ABCMdb

ABCD1 p.Tyr174Cys

ClinVar:	c.520T>G , p.Tyr174Asp D , Pathogenic
Predicted by SNAP2:	A: D (91%), C: D (91%), D: D (95%), E: D (95%), F: D (85%), G: D (95%), H: D (91%), I: D (91%), K: D (95%), L: D (91%), M: D (95%), N: D (95%), P: D (95%), Q: D (95%), R: D (95%), S: D (95%), T: D (95%), V: D (91%), W: D (95%),
Predicted by PROVEAN:	A: D, C: D, D: D, E: D, F: D, G: D, H: D, I: D, K: D, L: D, M: D, N: D, P: D, Q: D, R: D, S: D, T: D, V: D, W: D,

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[hide] Identification of new mutations in Israeli patient... Genet Test. 2001 Spring;5(1):65-8. Neumann S, Topper A, Mandel H, Shapira I, Golan O, Gazit E, Loewenthal R
Identification of new mutations in Israeli patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Genet Test. 2001 Spring;5(1):65-8., [PMID:11336405]

Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a peroxisomal disorder characterized by impaired peroxisomal betaoxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). This is probably due to reduced activation of the VLCFAs and results in demyelination of the nervous system and adrenocortical insufficiency. The ALD gene is localized on Xq28, has 10 exons and encodes a protein of 745 amino acids with significant homology to the membrane peroxisomal protein PMP70. Characterizing the disease causing mutations is of importance in prenatal diagnosis because 12-20% of women who are obligatory carriers show false-negative results when tested for VLCFA in plasma. We have analyzed DNA from blood samples of 7 Jewish (5 Sephardi and 2 Ashkenazi) and 3 Arab Israeli families suffering from ALD. Five missense-type mutations were identified: R104H, Y174C, L229P, R401Q, and G512C. A single mutation, R464X, was nonsense, and two, Y171 frameshift and E471 frameshift, were frameshift. Interestingly, a single mutation was identified in three families of Moroccan Jewish descent, probably due to a founder effect.

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6 Five missense-type mutations were identified: R104H, Y174C, L229P, R401Q, and G512C. Login to comment
44 Three of those mutations are missense, conservative substitutions:R104H, Y174C (Fig. 1), and L229P (Fig. 2). Login to comment
53 MUTATIONS IN THE ALD GENE Family number Exon cDNA alteration Amino acid alteration Missense: 1 1 G697A R104H 2 1 A907G Y174C 3, 4, 5 1 T1072C L229P 6 3 G1588A R401Q 7 6 G1920T G512C Nonsense: 8 4 C1776T R464X Frameshift: 9 1 901insC Y171 frameshift 10 5 1800insC E471 frameshift FIG. 1. Login to comment
54 Mutation Y174C (A907G) is shown in the right part of the top and bottom sequences. Login to comment
79 Mutations Y174C, L229P, G512C, 901insC (Y171 frameshift), and 1800insC (E471 frameshift) are described in ALD patientsfor the first time. Login to comment
83 Borderline high-levelresults are also possible.The mutation A907G(Y174C) has been found in a large Arab family (Fig. 4). Login to comment

[hide] ABCD1 mutations and the X-linked adrenoleukodystro... Hum Mutat. 2001 Dec;18(6):499-515. Kemp S, Pujol A, Waterham HR, van Geel BM, Boehm CD, Raymond GV, Cutting GR, Wanders RJ, Moser HW
ABCD1 mutations and the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mutation database: role in diagnosis and clinical correlations.
Hum Mutat. 2001 Dec;18(6):499-515., [PMID:11748843]

Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which encodes a peroxisomal ABC half-transporter (ALDP) involved in the import of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) into the peroxisome. The disease is characterized by a striking and unpredictable variation in phenotypic expression. Phenotypes include the rapidly progressive childhood cerebral form (CCALD), the milder adult form, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), and variants without neurologic involvement. There is no apparent correlation between genotype and phenotype. In males, unambiguous diagnosis can be achieved by demonstration of elevated levels of VLCFA in plasma. In 15 to 20% of obligate heterozygotes, however, test results are false-negative. Therefore, mutation analysis is the only reliable method for the identification of heterozygotes. Since most X-ALD kindreds have a unique mutation, a great number of mutations have been identified in the ABCD1 gene in the last seven years. In order to catalog and facilitate the analysis of these mutations, we have established a mutation database for X-ALD ( http://www.x-ald.nl). In this review we report a detailed analysis of all 406 X-ALD mutations currently included in the database. Also, we present 47 novel mutations. In addition, we review the various X-ALD phenotypes, the different diagnostic tools, and the need for extended family screening for the identification of new patients.

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164 X-ALD Mutations Identified in the ABCD1 Gene Allele Exon Mutation Protein Remark fs P42 1 125insC n.d. # fs P84 1 253insC n.d. # E90K 1 268G>A n.d. # S98L 1 293C>T Present S98L 1 293C>T Present R104H 1 311G>A n.d. fs A112 1 337delC Absent # R113C 1 337C>T Present # R113P 1 338G>C n.d. # Q133X 1 397C>T Absent W137X 1 411G>A Absent P143S 1 427C>T n.d. S149N 1 446G>A Present R152S 1 454C>A n.d. R152C 1 454C>T Present R152L 1 455G>T Reduced # S161P 1 481T>C n.d. # R163P 1 488G>C n.d. Y174C 1 521A>G Absent Y174C 1 521A>G n.d. Q177X 1 529C>T Absent Y181C 1 542A>G n.d. fs Y181 1 544ins8bp n.d. # Q195X 1 583C>T n.d. # T198K 1 593C>A n.d. # fs S207 1 621del664bp Absent # SV207-8insAAS 1 622-23ins9bp n.d. # K217E 1 649A>G Present # P218T 1 652C>A n.d. V224E 1 671T>G n.d. # L229P 1 686T>C n.d. L229P 1 686T>C n.d. fs S235 1 706delCGTG n.d. # W242X 1 726G>A Absent G266R 1 796G>A n.d. G266R 1 796G>A n.d. R274W, R280C 1 820C>T, 838C>T n.d. # R285P 1 854G>C n.d. S290X 1 869C>A Absent # E291del 1 871-73delGAG Absent Y296C 1 887A>G n.d. Y296C 1 887A>G n.d. fs E300 IVS1 IVS1+1g>t n.d. # fs E300 IVS1 IVS1-1g>a n.d. # S315X 2 944C>A n.d. # K336M 2 1007A>T n.d. # G343D 2 1028G>A n.d. # R401Q 3 1202G>A Present R401Q 3 1202G>A Present K407X 3 1219A>T n.d. # E427del 4 1279-81delGAA n.d. # Q430X 4 1288C>T n.d. # R464X 4 1390C>T n.d. fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent C511X 6 1533C>A n.d. # R518Q 6 1553G>A Absent fs G528 6 1586-90del Absent # fs Y532 6 1599delG Absent # P543L 6 1628C>T Absent P543L 6 1628C>T Absent fs Q544 6 1628-34duplicated n.d. # fs R545 IVS 6 IVS6+1g>c n.d. # R554H 7 1661G>A Absent fs Q556 7 1670delTG n.d. # (continued) replaced by a pyrimidine (C or T) or vice versa, and transitions, comprising the substitution of one purine by the other, or of one pyrimidine by the other. Login to comment

[hide] Mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters: from endog... Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Dec;164(7):1753-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01435.x. Kemp S, Theodoulou FL, Wanders RJ
Mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters: from endogenous substrates to pathology and clinical significance.
Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Dec;164(7):1753-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01435.x., [PMID:21488864]

Abstract [show]
Peroxisomes are indispensable organelles in higher eukaryotes. They are essential for a number of important metabolic pathways, including fatty acid alpha- and beta-oxidation, and biosynthesis of etherphospholipids and bile acids. However, the peroxisomal membrane forms an impermeable barrier to these metabolites. Therefore, peroxisomes need specific transporter proteins to transfer these metabolites across their membranes. The mammalian peroxisomal membrane harbours three ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the functions of these ABC transporters. There is ample evidence that they are involved in the transport of very long-chain fatty acids, pristanic acid, di- and trihydroxycholestanoic acid, dicarboxylic acids and tetracosahexaenoic acid (C24:6omega3). Surprisingly, only one disease is associated with a deficiency of a peroxisomal ABC transporter. Mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the peroxisomal ABC transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein are the cause for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, an inherited metabolic storage disorder. This review describes the current state of knowledge on the mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters with a particular focus on their function in metabolite transport.

