ABCMdb

ABCB1 p.Ala935Cys

Predicted by SNAP2:	C: D (63%), D: D (85%), E: D (80%), F: D (85%), G: D (63%), H: D (80%), I: D (71%), K: D (80%), L: D (80%), M: D (71%), N: D (66%), P: D (85%), Q: D (71%), R: D (80%), S: N (66%), T: D (63%), V: D (71%), W: D (85%), Y: D (85%),
Predicted by PROVEAN:	C: D, D: D, E: D, F: D, G: D, H: D, I: D, K: D, L: D, M: D, N: D, P: D, Q: D, R: D, S: N, T: D, V: D, W: D, Y: D,

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Publications
[hide] The packing of the transmembrane segments of human... J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 25;275(8):5253-6. Loo TW, Clarke DM
The packing of the transmembrane segments of human multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein is revealed by disulfide cross-linking analysis.
J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 25;275(8):5253-6., 2000-02-25 [PMID:10681495]

Abstract [show]
Residues from several transmembrane (TM) segments of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) likely form the drug-binding site(s). To determine the organization of the TM segments, pairs of cysteine residues were introduced into the predicted TM segments of a Cys-less P-gp, and the mutant protein was subjected to oxidative cross-linking. In SDS gels, the cross-linked product migrated with a slower mobility than the native protein. The cross-linked products were not detected in the presence of dithiothreitol. Cross-linking was observed in 12 of 125 mutants. The pattern of cross-linking suggested that TM6 is close to TMs 10, 11, and 12, while TM12 is close to TMs 4, 5, and 6. In some mutants the presence of drug substrate colchicine, verapamil, cyclosporin A, or vinblastine either enhanced or inhibited cross-linking. Cross-linking was inhibited in the presence of ATP plus vanadate. These results suggest that the TM segments critical for drug binding must be close to each other and exhibit different conformational changes in response to binding of drug substrate or vanadate trapping of nucleotide. Based on these results, we propose a model for the arrangement of the TM segments.

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No. Sentence Comment
77 In these cross-linking experiments, the amount of oxidant was lowered by 10-fold (0.2 mM), and the minimum temperature required to induce cross-TABLE I Cross-linking analysis of P-gp Cross-linking of S993C (TM12) with residues in the following TM: TM1 TM2 TM3 TM4 TM5 M51C -a Y130C - G185C - G226C - I293C - V52C - I131C - I186C - L227C ϩb T294C - V53C - Q132C - G187C - S228C - A295C ϩ G54C - V133C - D188C - A229C - N296C - T55C - S134C - K189C - A230C - I297C - L56C - F135C - I190C - V231C ϩ S298C - A57C - W136C - G191C - W232C ϩ I299C ϩ A58C - C137C - M192C - A233C ϩ G300C - I59C - L138C - F193C - K234C - A301C - I60C - A139C - F194C - I235C ϩ A302C - H61C - A140C - Q195C - L236C ϩ F303C - G141C - S196C - S237C - L304C - Cross-linking of P350C (TM6) with residues in the following TM: TM7 TM8 TM9 TM10 TM11 F711C - F770C - A828C - I867C - A935C - V712C - F771C - I829C - I868C - H936C - V713C - L772C - G830C - A869C - I937C - G714C - Q773C - S831C - I870C - F938C - V715C - G774C - R832C - A871C - G939C ϩ F716C - F775C - L833C - G872C - I940C - C717C - T776C - A834C - V873C - T941C - A718C - F777C - V835C - V874C ϩ F942C - I719C - G778C - I836C - E875C ϩ S943C - I720C - K779C - T837C - M876C ϩ F944C - N721C - A780C - Q838C - K877C - T945C - G722C - G781C - N839C - M878C - Q946C - G723C - E782C - I840C - L879C - A947C - I783C - a -, no cross-linked product detected in SDS-PAGE. b ϩ, cross-linked product detected in SDS-PAGE. Login to comment

[hide] Substrate-induced conformational changes in the tr... J Biol Chem. 2003 Apr 18;278(16):13603-6. Epub 2003 Feb 27. Loo TW, Bartlett MC, Clarke DM
Substrate-induced conformational changes in the transmembrane segments of human P-glycoprotein. Direct evidence for the substrate-induced fit mechanism for drug binding.
J Biol Chem. 2003 Apr 18;278(16):13603-6. Epub 2003 Feb 27., 2003-04-18 [PMID:12609990]

