ABCD1 p.Trp137*
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[hide] ABCD1 mutations and the X-linked adrenoleukodystro... Hum Mutat. 2001 Dec;18(6):499-515. Kemp S, Pujol A, Waterham HR, van Geel BM, Boehm CD, Raymond GV, Cutting GR, Wanders RJ, Moser HW
ABCD1 mutations and the X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy mutation database: role in diagnosis and clinical correlations.
Hum Mutat. 2001 Dec;18(6):499-515., [PMID:11748843]
Abstract [show]
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which encodes a peroxisomal ABC half-transporter (ALDP) involved in the import of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) into the peroxisome. The disease is characterized by a striking and unpredictable variation in phenotypic expression. Phenotypes include the rapidly progressive childhood cerebral form (CCALD), the milder adult form, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), and variants without neurologic involvement. There is no apparent correlation between genotype and phenotype. In males, unambiguous diagnosis can be achieved by demonstration of elevated levels of VLCFA in plasma. In 15 to 20% of obligate heterozygotes, however, test results are false-negative. Therefore, mutation analysis is the only reliable method for the identification of heterozygotes. Since most X-ALD kindreds have a unique mutation, a great number of mutations have been identified in the ABCD1 gene in the last seven years. In order to catalog and facilitate the analysis of these mutations, we have established a mutation database for X-ALD ( http://www.x-ald.nl). In this review we report a detailed analysis of all 406 X-ALD mutations currently included in the database. Also, we present 47 novel mutations. In addition, we review the various X-ALD phenotypes, the different diagnostic tools, and the need for extended family screening for the identification of new patients.
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164 X-ALD Mutations Identified in the ABCD1 Gene Allele Exon Mutation Protein Remark fs P42 1 125insC n.d. # fs P84 1 253insC n.d. # E90K 1 268G>A n.d. # S98L 1 293C>T Present S98L 1 293C>T Present R104H 1 311G>A n.d. fs A112 1 337delC Absent # R113C 1 337C>T Present # R113P 1 338G>C n.d. # Q133X 1 397C>T Absent W137X 1 411G>A Absent P143S 1 427C>T n.d. S149N 1 446G>A Present R152S 1 454C>A n.d. R152C 1 454C>T Present R152L 1 455G>T Reduced # S161P 1 481T>C n.d. # R163P 1 488G>C n.d. Y174C 1 521A>G Absent Y174C 1 521A>G n.d. Q177X 1 529C>T Absent Y181C 1 542A>G n.d. fs Y181 1 544ins8bp n.d. # Q195X 1 583C>T n.d. # T198K 1 593C>A n.d. # fs S207 1 621del664bp Absent # SV207-8insAAS 1 622-23ins9bp n.d. # K217E 1 649A>G Present # P218T 1 652C>A n.d. V224E 1 671T>G n.d. # L229P 1 686T>C n.d. L229P 1 686T>C n.d. fs S235 1 706delCGTG n.d. # W242X 1 726G>A Absent G266R 1 796G>A n.d. G266R 1 796G>A n.d. R274W, R280C 1 820C>T, 838C>T n.d. # R285P 1 854G>C n.d. S290X 1 869C>A Absent # E291del 1 871-73delGAG Absent Y296C 1 887A>G n.d. Y296C 1 887A>G n.d. fs E300 IVS1 IVS1+1g>t n.d. # fs E300 IVS1 IVS1-1g>a n.d. # S315X 2 944C>A n.d. # K336M 2 1007A>T n.d. # G343D 2 1028G>A n.d. # R401Q 3 1202G>A Present R401Q 3 1202G>A Present K407X 3 1219A>T n.d. # E427del 4 1279-81delGAA n.d. # Q430X 4 1288C>T n.d. # R464X 4 1390C>T n.d. fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent fs E471 5 1415delAG Absent C511X 6 1533C>A n.d. # R518Q 6 1553G>A Absent fs G528 6 1586-90del Absent # fs Y532 6 1599delG Absent # P543L 6 1628C>T Absent P543L 6 1628C>T Absent fs Q544 6 1628-34duplicated n.d. # fs R545 IVS 6 IVS6+1g>c n.d. # R554H 7 1661G>A Absent fs Q556 7 1670delTG n.d. # (continued) replaced by a pyrimidine (C or T) or vice versa, and transitions, comprising the substitution of one purine by the other, or of one pyrimidine by the other.