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163 The finding that the missense mutation p.Tyr174Cys, which is located in the region between the transmembrane segments 2 and 3 of ALDP, resulted in mistargeting of ALDP to other organelles indicates that this region is also important for the targeting of ALDP to the peroxisome (Takahashi et al., 2007). Login to comment

[hide] Conservation of targeting but divergence in functi... Biochem J. 2011 Jun 15;436(3):547-57. Zhang X, De Marcos Lousa C, Schutte-Lensink N, Ofman R, Wanders RJ, Baldwin SA, Baker A, Kemp S, Theodoulou FL
Conservation of targeting but divergence in function and quality control of peroxisomal ABC transporters: an analysis using cross-kingdom expression.
Biochem J. 2011 Jun 15;436(3):547-57., [PMID:21476988]

Abstract [show]
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) subfamily D transporters are found in all eukaryotic kingdoms and are known to play essential roles in mammals and plants; however, their number, organization and physiological contexts differ. Via cross-kingdom expression experiments, we have explored the conservation of targeting, protein stability and function between mammalian and plant ABCD transporters. When expressed in tobacco epidermal cells, the mammalian ABCD proteins ALDP (adrenoleukodystrophy protein), ALDR (adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein) and PMP70 (70 kDa peroxisomal membrane protein) targeted faithfully to peroxisomes and P70R (PMP70-related protein) targeted to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), as in the native host. The Arabidopsis thaliana peroxin AtPex19_1 interacted with human peroxisomal ABC transporters both in vivo and in vitro, providing an explanation for the fidelity of targeting. The fate of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy disease-related mutants differed between fibroblasts and plant cells. In fibroblasts, levels of ALDP in some 'protein-absent' mutants were increased by low-temperature culture, in some cases restoring function. In contrast, all mutant ALDP proteins examined were stable and correctly targeted in plant cells, regardless of their fate in fibroblasts. ALDR complemented the seed germination defect of the Arabidopsis cts-1 mutant which lacks the peroxisomal ABCD transporter CTS (Comatose), but neither ALDR nor ALDP was able to rescue the defect in fatty acid beta-oxidation in establishing seedlings. Taken together, our results indicate that the mechanism for trafficking of peroxisomal membrane proteins is shared between plants and mammals, but suggest differences in the sensing and turnover of mutant ABC transporter proteins and differences in substrate specificity and/or function.

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181 These included relatively common mutants which are unstable in fibroblasts, but which can be rescued by the application of proteasome inhibitors (p.Ser606Leu, p.Arg617His and p.His667Asp), the p.Arg104Cys mutant in which degradation of ALDP cannot be prevented by proteasome inhibitors and the p.Tyr174Cys mutant which is Table 2 X-ALD mutants used for analysis of targeting in tobacco cells The occurrence is the number of documented patients bearing the mutation; source: X-ALD database (http://www.x-ald.nl). Login to comment
182 These included relatively common mutants which are unstable in fibroblasts, but which can be rescued by the application of proteasome inhibitors (p.Ser606Leu, p.Arg617His and p.His667Asp), the p.Arg104Cys mutant in which degradation of ALDP cannot be prevented by proteasome inhibitors and the p.Tyr174Cys mutant which is c The Authors Journal compilation c Table 2 X-ALD mutants used for analysis of targeting in tobacco cells The occurrence is the number of documented patients bearing the mutation; source: X-ALD database (http://www.x-ald.nl). Login to comment

[hide] Adrenoleukodystrophy: subcellular localization and... J Neurochem. 2007 Jun;101(6):1632-43. Takahashi N, Morita M, Maeda T, Harayama Y, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, Furuya H, Sato R, Kashiwayama Y, Imanaka T
Adrenoleukodystrophy: subcellular localization and degradation of adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP/ABCD1) with naturally occurring missense mutations.
J Neurochem. 2007 Jun;101(6):1632-43., [PMID:17542813]

Abstract [show]
Mutation in the X-chromosomal adrenoleukodystrophy gene (ALD; ABCD1) leads to X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a severe neurodegenerative disorder. The encoded adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP/ABCD1) is a half-size peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette protein of 745 amino acids in humans. In this study, we chose nine arbitrary mutant human ALDP forms (R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H, and H667D) with naturally occurring missense mutations and examined the intracellular behavior. When expressed in X-ALD fibroblasts lacking ALDP, the expression level of mutant His-ALDPs (S606L, R617H, and H667D) was lower than that of wild type and other mutant ALDPs. Furthermore, mutant ALDP-green fluorescence proteins (S606L and H667D) stably expressed in CHO cells were not detected due to rapid degradation. Interestingly, the wild type ALDP co-expressed in these cells also disappeared. In the case of X-ALD fibroblasts from an ALD patient (R617H), the mutant ALDP was not detected in the cells, but appeared upon incubation with a proteasome inhibitor. When CHO cells expressing mutant ALDP-green fluorescence protein (H667D) were cultured in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor, both the mutant and wild type ALDP reappeared. In addition, mutant His-ALDP (Y174C), which has a mutation between transmembrane domain 2 and 3, did not exhibit peroxisomal localization by immunofluorescense study. These results suggest that mutant ALDPs, which have a mutation in the COOH-terminal half of ALDP, including S606L, R617H, and H667D, were degraded by proteasomes after dimerization. Further, the region between transmembrane domain 2 and 3 is important for the targeting of ALDP to the peroxisome.

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2 In this study, we chose nine arbitrary mutant human ALDP forms (R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H, and H667D) with naturally occurring missense mutations and examined the intracellular behavior. Login to comment
8 In addition, mutant His-ALDP (Y174C), which has a mutation between transmembrane domain 2 and 3, did not exhibit peroxisomal localization by immunofluorescense study. Login to comment
35 We found that mutant ALDPs with the missense mutations in the G116R S342P Q544R R617H H667D Y174C NH2 COOH C sequence Cytosol Membrane Matrix Walker A Walker B S606P, S606L R104C Fig. 1 A putative secondary structure of adrenoleukodystrophy protein. Login to comment
71 CHO-K1 cells (5 · 105 cells) were cultured in Ham`s F-12 medium with 10% FBS, 70 lg/mL of penicillin, and 140 lg/mL of streptomycin and transfected with 5 lg of pMAM2/ Table 1 Oligonucleotide primer sequences used for the generation of mutant ALDP constructs Construct name Forward primer (5' to 3') (top) R104C GCCTTGGTGAGCTGCACCTTCCTGTCG G116R GCCCGCCTGGACAGAAGGCTGGCC Y174C GCCTACCGCCTCTGCTCCTCCCAG S342P TGGAGCGCCCCGGGCCTGCTCATG Q544R GCATGTTCTACATCCCGCGGAGGCCCTACATGTC S606P AAGGACGTCCTGCCGGGTGGCGAGAAG S606L AAGGACGTCCTGTTGGGTGGCGAGAAG R617H GCAGAGAATCGGCATGGCCCACATGTTCTACCACAGGC H667D TCCCTGTGGAAATACGACACACACTTGCTA The underlined letters indicate the single base mutation leading to an amino acid replacement. Login to comment
119 Six mutant His-ALDPs (R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, and S606P) were expressed in an equal amount to the wild type His-ALDP. Login to comment
128 In contrasts, His-ALDPs (Y174C and H667D) appear to be mislocated to other organelles. Login to comment
135 In this experiment, we chose R104C, G116R, and S606P (with normal localization in peroxisomes), Y174C (mislocalization), and S606L and H667D (degradation). Login to comment
150 The fragments were not extractable with 0.1 mol/L sodium carbonate, indicating (a) (c) (b) (d) 400 140 120 100 Expressionratio(%) 80 60 40 His-ALDP R104C G116R Y174C S342P Q544R S606P S606L R617H H667D Catalase 20 0 100 Expressionratio(%) 80 60 40 20 0 350 300 250 200 150 pmol/h/mgprotein 100 50 0 Normal (139T) X-ALD (163T) M ock M ock W ild W ild N one S606L His-ALDP GFP Catalase R 617H H 667D R 104CG 116RY174C S342PQ 544RS606PS606LR 617HH 667D M ock W ildR 104CG 116RY174CS342PQ 544RS606PS606LR 617HH 667D Fig. 3 Expression of wild type and mutant His-adrenoleukodystrophy proteins (ALDPs) in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) fibroblasts (163T). Login to comment
168 In the case of mutant ALDP-GFP (Y174C), only a small amount of ALDP-GFP was recovered in fractions 3 and 4 where the peroxisomes were recovered. Login to comment
180 Degradation of mutant ALDP (S606L) was similarly inhibited by lactacystin, but not by leupeptin, wild R104C G116R ALDP-GFP ALDP PMP70 1 5 10 1 5 10 1 5 10 1 5 10 1 5 10 1 5 10 1 5 10 Non specific ALDP-GFP ALDP PMP70 Non specific ALDP-GFP ALDP PMP70 Non specific Y174C H667D S606P S606L Fig. 4 Subcellular localization of wild type and mutant adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP) -green fluorescence proteins (GFP) in CHO cells. Login to comment
181 The mitochondrial and light mitochondrial fraction from CHO cells expressing wild type ALDP and ALDP-GFP or each mutant ALDP-GFP (R104C, G116R, Y174C, S606P, S606L, or H667D) was fractionated by equilibrium density centrifugation on sucrose. Login to comment
229 Recently Lie et al. investigated the dimerization of the COOH-terminal half of ALDP by a yeast two-hybrid assay and found that it could dimerize Table 2 Expression and localization of missense ALDPs Mutant ALDP Transient Stable Expressiona Localizationb b-Oxidationc Expressiona Localizationb Wild +++ Px + ++ Px R104Cd , G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P +++ Px ) ++ Px Y174C +++ mis ) + mis S606L ++ Px ) ) ) R617H, H667D + ) ) ) ) Wild and mutant His-ALDPs or ALDP-GFPs were transiently expressed in X-ALD fibroblasts or stably expressed in CHO cells, respectively. Login to comment
267 Third, mutant ALDP (Y174C) was shown to mistarget to other organelles (Fig. 3d). Login to comment
269 As the mutant ALDP (Y174C) was able to associate with Pex19p in in vitro translation experiments (data not shown), the targeting signal located in amino acids 67-164 (Landgraf et al. 2003) seems to be masked by the mutation. Login to comment
277 In addition, mutation of ALDP (Y174C) suggests that the loop between TMD2 and 3 is important for the targeting of ALDP to peroxisomes. Login to comment

