenotype and there is a strong association between symptomatic status and age. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy should be considered in the differential diagnosis in women with chronic myelopathy and/or peripheral neuropathy (especially with early faecal incontinence). ABCD1 mutation analysis deserves a place in diagnostic protocols for chronic non-compressive myelopathy.
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None has been submitted yet.
No. Sentence Comment
141 Table 1 Summary of symptoms and signs of all the female participating in the study Family Age (years) Urinary incontinence Faecal incontinence Gait disorder Sensory complaints Sensory disturbance Spasticity Weakness Pathological reflexes EDSS Mutation ABCD1 protein A 44 No No Yes No No No No Yes 1.0 p.Pro480Thr Absent A 56 Yes Yes No No No No No Yes 1.5 p.Pro480Thr Absent AA 45 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Arg660Trp Absent AA 59 Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes 3.5 p.Arg660Trp Absent AA 75 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 6.0 p.Arg660Trp Absent B 42 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.0 p.Leu220Pro Reduced B 44 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Leu220Pro Reduced B 44 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Leu220Pro Reduced B 51 No No No Yes Yes No No No 1.0 p.Leu220Pro Reduced B 59 No No No Yes Yes No Yes No 2.0 p.Leu220Pro Reduced C 44 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Gln133* Absent D 38 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 6.0 p.Leu654Pro Absent D 57 Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 5.5 p.Leu654Pro Absent E 31 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Arg74Trp Absent E 37 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Arg74Trp Absent E 60 No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 5.5 p.Arg74Trp Absent F 35 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Met1Val Absent G 42 No Yes No No No No No No 1.0 p.Ala245Asp Present H 61 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 3.5 exon8-10del Absent I 71 No No No No Yes No No Yes 2.0 p.Glu609Lys Absent J 42 No No No No Yes No No Yes 1.5 p.Glu90* Absent K 31 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Pro543Leu Absent K 48 Yes No No No Yes No No Yes 2.5 p.Pro543Leu Absent K 57 No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 3.5 p.Pro543Leu Absent K 60 Yes No No No Yes No No Yes 3.5 p.Pro543Leu Absent L 51 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 6.5 p.Ile657del Absent M 22 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Ser149Asn Reduced M 40 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Ser149Asn Reduced N 29 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Arg389His Reduced N 45 Yes No No Yes No No No No 2.0 p.Arg389His Reduced N 57 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 3.5 p.Arg389His Reduced N 70 No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes 3.5 p.Arg389His Reduced O 40 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 3.5 p.Glu609Lys Absent P 59 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 6.0 p.Leu215* Absent Q 39 No Yes Yes No Yes No No No 3.0 p.Val208Trpfs Absent R 28 No No No No No No No No 0 p.Pro480Thr Absent S 35 No No No No No No No No 0 p.His283Tyr Reduced (continued) Correlation studies of X-inactivation with asymptomatic or symptomatic status The distribution of ABCD1 allele-specific expression (which will be referred to as the pattern of X-inactivation) is shown in Fig. 5A.
X
ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 24480483:141:409
status: NEWX
ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 24480483:141:466
status: NEWX
ABCD1 p.Arg660Trp 24480483:141:525
status: NEW