Abstract [show]
The human multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) is quite promiscuous in that it can transport a broad range of structurally diverse compounds out of the cell. We hypothesized that the transmembrane (TM) segments that constitute the drug-binding site are quite mobile such that drug binding occurs through a "substrate-induced fit" mechanism. Here, we used cysteine-scanning mutagenesis and oxidative cross-linking to test for substrate-induced changes in the TM segments. Pairs of cysteines were introduced into a Cys-less P-gp and the mutants treated with oxidant (copper phenanthroline) in the presence or absence of various drug substrates. We show that cyclosporin A promoted cross-linking between residues P350C(TM6)/G939C(TM11), while colchicine and demecolcine promoted cross-linking between residues P350C(TM6)/V991C(TM12). Progesterone promoted cross-linking between residues P350C(TM6)/A935C(TM11), P350C(TM6)/G939C(TM11), as well as between residues P350C(TM6)/V991C(TM12). Other substrates such as vinblastine, verapamil, cis-(Z)-flupenthixol or trans-(E)-flupenthixol did not induce cross-linking at these sites. These results provide direct evidence that the packing of the TM segments in the drug-binding site is changed when P-gp binds to a particular substrate. The induced-fit mechanism explains how P-gp can accommodate a broad range of compounds.

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No. Sentence Comment
107 Accordingly, we tested whether the drug substrates colchicine, demecolcine, progesterone, cis-(Z)-flupenthixol, verapamil, or vinblastine stimulated the ATPase activities of histidine-tagged mutants P350C(TM6)/A935C- (TM11), P350C(TM6)/G939C(TM11), and P350C(TM6)/V991C- (TM12). Login to comment
124 In the presence of drug substrate (progesterone), TM segments 11 and 12 undergo rotational and/or lateral movements so that cross-linking can occur between P350C and V991C (black ball) in TM12 and with A935C (red ball) and G939C (turquoise ball) in TM11. Login to comment
135 The presence of progesterone, however, promoted cross-linking of residue P350C(TM6) with two residues in TM 11 (A935C and G939C) and to residue V991C in TM12. Login to comment
145 It is possible that cyclosporin A altered the tilt or distance between TM6 and TM11 such that only A939C but not A935C were close enough to P350C to be cross-linked. Login to comment

[hide] Val133 and Cys137 in transmembrane segment 2 are c... J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 30;279(18):18232-8. Epub 2004 Jan 28. Loo TW, Bartlett MC, Clarke DM
Val133 and Cys137 in transmembrane segment 2 are close to Arg935 and Gly939 in transmembrane segment 11 of human P-glycoprotein.
J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 30;279(18):18232-8. Epub 2004 Jan 28., 2004-04-30 [PMID:14749322]

Abstract [show]
P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1) transports a wide variety of structurally diverse compounds out of the cell. The protein has two homologous halves joined by a linker region. Each half consists of a transmembrane (TM) domain with six TM segments and a nucleotide-binding domain. The drug substrate-binding pocket is at the interface between the TM segments in each half of the protein. Preliminary studies suggested that the arrangement of the two halves of P-gp shows rotational symmetry (i.e. "head-to-tail" arrangement). Here, we tested this model by determining whether the cytoplasmic ends of TM2 and TM3 in the N-terminal half are in close contact with TM11 in the C-terminal half. Mutants containing a pair of cysteines in TM2/TM11 or TM3/TM11 were subjected to oxidative cross-linking with copper phenanthroline. Two of the 110 TM2/TM11 mutants, V133C(TM2)/G939C(TM11) and C137C(TM2)/A935C (TM11), were cross-linked at 4 degrees C, when thermal motion is reduced. Cross-linking was specific since no cross-linked product was detected in the 100 double Cys TM3/TM11 mutants. Vanadate trapping of nucleotide or the presence of some drug substrates inhibited cross-linking of mutants V133C(TM2)/G939C(TM11) and C137C(TM2)/A935C(TM11). Cross-linking of TM2 and TM11 also blocked drug-stimulated ATPase activity. The close proximity of TM2/TM11 and TM5/TM8 (Loo, T. W., Bartlett, M. C., and Clarke, D. M. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 7692-7697) indicates that these regions between the two halves must enclose the drug-binding pocket at the cytoplasmic side of P-gp. They may form the "hinges" required for conformational changes during the transport cycle.