[hide] Molecular diagnosis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrop... Clin Chim Acta. 2011 May 12;412(11-12):970-4. Epub 2011 Feb 12. Lan F, Wang Z, Xie H, Huang L, Ke L, Yang B, Zhu Z
Molecular diagnosis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: experience from a clinical genetic laboratory in mainland China with report of 13 novel mutations.
Clin Chim Acta. 2011 May 12;412(11-12):970-4. Epub 2011 Feb 12., [PMID:21300044]

Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive demyelination of the nervous system, adrenocortical insufficiency and increase of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the plasma and tissues. METHODS: A total of 131 individuals from 30 Chinese pedigrees were involved in this study, including 42 symptomatic patients, 44 female carriers, and 15 high-risk fetuses from 13 families. The mutation was first pinpointed through long distance RT-PCR-based RNA approach and confirmed through peripheral blood DNA approach. RESULTS: A total of 28 mutations were identified, of which 19 were missense, 3 nonsense and 6 frame-shift mutations. Thirteen mutations were novel, i.e. p.R280L, p.P580L, p.G343V, p.S108X, p.R259W, p.P534R, p.fs A246, p.L576P, p.K602X, p.A314P, p.N148D, p.H283R, and p.fs R89. Two mutations occurred de novo, for they were not found in somatic cells of their parents. Three females from the same family developed AMN-like symptoms and they were heterozygous for the p.H283R mutation. Four asymptomatic boys were diagnosed as X-ALD patients and prenatal molecular diagnosis were provided for 13 X-ALD-stricken families. CONCLUSIONS: Our work extended the spectrum of mutations in X-ALD and benefited genetic counseling through reliable identification of heterozygous females and asymptomatic males.

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99 Pedigree Number of patient Number of carriere Phenotype of patient Base change Amino acid change Position of mutation Feature of mutation Prenatal diagnosis 1 1 2 AdolCALD 1225GNT R280L Exon 1 Missense 2 1 1 CCALD 1909CNT P508L Exon 6 Missense 3 4 3 CCALD 1987CNG P534R Exon 6 Missense Y 4 1 1 CCALD 1182GNA G266R Exon 1 Missense 5 1a +1b 1 CCALD 2235CNG R617G Exon 8 Missense Y 6 1+1a +1c 1 CCALD 1414GNT G343V Exon 2 Missense 7 1 1 CCALD 1415_02 del AG fs E471 Exon 5 Frameshift 8 1+1b 1 CCALD 2235CNT R617C Exon 8 Missense Yh 9 1 1 CCALD 2065CNT P560L Exon 7 Y 10 1+1a 2+1b CCALD [709 NA; 1161CNT] [S108X; R259W] Exon 1 Nonsense; Missense Y 11 1 1 CCALD 1126ins GCCATCG fs I246 Exon 1 Frameshift 12 1 1 CCALD 2113TNC L576P Exon 7 Missense 13 1a +2c 3 CCALD 807GNA A141T Exon 1 Missense 14 1 1 CCALD 1415_02 del AG fs E471 Exon 5 Frameshift Y 15 1 1+1b CCALD 915CNA Q177X Exon 1 Nonsense Yh 16 1+1a 1 CCALD 1588GNA R401Q Exon 3 Missense 17 1 1 CCALD 1212 ANG K276E Exon 1 Missense Y 18 1 1 CCALD 907 ANG Y174C Exon 1 Missense 19 1 2 CCALD 2190 ANT K602X Exon 8 Nonsense 20 1 1 CCALD 1326GNC A314P Exon 2 Missense 21 1 1 CCALD 828 ANG N148D Exon 1 Missense Y 22 1 1 CCALD 1588GNA R401Q Exon 3 Missense Y 23 1 0f CCALD 2278GNA C631Y Exon 9 Missense 24 1a 1 CCALD 1008insG fs S207 Exon 1 Frameshift Y 25 1 0f CCALD 1920GNA G512S Exon 6 Missense 26 1+1c 3 CCALD 1415_02 del AG fs E471 Exon 5 Frameshift Y 27 1+1b 1 CCALD [1035ANG; 1853GNA] [K217E; V489V] Exon 1 Missense; same sense Y 28 1+3d 4 AMNg 1234ANG H283R Exon 1 Missense 29 1+2a 3 CCALD 1233CNG H283D Exon 1 Missense 30 2 3 AMN; CCALD 656_57 delGA fs R89 Exon 1 Frameshift a patient or proband died at the time of referral; b fetus by prenatal diagnosis; c presymptomatic at the time of referral; d female heterozygote patient; e determined by molecular ananlysis or deduced by the fact that the carrier was the daughter of an X-ALD, or the mother of at least one X-ALD patients; f de novo mutation; g including three heterozygote female patients; h twice for two pregnancies. Login to comment

[hide] Decreased expression of ABCD4 and BG1 genes early ... Hum Mol Genet. 2005 May 15;14(10):1293-303. Epub 2005 Mar 30. Asheuer M, Bieche I, Laurendeau I, Moser A, Hainque B, Vidaud M, Aubourg P
Decreased expression of ABCD4 and BG1 genes early in the pathogenesis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Hum Mol Genet. 2005 May 15;14(10):1293-303. Epub 2005 Mar 30., [PMID:15800013]

Abstract [show]
Childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCER), adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and AMN with cerebral demyelination (AMN-C) are the main phenotypic variants of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). It is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding a half-size peroxisomal transporter that has to dimerize to become functional. The biochemical hallmark of ALD is the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in plasma and tissues. However, there is no correlation between the ALD phenotype and the ABCD1 gene mutations or the accumulation of VLCFA in plasma and fibroblast from ALD patients. The absence of genotype-phenotype correlation suggests the existence of modifier genes. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic variability of ALD, we studied the expression of ABCD1, three other peroxisomal transporter genes of the same family (ABCD2, ABCD3 and ABCD4) and two VLCFA synthetase genes (VLCS and BG1) involved in VLCFA metabolism, as well as the VLCFA concentrations in the normal white matter (WM) from ALD patients with CCER, AMN-C and AMN phenotypes. This study shows that: (1) ABCD1 gene mutations leading to truncated ALD protein are unlikely to cause variation in the ALD phenotype; (2) accumulation of saturated VLCFA in normal-appearing WM correlates with ALD phenotype and (3) expression of the ABCD4 and BG1, but not of the ABCD2, ABCD3 and VLCS genes, tends to be correlated with the severity of the disease, acting early in the pathogenesis of ALD.

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76 Mutation Amino acid alteration Type of mutation at the protein level Tissue sample CCER1 521A.G Y174C Missense CCER2 1414insC fsE471 Frame shift CCER3 Unknown Unknown Unknown Fibroblast CCER4 411G.A W137X Nonsense CCER5 1961T.C L654P Missense CCER6 529C.T Q177X Nonsense CCER7 901-1G.A fsE300 Frame shift CCER8 796G.A G266R Missense CCER9 1822G.A G608S Missense Brain CCER10 1390C.A R464X Nonsense CCER11 253-254insC fsP84 Frame shift CCER12 619_627del S207_A209del Deletion AMN-C1 1414-1415insC fsE471 Frame shift AMN-C2 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C3 1585delG fsG528 Frame shift Fibroblast AMN-C4 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C5 1825G.A E609K Missense AMN-C6 919C.T Q307X Nonsense AMN-C7 1850G.A R617H Missense AMN-C8 887A.G Y296C Missense AMN-C9 965T.C L322P Missense Brain AMN-C10 1390C.T R464X Nonsense AMN-C11 [1165C.T;1224 þ 1GT.TG] [R389C;fSE408] Missense; frame shift AMN-C12 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C13 [1997A.C;2007C.G] [Y666S;H669Q] Missense AMN-C14 1755delG fsH586 Frame shift AMN1 529C.T Q177X Nonsense AMN2 1999C.G H667D Missense AMN3 1415delAG fsE471 Frame shift Fibroblast AMN4 337delC fsA112 Frame shift AMN5 310C.T R104C Missense AMN6 919C.T Q307X Nonsense AMN7 323C.T S108L Missense Brain All mutation designations conform to the nomenclature described by Antonarakis and den Dunnen (30,31). Login to comment

[hide] [Adrenoleukodystrophy: structure and function of A... Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Jan;127(1):163-72. Takahashi N, Morita M, Imanaka T
[Adrenoleukodystrophy: structure and function of ALDP, and intracellular behavior of mutant ALDP with naturally occurring missense mutations].
Yakugaku Zasshi. 2007 Jan;127(1):163-72., [PMID:17202797]

Abstract [show]
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an inherited disorder characterized by progressive demyelination of the central nervous system and adrenal dysfunction. The biochemical characterization is based on the accumulation of pathgnomonic amounts of saturated very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA; C>22) in all tissues, including the brain white matter, adrenal glands, and skin fibroblasts, of the patients. The accumulation of VLCFA in ALD is linked to a mutation in the ALD (ABCD1) gene, an ABC subfamily D member. The ALD gene product, so-called ALDP (ABCD1), is thought to be involved in the transport of VLCFA or VLCFA-CoA into the peroxisomes. ALDP is a half-sized peroxisomal ABC protein and it has 745 amino acids in humans. ALDP is thought to be synthesized on free polysomes, posttranslationally transported to peroxisomes, and inserted into the membranes. During this process, ALDP interacts with Pex19p, a chaperone-like protein for intracellular trafficking of peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP), the complex targets Pex3p on the peroxisomal membranes, and ALDP is inserted into the membranes. After integration into the membranes, ALDP is thought to form mainly homodimers. Here, we chose nine arbitrary mutations of human ALDP with naturally occurring missense mutations and examined the intracellular behavior of their ALDPs. We found that mutant ALDP (S606L, R617H, and H667D) was degraded together with wild-type ALDP by proteasomes. These results suggest that the complex of mutant and wild-type ALDP is recognized as misfolded proteins and degraded by the protein quality control system associated with proteasomes. Further, we found fragmentation of mutant ALDP (R104C) on peroxisomes and it was not inhibited by proteasomes inhibitors, suggesting that an additional protease(s) is also involved in the quality control of mutant ALDP. In addition, mutation of ALDP (Y174C) suggests that a loop between transmembrane domains 2 and 3 is important for the targeting of ALDP to peroxisomes.