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No. Sentence Comment
7 Two of the 110 TM2/TM11 mutants, V133C(TM2)/G939C(TM11) and C137C(TM2)/A935C (TM11), were cross-linked at 4 °C, when thermal motion is reduced. Login to comment
100 When cross-linking was carried out at 22 °C, only mutants V133C(TM2)/G939C(TM11), C137C(TM2)/A935C (TM11), and L138C(TM2)/A935C(TM11) formed detectable cross-linked products. Login to comment
106 At 4 °C, time-dependent cross-linking was observed in mutants V133C(TM2)/G939C(TM11) and C137C(TM2)/A935C (TM11), but not in mutant L138C(TM2)/A935C(TM11) even after 32 min (Fig. 3). Login to comment
124 TABLE I Cross-linking between residues in TM2 and TM11 -, no cross-linked product detected on SDS-polyacrylamide gels at 37 °C; ϩ, relatively weak cross-linking (Ͻ50% of P-gp cross-linked) at 37 °C; ϩϩ, relatively strong cross-linking (Ͼ50% of P-gp cross-linked) at 37 °C; *, cross-linked product also detected at 22 °C; **, cross-linked product also detected at 22 and 4 °C. TM2 TM11 A935C H936C I937C F938C G939C I940C T941C F942C S943C F944C A128C - - - - - - - - - - A129C - - - - - - - - - - Y130C - - - - ϩ ϩ - ϩ ϩ - I131C - - - - - - - - - - Q132C - - - - - - - - - - V133C - - - ϩ ϩϩ, ** - - ϩ ϩ - S134C ϩ ϩ - - ϩ ϩ - - - - F135C - - - - - - - - - - W136C - - - - - - - - - - C137C ϩϩ, ** - - - ϩ - - - - - L138C ϩϩ, * - - - - - - - - - TM11 are close to each other at their cytoplasmic ends. Login to comment

[hide] P-glycoprotein substrate binding domains are locat... Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;67(2):365-74. Epub 2004 Oct 27. Pleban K, Kopp S, Csaszar E, Peer M, Hrebicek T, Rizzi A, Ecker GF, Chiba P
P-glycoprotein substrate binding domains are located at the transmembrane domain/transmembrane domain interfaces: a combined photoaffinity labeling-protein homology modeling approach.
Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;67(2):365-74. Epub 2004 Oct 27., [PMID:15509712]

Abstract [show]
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an energy-dependent multidrug efflux pump conferring resistance to cancer chemotherapy. Characterization of the mechanism of drug transport at a molecular level represents an important prerequisite for the design of pump inhibitors, which resensitize cancer cells to standard chemotherapy. In addition, P-glycoprotein plays an important role for early absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profiling in drug development. A set of propafenonetype substrate photoaffinity ligands has been used in this study in conjunction with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to define the substrate binding domain(s) of P-gp in more detail. The highest labeling was observed in transmembrane segments 3, 5, 8, and 11. A homology model for P-gp was generated on the basis of the dimeric crystal structure of Vibrio cholerae MsbA, an essential lipid transporter. Thereafter, the labeling pattern was projected onto the 3D atomic-detail model of P-gp to allow a visualization of the binding domain(s). Labeling is predicted by the model to occur at the two transmembrane domain/transmembrane domain interfaces formed between the amino- and carboxyl-terminal half of P-gp. These interfaces are formed by transmembrane (TM) segments 3 and 11 on one hand and TM segments 5 and 8 on the other hand. Available data on LmrA and AcrB, two bacterial multidrug efflux pumps, suggest that binding at domain interfaces may be a general feature of polyspecific drug efflux pumps.

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No. Sentence Comment
255 With respect to putative TMs 2 and 11, cross-links were found for the double-cysteine mutants Val133/Gly939, C137C/A935C, and L138C/ A935C. Login to comment

[hide] The ATPase activity of the P-glycoprotein drug pum... J Biol Chem. 2012 Aug 3;287(32):26806-16. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.376202. Epub 2012 Jun 14. Loo TW, Bartlett MC, Detty MR, Clarke DM
The ATPase activity of the P-glycoprotein drug pump is highly activated when the N-terminal and central regions of the nucleotide-binding domains are linked closely together.
J Biol Chem. 2012 Aug 3;287(32):26806-16. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.376202. Epub 2012 Jun 14., [PMID:22700974]

Abstract [show]
The P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) drug pump protects us from toxic compounds and confers multidrug resistance. Each of the homologous halves of P-gp is composed of a transmembrane domain (TMD) with 6 TM segments followed by a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD). The predicted drug- and ATP-binding sites reside at the interface between the TMDs and NBDs, respectively. Crystal structures and EM projection images suggest that the two halves of P-gp are separated by a central cavity that closes upon binding of nucleotide. Binding of drug substrates may induce further structural rearrangements because they stimulate ATPase activity. Here, we used disulfide cross-linking with short (8 A) or long (22 A) cross-linkers to identify domain-domain interactions that activate ATPase activity. It was found that cross-linking of cysteines that lie close to the LSGGQ (P517C) and Walker A (I1050C) sites of NBD1 and NBD2, respectively, as well as the cytoplasmic extensions of TM segments 3 (D177C or L175C) and 9 (N820C) with a short cross-linker activated ATPase activity over 10-fold. A pyrylium compound that inhibits ATPase activity blocked cross-linking at these sites. Cross-linking between the NBDs was not inhibited by tariquidar, a drug transport inhibitor that stimulates P-gp ATPase activity but is not transported. Cross-linking between extracellular cysteines (T333C/L975C) predicted to lock P-gp into a conformation that prevents close NBD association inhibited ATPase activity. The results suggest that trapping P-gp in a conformation in which the NBDs are closely associated likely mimics the structural rearrangements caused by binding of drug substrates that stimulate ATPase activity.