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11 In addition, mutation of ALDP (Y174C) suggests that a loop between transmembrane domains 2 and 3 is important for the targeting of ALDP to peroxisomes. Login to comment
28 ミスセンス変異を持つ ALDP の細胞内動態 ―一過性発現によ08b;解析 ALD 患者の持つ変異 ALDP の機能,細胞内局在性,細胞内における安定性を解析することは, ALDP の各ドメインの機能を知る上で有用な情報を提供すると思われる．特にミスセンス変異は,たった 1 つのアミノ酸変異による異常であるので特に興味深い．われわれは ALD 患者で報告されているミスセンス変異の中から,TMD から 4 つ(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P),NBD から 4 つ(Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H),C 末端部位から 1 つ (H667D)を任意に選び(Fig. 1),その機能と細胞内動態を解析した．これらの実験は,大学院シンポジウムで報告したので,詳しく述べたいと思う． ALDP はペルオキシソームにおける極長鎖脂肪酸の b 酸化に関与していることが知られている．実際に ALD 患者由来の繊維芽細胞では極長鎖脂肪酸の b 酸化活性が正常な線維芽細胞と比べて約 50 ―70%程度減少している．そこで野生型及び変異型 ALDP の機能を確認するため,ALDP を発現していない ALD 患者由来線維芽細胞に,N 末端に His タグを付加した野生型と変異型 ALDP を一過性に発現し,［1-14 C]lignoceric acid を基質として極長鎖脂肪酸 b 酸化活性の測定を行った．その結果, ALDP 欠損線維芽細胞の極長鎖脂肪酸 b 酸化活性は,正常細胞の約 50%まで減少していたが,野生型 His-ALDP を発現させると正常と同程度にまで活性が回復した．このことから発現させた野生型 His-ALDP は ALDP と同等の機能を持つことが確認された．一方,9 種類のミスセンス変異 ALDP を発現した線維芽細胞では極長鎖脂肪酸 b 酸化活性の増加は認められなかった．よって,これらのミスセンス変異 ALDP は機能を欠くことが確認された．ついで,野生型及び変異型 His-ALDP を発現した ALD 患者線維芽細胞を回収し,変異型 ALDP の発現量を immunoblotting により定量化し解析した(Table 1)．なお ALDP の発現量は,ペルオキシソームの指標酵素であるカタラーゼの発現量で補正した．その結果,変異型 ALDP(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P)は,野生型とほぼ同程度の発現量を示した．一方,変異型 ALDP (S606L, R617H, H667D)では発現量が野生型の発 167 Table 1. Login to comment
29 Expression and Localization of Missense ALDPs Mutant Transient Stable Expression Localization b-Oxidation Expression Localization Wild Z Px ＋ Z Px R104C, G116R S342P, Q544R S606P Z Px － Z Px Y174C Z mis － Z mis S606L ＋ Px －－－ R617H ± －－ na na H667D ＋－－－－ Wild and Mutant His-ALDPs or ALDP-GFPs were transiently expressed in X-ALD ˆbroblasts and stably expressed in CHO cells, respectively. Login to comment
36 1 現量と比べて約 50%程度減少していた．なお,各 ALDP ポジティブの細胞は約 30%程度であり,各細胞間での発現効率に有意な差は認められなかった．このことから,ALDP の発現量が減少していた 3 つの変異 ALDP は細胞内での安定性が低下していると推察された．また興味深いことに S606P と S606L は同じ部位の変異にも係わらず,置換したアミノ酸によって発現量には差が認められた．ついで,変異型 His-ALDP の細胞内局在を蛍光抗体法で確認した．変異型 ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L)では ALDP がカタラーゼの局在と一致したことから,正常にペルオキシソームへ局在していることが確認された．一方, 変異型 ALDP(Y174C, H667D)では局在が一致せず,ALDP が他の細胞内小器官へ間違って輸送されていると考えられた．変異型 ALDP(R617H) では ALDP の発現が認められなかった．変異型 ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P)では野生型とほぼ同程度のタンパク量が発現し,ペルオキシソームへの局在も確認されたので,これらの変異型 ALDP は合成されたのちに正常にペルオキシソームに運ばれるが,ペルオキシソーム膜においてその機能(ATP 結合・加水分解若しくは基質輸送)に異常を持つことが推察された．特に R104C, G116R, S342P は TMD に存在することから ALDP の基質輸送能が変化していると考えられる．一方, NBD に存在する Q544R, S606P は ATP 結合・加水分解に影響を与えている可能性が考えられる．また S606P, S606L は変異が同じ部位でも構造的に安定性が異なっていた．Roerig らは S606L の変異型 ALDP は,ATP との親和性が低下している一方で ATP 加水分解は正常に行われていると報告している．29) このことは ALDP と ATP の親和性が ALDP の安定性にも影響を及ぼしている可能性を示している．S606L と S606P の安定性の違いと機能の関係は ALDP の機能を知る上でも興味深い点であり, 今後さらに検討を行う必要がある．一方,Y174C の変異型 ALDP は正常に発現するにも係わらず, ペルオキシソームへ局在せず他の細胞内小器官へミスターゲッティングした．これまでにペルオキシソームへの局在化シグナルを欠くペルオキシソーム膜タンパク質は,非特異的にミトコンドリアや小胞体に移行することが知られている．30,31) よって, ALDP の TMD2―3 の間のループは,ペルオキシソームへの局在化に重要な役割を果たしている可能性が推察される．Pex19p 存在化での in vitro タンパク質翻訳系において,ALDP(Y174C)は Pex19p に結合できるので,ALDP の N 末端 67―164 に存在するペルオキシソーム移行に係わる領域が ALDP の何らかの構造変化によってマスクされるのかもしれない． 5. Login to comment
43 168 Vol. 127 (2007) ALDP については ALDP の C 末端に GFP(green ‰uorescent protein)を融合させた変異 ALDP-GFP を発現させるとともに,野生型ヒト ALDP を CHO 細胞に共発現させた(CHO 細胞にも内在性の ALDP が発現しているが,本実験に用いた抗体が交差しないため,ヒト ALDP を発現させた)．GFP 融合タンパク質は内在性のタンパク質との区別が容易であること,安定発現細胞の取得が容易にできることなどの利点がある．この実験では,ペルオキシソームに正常に輸送される変異型 ALDP(R104C, G116R, S606P),ペルオキシソームに局在しない変異型 ALDP(Y174C),発現量が低下している変異型 ALDP(H667D)を選んだ．これら安定過剰発現細胞における ALDP-GFP の細胞内局在性をみると,その分布は一過性発現させた His-ALDP と同様であった．得られた安定発現細胞よりオルガネラ粗分画を調製し,ショ糖密度勾配遠心分離法により各フラクションに分けたのち,SDS-PAGE 及び immunoblotting により変異 ALDP の局在について解析を行った(Fig. 3)．ペルオキシソームマーカーとしてペルオキシソーム膜タンパク質である PMP70 とペルオキシソームの主要なマトリックスタンパク質であるカタラーゼを用いた．野生型 ALDP を安定過剰発現している細胞において,カタラーゼ活性並びに PMP70 が主としてフラクション 3 及び 4 に存在することより,この分画にペルオキシソームが回収されたことが示唆された．また約 110 kDa の分子サイズを持つ ALDP-GFP 並びに 83 kDa の野生型 ALDP は,ペルオキシソームマーカーとほぼ同じ分布を示していたことからペルオキシソームに局在していることが示唆された．また変異型 ALDP-GFP(G116R, S606P)も同様の分布を示した．一方,変異型 ALDP-GFP(H667D)を安定過剰発現している細胞の場合は,ALDP-GFP のバンドは検出されなかった(Fig. 3)．興味深いことに, PMP70 は検出されたが , 共発現させた野生型 ALDP のバンドも検出されなかった．また変異型 ALDP(S606L)についても同様であった．これらの結果は , 変異型 ALDP ( H667D, S606L ) は PMP70 とではなく,野生型 ALDP と複合体を形成し,両者が分解される可能性を示唆している． ABC タンパク質の機能発現に重要である TMD や NBD 以外の C 末端部位での変異がタンパク質の安定性に影響を及ぼすことは興味深い．ALDP の C 末端部位である 600―700 アミノ酸での変異が X-ALD を引き起こす頻度が高いことから,ALDP の C 末端部位はタンパク質の安定性に重要な役割を担っている可能性がある．Liu らは ALDP のダイマー化には C 末端部位(AA.631―745)が重要であると報告している．13) H667D や S606L のような変異は,それ自身あるいは野生型 ALDP とミスフォールドしたダイマーを形成し,異常タンパク質として認識され分解されると考えられる．一方,変異型 ALDP-GFP(R104C)はペルオキシソーム分画に回収されるものの,フラグメント化していること 169 Fig. 4. Login to comment
48 1 が明らかになった．これらのフラグメントは,0.1 M sodium carbonate 処理によって抽出されないことより,ペルオキシソーム膜に挿入されたままであることが示唆された．変異型 ALDP(Y174C)の場合,ペルオキシソーム分画に回収された ALDP-GFP は少量であった． 6. Login to comment
49 変異型 ALDP の分解過程の解析新生タンパ0af;質が正しいフォールディングを受けることは,そのタンパク質の正常な機能発現のために必須である．遺伝子変異などが存在すると,タンパク質がミスフォールディングされる．このミスフォールドタンパクが細胞外へ分泌されたり,細胞内に蓄積したりすると生体にとって極めて有害になるため,このようなタンパクはプロテアソーム,リソソーム等によって迅速に分解される．ちなみに,嚢胞性線維症の原因タンパク質 CFTR は細胞膜イオンチャネルとして機能する ABC タンパク質であるが,変異 CFTR は小胞体膜からプロテアソームにリクルートされ分解されることが報告されている．32,33) しかしながら,変異型 ALDP を始めとして,ペルオキシソーム膜タンパク質についての解析はほとんど行われていない．変異型 ALDP の一過性発現と安定過剰発現実験より,ALDP(S606L, R617H, H667D, R104C)は, プロテアーゼにより分解されていると推定された．そこで,ALDP-GFP(H667D)を発現している CHO 細胞に各種プロテアーゼ阻害剤を処理し,解析を行った．その結果,プロテアソーム阻害剤である lactacystin を処理した細胞では ALDP-GFP 及び ALDP のバンドが出現した ( Fig. 4 )．一方 , leupeptin, AEBSF, E64d には効果がなかった．また他のプロテアソーム阻害剤である MG132 も有効であった．さらにプロテアソーム阻害剤により分解を逃れた変異型 ALDP-GFP(H667D)の細胞内局在を蛍光抗体法で観察すると,ペルオキシソームに局在していることが確認された．一方,変異型 ALDP(R104C)のフラグメント化は上記プロテアーゼ処理では阻害されなかった．さらに ALD 患者由来細胞の内因性変異 ALDP の分解とプロテアソーム分解系の関与について確認するため,変異型 ALDP(R617H)を持つ患者由来線維芽細胞を用いてタンパク分解の阻害実験を行った．その結果,lactacystin と MG132 処理により, ALDP のバンドが出現した．以上の結果より,ペルオキシソーム膜上にはミスフォールドしたタンパク質を認識する仕組みが存在し,プロテアソーム及び他のプロテアーゼを介して排除していることが示唆された．一方,山田らは ALD 患者線維芽細胞を［35 S］メチオニンでパルスチェイスすることにより,変異型 ALDP(G512S, R660W)の分解が E-64 と leupepu- tin により抑制されることを報告している．34) 彼らの実験ではプロテアソーム阻害剤については実験していないので,プロテアソームの関与は不明であるが,変異型 ALDP の分解には,複数のプロテアーゼが関与している可能性がある． 7. Login to comment
52 Some mutant ALDPs (R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R and S606P) are normally inserted into the peroxisomal membrane, and others were mislocalized (Y174C) or degraded by proteasome (S606L, R617H and H667D). Login to comment
53 170 Vol. 127 (2007) その結果より,ミスセンス変異 ALDP は以下に示すように 4 種類の細胞内動態を持つことが示された(Fig. 5)．1) 野生型と同様にペルオキシソームに局在するがその機能が阻害されている変異 (R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P),2) ペルオキシソームへの局在化に障害がある変異(Y174C), 3) 変異によりタンパク質の安定性が低下しプロテアソームでの分解を受けるが,一部ペルオキシソームに局在する変異(S606L),4) 変異によりタンパク質の安定性が低下しプロテアソームで選択的に分解を受け,細胞内でほとんど確認できない変異 (R617H, H667D)の 4 種類のパターンである．発現量も局在化も正常な変異では,ABC タンパク質としての機能に直接関与している機能ドメインの障害が起こっていると推察される．この中で G116R, S342P は TMD に位置しており,基質の認識や輸送に障害があると推察される．また Q544R, S606P は ATP との結合・加水分解に関与する NBD に位置している．このような変異は,ALDP の ABC タンパク質としての機能を解析するために有益と考えられる．発現量は正常だが局在化に異常が認められた Y174C は,TMD2 と 3 の間のループ 2 に位置しており,この領域が ALDP のペルオキシソームへのターゲッティングに必要であることを示している． ALDP のターゲッティングに必要な領域は 67―164 番目のアミノ酸に存在することが報告されている．20) このことから,Y174C の変異による構造変化のため,ターゲッティングシグナルがマスクされているのかもしれない．このタイプの変異は ALDP のペルオキシソームへの局在化を調べる上で重要と考えられる． ALDP の変異で最も多いミスセンス変異ではその多くが細胞内で分解を受けている．R617H 及び H667D では発現量の著しい低下が認められる．特に安定発現した CHO では immunoblot で検出できなかった．ミスフォールドタンパク質の分解システムの 1 つにプロテアソームによる分解系がある．このタンパク質分解は,生物の様々な高次機能の制御や環境ストレスに応答した恒常性の維持(ストレス応答,タンパク質の品質管理など)に必須な役割を担っている．しかし,小胞体を経由して合成される分泌タンパク質や膜タンパク質に比べて,小胞体を経由しない細胞内タンパク質の品質管理機構はあまり報告されていない．ALDP は遊離のポリソームから直接ペルオキシソームに輸送されるが,この過程でどのように R617H, H667D などの変異が認識され,プロテアソーム系が働いているか興味深い． 171171No. Login to comment
27 df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒఔᢝ௸ ALDP Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁ4d5;ɦb; ߟe00;Έe;ឋ˿a;Ife;Ĳb;ఐĴb;Ye3;᪆ ALD <a3;ὅĲe;ᢝ௸᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;,d30;Pde;ᑁc40;ᙠ ឋ,d30;Pde;ᑁĲb;İa;௫Ĵb;b89;b9a;ឋఔYe3;᪆௳Ĵb;௭௼Ĳf;, ALDP Ĳe;ᔜc9;e1;a4;f3;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔMe5;Ĵb;e0a;௻ᨵᵨĲa;<c5;ᛇ ఔ?d0;f9b;௳Ĵb;௼əd;Ĵf;Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;ᱯĲb;df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒĲf;,ıf; ௷ıf; 1 ௸Ĳe;a2;df;ce;⏚᜕ᶒĲb;ఐĴb;ᶒe38;௻௢Ĵb;Ĳe;௻ᱯĲb; ‐ᕡdf1;௤&#ff0e;Ĵf;Ĵc;Ĵf;Ĵc;Ĳf; ALD <a3;ὅ௻ᛇȠa;௯Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb; df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒĲe;e2d;İb;఑,TMD İb;఑ 4 ௸(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P) ,NBD İb;఑ 4 ௸(Q544R, S606P, S606L, R617H) ,C ʠb;aef;Ze8;f4d;İb;఑ 1 ௸ (H667D)ఔefb;ɢf;Ĳb;⍶ఁ(Fig. 1) ,ıd;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;௼d30;Pde; ᑁ4d5;ɦb;ఔYe3;᪆௱ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĵc;఑Ĳe;b9f; a13;Ĳf;,ᜧb66;▾b7;f3;dd; b8;a6;e0;௻ᛇȠa;௱ıf;Ĳe;௻,a73;௱İf;ff0;ఇıf;௤௼əd;௦&#ff0e; ALDP Ĳf;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳb;İa;௫Ĵb;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa; ⏚Ĳe; b ⏚ᓄĲb;_a2;e0e;௱௺௤Ĵb;௭௼İc;Me5;఑Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e; b9f;ωb;Ĳb; ALD <a3;ὅᵫᩭĲe;e4a;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;௻Ĳf;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa; ⏚Ĳe; b ⏚ᓄd3b;ឋİc;b63;e38;Ĳa;dda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;௼bd4;ఇ௺d04; 50 ߟ70%a0b;ea6;e1b;c11;௱௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e;ıd;௭௻[ce;˯f;ɂb;5ca;ఁ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔNba;a8d;௳Ĵb;ıf;ఉ,ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௱௺ ௤Ĳa;௤ ALD <a3;ὅᵫᩭdda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;Ĳb;,N ʠb;aef;Ĳb; His bf;b0;ఔed8;4a0;௱ıf;[ce;˯f;ɂb;௼᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP ఔe00;Έe;ឋĲb; ˿a;Ife;௱, &#ff3b;1-14 C]lignoceric acid ఔ9fa;cea;௼௱௺ᬿ╩⒴ ᾦPaa;⏚ b ⏚ᓄd3b;ឋĲe;e2c;b9a;ఔʹc;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ıd;Ĳe;d50;ʧc;, ALDP b20;ʀd;dda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;Ĳe;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa;⏚ b ⏚ᓄd3b;ឋ Ĳf;,b63;e38;d30;Pde;Ĳe;d04; 50%ĳe;௻e1b;c11;௱௺௤ıf;İc;,[ce;˯f; ɂb; His-ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௯ıb;Ĵb;௼b63;e38;௼Ȝc;a0b;ea6;Ĳb;ĳe;௻ d3b;ឋİc;8de;fa9;௱ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĳe;௭௼İb;఑˿a;Ife;௯ıb;ıf;[ce;˯f;ɂb; His-ALDP Ĳf; ALDP ௼Ȝc;b49;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔᢝ௸௭௼İc;Nba; a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,9 a2e;ϙe;Ĳe;df;b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒ ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௱ıf;dda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;௻Ĳf;ᬿ╩⒴ᾦPaa;⏚ b ⏚ᓄd3b; ឋĲe;ᜉ4a0;Ĳf;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ఐ௷௺,௭Ĵc;఑Ĳe;df; b9;bb;f3;b9;᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳf;a5f;Pfd;ఔb20;İf;௭௼İc;Nba;a8d;௯Ĵc; ıf;&#ff0e; ௸௤௻,[ce;˯f;ɂb;5ca;ఁ᜕ᶒɂb; His-ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௱ ıf; ALD <a3;ὅdda;dad;Rbd;d30;Pde;ఔ8de;5ce;௱,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;ఔ immunoblotting Ĳb;ఐĴa;b9a;[cf;ᓄ௱Ye3;᪆௱ ıf;(Table 1) &#ff0e;Ĳa;İa; ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;Ĳf;,da;eb;aa;ad; b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳe;ᢣa19;⏗d20;௻௢Ĵb;ab;bf;e9;fc;bc;Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;௻Xdc; b63;௱ıf;&#ff0e;ıd;Ĳe;d50;ʧc;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R104C, G116R, Y174C, S342P, Q544R, S606P)Ĳf;,[ce;˯f;ɂb;௼ĳb;ĳc; Ȝc;a0b;ea6;Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;ఔ̙a;௱ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP (S606L, R617H, H667D)௻Ĳf;˿a;Ife;[cf;İc;[ce;˯f;ɂb;Ĳe;˿a; 167 Table 1. Login to comment
34 167 No. 1 Ife;[cf;௼bd4;ఇ௺d04; 50%a0b;ea6;e1b;c11;௱௺௤ıf;&#ff0e;Ĳa;İa;,ᔜ ALDP dd;b8;c6;a3;d6;Ĳe;d30;Pde;Ĳf;d04; 30%a0b;ea6;௻௢Ĵa;,ᔜ d30;Pde;╹௻Ĳe;˿a;Ife;4b9;᳛Ĳb;ᨵɢf;Ĳa;dee;Ĳf;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĳe;௭௼İb;఑,ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;[cf;İc;e1b;c11;௱௺௤ ıf; 3 ௸Ĳe;᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳf;d30;Pde;ᑁ௻Ĳe;b89;b9a;ឋİc;f4e;e0b;௱ ௺௤Ĵb;௼?a8;bdf;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;ĳe;ıf;‐ᕡdf1;௤௭௼Ĳb; S606P ௼ S606L Ĳf;Ȝc;௲Ze8;f4d;Ĳe;᜕ᶒĲb;ఊfc2;Ĵf;఑ıa;,f6e;?db;௱ ıf;a2;df;ce;⏚Ĳb;ఐ௷௺˿a;Ife;[cf;Ĳb;Ĳf;dee;İc;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e; ௸௤௻,᜕ᶒɂb; His-ALDP Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc40;ᙠఔVcd;ᐝ ᢙf53;cd5;௻Nba;a8d;௱ıf;&#ff0e;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P, S606L)௻Ĳf; ALDP İc;ab;bf; e9;fc;bc;Ĳe;c40;ᙠ௼e00;Qf4;௱ıf;௭௼İb;఑,b63;e38;Ĳb;da;eb;aa;ad; b7;bd;fc;e0;ఆc40;ᙠ௱௺௤Ĵb;௭௼İc;Nba;a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;, ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(Y174C, H667D)௻Ĳf;c40;ᙠİc;e00;Qf4;ıb; ıa;,ALDP İc;ed6;Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc0f;ᘤb98;ఆ╹⍟௷௺f38;〈௯ Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;௼ὃ௨఑Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R617H) ௻Ĳf; ALDP Ĳe;˿a;Ife;İc;a8d;ఉ఑Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R104C, G116R, S342P, Q544R, S606P)௻ Ĳf;[ce;˯f;ɂb;௼ĳb;ĳc;Ȝc;a0b;ea6;Ĳe;bf;f3;d1;af;[cf;İc;˿a;Ife;௱,da;eb; aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;ఆĲe;c40;ᙠఊNba;a8d;௯Ĵc;ıf;Ĳe;௻,௭Ĵc;఑Ĳe; ᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳf;ᔠᡂ௯Ĵc;ıf;Ĳe;௵Ĳb;b63;e38;Ĳb;da;eb;aa;ad; b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳb;Έb;௾Ĵc;Ĵb;İc;,da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;̳c;Ĳb;İa;௤ ௺ıd;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;(ATP d50;ᔠfb;4a0;c34;ᑖYe3;Re5;௱İf;Ĳf;9fa;cea;f38; 〈)Ĳb;ᶒe38;ఔᢝ௸௭௼İc;?a8;bdf;௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;ᱯĲb; R104C, G116R, S342P Ĳf; TMD Ĳb;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb;௭௼İb;఑ ALDP Ĳe;9fa;cea;f38;〈Pfd;İc;᜕ᓄ௱௺௤Ĵb;௼ὃ௨఑Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;, NBD Ĳb;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb; Q544R, S606P Ĳf; ATP d50;ᔠfb;4a0;c34; ᑖYe3;Ĳb;f71;aff;ఔe0e;௨௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd;ឋİc;ὃ௨఑Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;ĳe;ıf; S606P, S606L Ĳf;᜕ᶒİc;Ȝc;௲Ze8;f4d;௻ఊEcb;⌼ḄĲb;b89;b9a; ឋİc;ᶒĲa;௷௺௤ıf;&#ff0e;Roerig ఑Ĳf; S606L Ĳe;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳf;,ATP ௼Ĳe;Yaa;Ȥc;ឋİc;f4e;e0b;௱௺௤Ĵb;e00;Ab9;௻ ATP 4a0;c34;ᑖYe3;Ĳf;b63;e38;Ĳb;ʹc;Ĵf;Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;௼ᛇȠa;௱௺௤ Ĵb;&#ff0e; 29) ௭Ĳe;௭௼Ĳf; ALDP ௼ ATP Ĳe;Yaa;Ȥc;ឋİc; ALDP Ĳe;b89;b9a;ឋĲb;ఊf71;aff;ఔ5ca;ĳc;௱௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd;ឋఔ̙a;௱௺௤ Ĵb;&#ff0e;S606L ௼ S606P Ĳe;b89;b9a;ឋĲe;⍟௤௼a5f;Pfd;Ĳe;_a2;fc2; Ĳf; ALDP Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;ఔMe5;Ĵb;e0a;௻ఊ‐ᕡdf1;௤Fb9;௻௢Ĵa;, eca;f8c;௯఑Ĳb;ʳc;a0e;ఔʹc;௦fc5;⌕İc;௢Ĵb;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,Y174C Ĳe;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP Ĳf;b63;e38;Ĳb;˿a;Ife;௳Ĵb;Ĳb;ఊfc2;Ĵf;఑ıa;, da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;ఆc40;ᙠıb;ıa;ed6;Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc0f;ᘤb98;ఆdf; b9;bf;fc;b2;c3;c6;a3;f3;b0;௱ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĵc;ĳe;௻Ĳb;da;eb;aa;ad;b7; bd;fc;e0;ఆĲe;c40;ᙠᓄb7;b0;ca;eb;ఔb20;İf;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0; ̳c;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;Ĳf;,Ϗe;ᱯᶒḄĲb;df;c8;b3;f3;c9;ea;a2;ఌc0f;Pde; f53;Ĳb;Ofb;ʹc;௳Ĵb;௭௼İc;Me5;఑Ĵc;௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e; 30,31) ఐ௷௺, ALDP Ĳe; TMD2ߟ3 Ĳe;╹Ĳe;eb;fc;d7;Ĳf;,da;eb;aa;ad;b7; bd;fc;e0;ఆĲe;c40;ᙠᓄĲb;[cd;⌕Ĳa;f79;ᒘఔʧc;ıf;௱௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd; ឋİc;?a8;bdf;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;Pex19p b58;ᙠᓄ௻Ĳe; in vitro bf;f3; d1;af;cea;ffb;a33;cfb;Ĳb;İa;௤௺,ALDP(Y174C)Ĳf; Pex19p Ĳb;d50;ᔠ௻İd;Ĵb;Ĳe;௻,ALDP Ĳe; N ʠb;aef; 67ߟ164 Ĳb;b58;ᙠ௳Ĵb;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;Ofb;ʹc;Ĳb;fc2;Ĵf;Ĵb;♚9df;İc; ALDP Ĳe;f55;఑İb;Ĳe;Ecb;⌼᜕ᓄĲb;ఐ௷௺de;b9;af;௯Ĵc;Ĵb; Ĳe;İb;ఊ௱Ĵc;Ĳa;௤&#ff0e; 5. Login to comment
41 168 Vol. 127 (2007) ALDP Ĳb;௸௤௺Ĳf; ALDP Ĳe; C ʠb;aef;Ĳb; GFP(green ߮uorescent protein)ఔͮd;ᔠ௯ıb;ıf;᜕ᶒ ALDP-GFP ఔ˿a;Ife;௯ıb;Ĵb;௼௼ఊĲb;,[ce;˯f;ɂb;d2;c8; ALDP ఔ CHO d30;Pde;Ĳb;ᐳ ˿a;Ife;௯ıb;ıf;(CHO d30;Pde;Ĳb;ఊ ᑁᙠឋĲe; ALDP İc;˿a;Ife;௱௺௤Ĵb;İc;,ʠc;b9f; a13;Ĳb;ᵨ௤ıf;ᢙf53;İc; ea4;dee;௱Ĳa;௤ıf;ఉ,d2;c8; ALDP ఔ˿a;Ife;௯ıb;ıf;) &#ff0e;GFP ͮd;ᔠbf;f3;d1;af;cea;Ĳf;ᑁᙠឋĲe;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;௼Ĳe;ȕa;ᑩİc;bb9; ᧕௻௢Ĵb;௭௼,b89;b9a;˿a;Ife;d30;Pde;Ĳe;5d6;f97;İc;bb9;᧕Ĳb;௻İd;Ĵb; ௭௼Ĳa;௽Ĳe;ᑭFb9;İc;௢Ĵb;&#ff0e;௭Ĳe;b9f; a13;௻Ĳf;,da;eb;aa;ad;b7; bd;fc;e0;Ĳb;b63;e38;Ĳb;f38;〈௯Ĵc;Ĵb;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(R104C, G116R, S606P) ,da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳb;c40;ᙠ௱Ĳa;௤᜕ ᶒɂb; ALDP(Y174C) ,˿a;Ife;[cf;İc;f4e;e0b;௱௺௤Ĵb;᜕ᶒ ɂb; ALDP(H667D)ఔ⍶క௴&#ff0e;௭Ĵc;఑b89;b9a;Έe;ᒖ˿a; Ife;d30;Pde;Ĳb;İa;௫Ĵb; ALDP-GFP Ĳe;d30;Pde;ᑁc40;ᙠឋఔĳf;Ĵb; ௼,ıd;Ĳe;ᑖe03;Ĳf;e00;Έe;ឋ˿a;Ife;௯ıb;ıf; His-ALDP ௼Ȝc; Ed8;௻௢௷ıf;&#ff0e; f97;఑Ĵc;ıf;b89;b9a;˿a;Ife;d30;Pde;ఐĴa;aa;eb;ac;cd;e9;c97;ᑖ˱b;ఔabf; Xfd;௱,b7;e7;cd6;bc6;ea6;4fe;Βd;⍤fc3;ᑖ`e2;cd5;Ĳb;ఐĴa;ᔜd5;e9;af;b7; e7;f3;Ĳb;ᑖ௫ıf;Ĳe;௵,SDS-PAGE 5ca;ఁ immunoblotting Ĳb;ఐĴa;᜕ᶒ ALDP Ĳe;c40;ᙠĲb;௸௤௺Ye3;᪆ఔʹc;௷ ıf;(Fig. 3) &#ff0e;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;de;fc;ab;fc;௼௱௺da; eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;̳c;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;௻௢Ĵb; PMP70 ௼da;eb; aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳe;e3b;⌕Ĳa;de;c8;ea;c3;af;b9;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;௻௢ Ĵb;ab;bf;e9;fc;bc;ఔᵨ௤ıf;&#ff0e;[ce;˯f;ɂb; ALDP ఔb89;b9a;Έe;ᒖ ˿a;Ife;௱௺௤Ĵb;d30;Pde;Ĳb;İa;௤௺,ab;bf;e9;fc;bc;d3b;ឋe26;ఁĲb; PMP70 İc;e3b;௼௱௺d5;e9;af;b7;e7;f3; 3 5ca;ఁ 4 Ĳb;b58;ᙠ௳ Ĵb;௭௼ఐĴa;,௭Ĳe;ᑖ˱b;Ĳb;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;İc;8de;5ce;௯ Ĵc;ıf;௭௼İc;̙a;ᖂ௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;ĳe;ıf;d04; 110 kDa Ĳe;ᑖb50;b5; a4;ba;ఔᢝ௸ ALDP-GFP e26;ఁĲb; 83 kDa Ĳe;[ce;˯f;ɂb; ALDP Ĳf;,da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;de;fc;ab;fc;௼ĳb;ĳc;Ȝc;௲ ᑖe03;ఔ̙a;௱௺௤ıf;௭௼İb;఑da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;Ĳb;c40;ᙠ ௱௺௤Ĵb;௭௼İc;̙a;ᖂ௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;ĳe;ıf;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP-GFP(G116R, S606P)ఊȜc;Ed8;Ĳe;ᑖe03;ఔ̙a;௱ıf;&#ff0e; e00;Ab9;,᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP-GFP(H667D)ఔb89;b9a;Έe;ᒖ ˿a;Ife;௱௺௤Ĵb;d30;Pde;Ĳe;ᛊᔠĲf;,ALDP-GFP Ĳe;d0;f3;c9; Ĳf;ʳc;3fa;௯Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ıf;(Fig. 3) &#ff0e;‐ᕡdf1;௤௭௼Ĳb;, PMP70 Ĳf; ʳc; 3fa; ௯ Ĵc; ıf; İc; , ᐳ ˿a; Ife; ௯ ıb; ıf; [ce; ˯f; ɂb; ALDP Ĳe;d0;f3;c9;ఊʳc;3fa;௯Ĵc;Ĳa;İb;௷ıf;&#ff0e;ĳe;ıf;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(S606L)Ĳb;௸௤௺ఊȜc;Ed8;௻௢௷ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĵc;఑ Ĳe; d50; ʧc; Ĳf; , ᜕ ᶒ ɂb; ALDP ( H667D, S606L ) Ĳf; PMP70 ௼௻Ĳf;Ĳa;İf;,[ce;˯f;ɂb; ALDP ௼⋋ᔠf53;ఔf62;ᡂ ௱,e21;ὅİc;ᑖYe3;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;5ef;Pfd;ឋఔ̙a;ᖂ௱௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e; ABC bf;f3;d1;af;cea;Ĳe;a5f;Pfd;˿a;Ife;Ĳb;[cd;⌕௻௢Ĵb; TMD ఌ NBD ee5;᜜Ĳe; C ʠb;aef;Ze8;f4d;௻Ĳe;᜕ᶒİc;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;Ĳe;b89; b9a;ឋĲb;f71;aff;ఔ5ca;ĳc;௳௭௼Ĳf;‐ᕡdf1;௤&#ff0e;ALDP Ĳe; C ʠb;aef;Ze8;f4d;௻௢Ĵb; 600ߟ700 a2;df;ce;⏚௻Ĳe;᜕ᶒİc; X-ALD ఔf15;İd;d77;௭௳ϗb;ea6;İc; ad8;௤௭௼İb;఑,ALDP Ĳe; C ʠb;aef;Ze8;f4d;Ĳf;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;Ĳe;b89;b9a;ឋĲb;[cd;⌕Ĳa;f79;ᒘఔ>c5; ௷௺௤Ĵb;5ef;Pfd;ឋİc;௢Ĵb;&#ff0e;Liu ఑Ĳf; ALDP Ĳe;c0;a4; de;fc;ᓄĲb;Ĳf; C ʠb;aef;Ze8;f4d;(AA.631ߟ745)İc;[cd;⌕௻ ௢Ĵb;௼ᛇȠa;௱௺௤Ĵb;&#ff0e; 13) H667D ఌ S606L Ĳe;ఐ௦Ĳa; ᜕ᶒĲf;,ıd;Ĵc;Qea;eab;௢Ĵb;௤Ĳf;[ce;˯f;ɂb; ALDP ௼df;b9;d5; a9;fc;eb;c9;௱ıf;c0;a4;de;fc;ఔf62;ᡂ௱,ᶒe38;bf;f3;d1;af;cea;௼ ௱௺a8d;b58;௯Ĵc;ᑖYe3;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;௼ὃ௨఑Ĵc;Ĵb;&#ff0e;e00;Ab9;,᜕ᶒ ɂb; ALDP-GFP(R104C)Ĳf;da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;ᑖ˱b; Ĳb;8de;5ce;௯Ĵc;Ĵb;ఊĲe;Ĳe;,d5;e9;b0;e1;f3;c8;ᓄ௱௺௤Ĵb;௭௼ 169 Fig. 4. Login to comment
45 169 No. 1 İc;ʔe;఑İb;Ĳb;Ĳa;௷ıf;&#ff0e;௭Ĵc;఑Ĳe;d5;e9;b0;e1;f3;c8;Ĳf;,0.1 M sodium carbonate 3e6;ᳮĲb;ఐ௷௺>bd;3fa;௯Ĵc;Ĳa;௤௭௼ ఐĴa;,da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;̳c;Ĳb;ɹf;ᐭ௯Ĵc;ıf;ĳe;ĳe;௻௢Ĵb; ௭௼İc;̙a;ᖂ௯Ĵc;ıf;&#ff0e;᜕ᶒɂb; ALDP(Y174C)Ĳe;ᛊ ᔠ,da;eb;aa;ad;b7;bd;fc;e0;ᑖ˱b;Ĳb;8de;5ce;௯Ĵc;ıf; ALDP-GFP Ĳf;c11;[cf;௻௢௷ıf;&#ff0e; 6. Login to comment