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No. Sentence Comment
106 The location of residues that were mutated to cysteine to test for the effect of cross-linking between NBD1 and NBD2 (P517C/I1050C), NBD1 and TMD2 (L443C/S909C), ICL1 and ICL3 (D177C/N820C), TM segments 2 and 11 (C137/A935C) or 6 and 12 (T333C/L975C) are shown. Login to comment
150 We tested the effects of M4M and M17M cross-linking on the ATPase activity of mutant L175C/N820C and found that the effects were similar to those observed with mutant D177C/ N820C (Fig. 3C). Login to comment
154 ATPase Activity Is Not Activated when the Homologous Halves Are Cross-linked at Locations Predicted Not to Undergo Large Distance Changes during the Open to Closed Conformational Change-Mutant C137/A935C contains natural Cys-137 in TM segment 2 (TMD1) and the A935C mutation in TM segment 11 (TMD2). Login to comment
158 In previous studies we showed that mutants C137/A935C (39) and L443C/ S909C (27) had verapamil-stimulated ATPase activities similar to Cys-less P-gp. Login to comment
159 Membranes prepared from cells expressing mutants C137/ A935C or L443C/S909C were treated with M4M cross-linker. Login to comment
163 These results indicate that stimulation of ATPase activity observed in M4M cross-linked mutants P517C/I1050C (Fig. 2B), D177C/N820C, or L175C/N820C (Fig. 3C) was likely a specific effect of trapping the protein in the closed conformation. Login to comment
166 A, membranes prepared from HEK 293 cells expressing the NBD1/TMD2 mutant L443C/ S909C or the TM2/TM11 mutant C137/A935C were treated with (ϩ) or without (-) the M4M cross-linker. Login to comment
168 The positions of the cross-linked (X-link) and mature (170 kDa) P-gps are indicated. B, membranes expressing mutants L443C/ S909C or C137/A935C were treated with or without (None) M4M cross-linker and histidine-tagged P-gp isolated by nickel-chelate chromatography. Login to comment
282 The requirement for rotation or motion of the TM segments during the catalytic cycle may explain why direct cross-linking of the cysteines in mutant C137/A935C (TM2/TM11) (39) inhibited activity whereas cross-linking with M4M did not (this study). Login to comment
287 One explanation is that some movement is required at the C137/A935C and L443C/S909C interfaces during the catalytic cycle. Login to comment
301 Direct cross-linking of cysteines in the mutants would trap C137/A935C or L443C/S909C at a distance of about 5.6 Å, the average distance between ␣ carbons in a disulfide bond (64). Login to comment
304 Another plausible explanation as to why direct cross-linking of mutants C137/A935C or L443C/S909C inhibited activity is that cross-linking may have trapped the protein in an inactive conformation with the sites closer than normal. Login to comment
104 The location of residues that were mutated to cysteine to test for the effect of cross-linking between NBD1 and NBD2 (P517C/I1050C), NBD1 and TMD2 (L443C/S909C), ICL1 and ICL3 (D177C/N820C), TM segments 2 and 11 (C137/A935C) or 6 and 12 (T333C/L975C) are shown. Login to comment
161 A, membranes prepared from HEK 293 cells expressing the NBD1/TMD2 mutant L443C/ S909C or the TM2/TM11 mutant C137/A935C were treated with (af9;) or without (afa;) the M4M cross-linker. Login to comment
275 The requirement for rotation or motion of the TM segments during the catalytic cycle may explain why direct cross-linking of the cysteines in mutant C137/A935C (TM2/TM11) (39) inhibited activity whereas cross-linking with M4M did not (this study). Login to comment
280 One explanation is that some movement is required at the C137/A935C and L443C/S909C interfaces during the catalytic cycle. Login to comment
294 Direct cross-linking of cysteines in the mutants would trap C137/A935C or L443C/S909C at a distance of about 5.6 &#c5;, the average distance between ॷ carbons in a disulfide bond (64). Login to comment
297 Another plausible explanation as to why direct cross-linking of mutants C137/A935C or L443C/S909C inhibited activity is that cross-linking may have trapped the protein in an inactive conformation with the sites closer than normal. Login to comment