[hide] X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: are signs of hypogo... Hormones (Athens). 2014 Jan-Mar;13(1):146-52. Karapanou O, Vlassopoulou B, Tzanela M, Papadopoulos D, Angelidakis P, Michelakakis H, Ioannidis G, Mihalatos M, Kamakari S, Tsagarakis S
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: are signs of hypogonadism always due to testicular failure?
Hormones (Athens). 2014 Jan-Mar;13(1):146-52., [PMID:24722136]

Abstract [show]
We present the clinical and hormonal findings of a young male with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), with special emphasis on the biochemical and clinical pattern of hypogonadism. A patient, with primary adrenal insufficiency since the age of 5 years, developed progressive neurological symptoms at the age of 29. Diagnosis of X-ALD was established by elevated serum very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and genetic testing. His sexual body hair was sparse. Hormonal investigations revealed normal testosterone and inappropriately elevated LH levels. Androgen receptor gene analysis was negative for mutations or polymorphic variants associated with decreased receptor activity. Signs of hypogonadism in patients with confirmed X-ALD are not exclusively due to primary testicular failure. Tissue specific androgen resistance represents an alternative possibility. Since no loss-of-function mutations were detected in the androgen receptor, it is speculated that the patient's androgen resistance could be part of a functional defect mediated through VLCFA accumulation at the testosterone receptor and/or post-receptor levels.

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60 This is a previously reported missense pathogenic p.Tyr174Cys mutation.8 Both brothers and the mother`s first and second degree male relatives were scheduled for plasma VLCFAs determination. Login to comment

[hide] Clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging and molecular ... Metab Brain Dis. 2015 Dec;30(6):1439-44. doi: 10.1007/s11011-015-9717-6. Epub 2015 Aug 12. Jiang MY, Cai YN, Liang CL, Peng MZ, Sheng HY, Fan LP, Lin RZ, Jiang H, Huang Y, Liu L
Clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging and molecular findings of X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy patients in South China.
Metab Brain Dis. 2015 Dec;30(6):1439-44. doi: 10.1007/s11011-015-9717-6. Epub 2015 Aug 12., [PMID:26260157]

Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is a common X-linked recessive peroxisomal disorder caused by the mutations in the ABCD1 gene. In this study, we analyzed 19 male patients and 9 female carriers with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in South China. By sequencing the ABCD1 gene, 13 different mutations were identified, including 7 novel mutations, and 6 known mutations, and 1 reported polymorphism. Mutation c.1180delG was demonstrated to be de novo mutation. 26.3 % (5/19) patients carried the deletion c.1415_16delAG, which may be the mutational hot spot in South China population. In addition, 73.7 % (14/19) patients were type of childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy, 26.3 %(5/19) were in Addison only. Half of the childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy patients had the adrenocortical insufficiency preceded the onset of neurological symptoms. Furthermore, 5 of 19 cases underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Our data showed that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation performed at an advanced stage of the cerebral X- linked adrenoleukodystrophy would accelerate the progression of the disease. Good clinical outcome achieved when hematopoietic stem cell transplantation performed at the very early stage of the disease.

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74 Reference range Table 1 ABCD1 mutations and phenotypes of 19 X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy male patients Patient Exon Nucleotide change Amino acid change Phenotype 1 1 c.102_103insCa p.Leu35LeufsX159a AO 2 1 c.347_348delGAinsATa p.Gly116Aspa CCALD 3 1 c.521A>G p.Tyr174Cys CCALD 4 1 c.785C>Aa p.Ser262Xa CCALD 5 2 c.982G>Ta p.Val328Phea AO 6 3 c.1109 T>Aa p.Leu370xa CCALD 7 3 c.1180delGab p.Ala394ArgfsX15a CCALD 8 3 c.1180delGab p.Ala394ArgfsX15a CCALD 9 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 CCALD 10 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 CCALD 11 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 CCALD 12 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 AO 13 5 c.1415_16delAG p.Gln472Argfs*83 CCALD 14 6 c.1553G>A; c.1548G>A p.Arg518Gln; p.Leu516Leu CCALD 15 7 c.1661G>A p.Arg554His CCALD 16 7 c.1724_1725insCa p.Leu576ProfsX24a AO 17 9 c.1894A>C p.Thr632Pro CCALD 18 - IVS2_IVS5del - CCALD 19 - IVS2_IVS5del - AO a Novel mutation b De novo mutation have been identified in the ABCD1 gene, in which 695 (44 %) mutations appear to be non-recurrent. Login to comment