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ABCD1 p.Trp137* 11748843:164:310
status: NEW[hide] Decreased expression of ABCD4 and BG1 genes early ... Hum Mol Genet. 2005 May 15;14(10):1293-303. Epub 2005 Mar 30. Asheuer M, Bieche I, Laurendeau I, Moser A, Hainque B, Vidaud M, Aubourg P
Decreased expression of ABCD4 and BG1 genes early in the pathogenesis of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Hum Mol Genet. 2005 May 15;14(10):1293-303. Epub 2005 Mar 30., [PMID:15800013]
Abstract [show]
Childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCER), adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) and AMN with cerebral demyelination (AMN-C) are the main phenotypic variants of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). It is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding a half-size peroxisomal transporter that has to dimerize to become functional. The biochemical hallmark of ALD is the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in plasma and tissues. However, there is no correlation between the ALD phenotype and the ABCD1 gene mutations or the accumulation of VLCFA in plasma and fibroblast from ALD patients. The absence of genotype-phenotype correlation suggests the existence of modifier genes. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the phenotypic variability of ALD, we studied the expression of ABCD1, three other peroxisomal transporter genes of the same family (ABCD2, ABCD3 and ABCD4) and two VLCFA synthetase genes (VLCS and BG1) involved in VLCFA metabolism, as well as the VLCFA concentrations in the normal white matter (WM) from ALD patients with CCER, AMN-C and AMN phenotypes. This study shows that: (1) ABCD1 gene mutations leading to truncated ALD protein are unlikely to cause variation in the ALD phenotype; (2) accumulation of saturated VLCFA in normal-appearing WM correlates with ALD phenotype and (3) expression of the ABCD4 and BG1, but not of the ABCD2, ABCD3 and VLCS genes, tends to be correlated with the severity of the disease, acting early in the pathogenesis of ALD.
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76 Mutation Amino acid alteration Type of mutation at the protein level Tissue sample CCER1 521A.G Y174C Missense CCER2 1414insC fsE471 Frame shift CCER3 Unknown Unknown Unknown Fibroblast CCER4 411G.A W137X Nonsense CCER5 1961T.C L654P Missense CCER6 529C.T Q177X Nonsense CCER7 901-1G.A fsE300 Frame shift CCER8 796G.A G266R Missense CCER9 1822G.A G608S Missense Brain CCER10 1390C.A R464X Nonsense CCER11 253-254insC fsP84 Frame shift CCER12 619_627del S207_A209del Deletion AMN-C1 1414-1415insC fsE471 Frame shift AMN-C2 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C3 1585delG fsG528 Frame shift Fibroblast AMN-C4 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C5 1825G.A E609K Missense AMN-C6 919C.T Q307X Nonsense AMN-C7 1850G.A R617H Missense AMN-C8 887A.G Y296C Missense AMN-C9 965T.C L322P Missense Brain AMN-C10 1390C.T R464X Nonsense AMN-C11 [1165C.T;1224 þ 1GT.TG] [R389C;fSE408] Missense; frame shift AMN-C12 1661G.A R554H Missense AMN-C13 [1997A.C;2007C.G] [Y666S;H669Q] Missense AMN-C14 1755delG fsH586 Frame shift AMN1 529C.T Q177X Nonsense AMN2 1999C.G H667D Missense AMN3 1415delAG fsE471 Frame shift Fibroblast AMN4 337delC fsA112 Frame shift AMN5 310C.T R104C Missense AMN6 919C.T Q307X Nonsense AMN7 323C.T S108L Missense Brain All mutation designations conform to the nomenclature described by Antonarakis and den Dunnen (30,31).
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ABCD1 p.Trp137* 15800013:76:199
status: NEW[hide] Preferential expression of mutant ABCD1 allele is ... Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012 Jan 26;7:10. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-10. Salsano E, Tabano S, Sirchia SM, Colapietro P, Castellotti B, Gellera C, Rimoldi M, Pensato V, Mariotti C, Pareyson D, Miozzo M, Uziel G
Preferential expression of mutant ABCD1 allele is common in adrenoleukodystrophy female carriers but unrelated to clinical symptoms.
Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012 Jan 26;7:10. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-10., [PMID:22280810]
Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: Approximately 20% of adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) female carriers may develop clinical manifestations, typically consisting of progressive spastic gait, sensory deficits and bladder dysfunctions. A skewing in X Chromosome Inactivation (XCI), leading to the preferential expression of the X chromosome carrying the mutant ABCD1 allele, has been proposed as a mechanism influencing X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) carrier phenotype, but reported data so far are conflicting. METHODS: To shed light into this topic we assessed the XCI pattern in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 30 X-ALD carriers. Since a frequent problem with XCI studies is the underestimation of skewing due to an incomplete sample digestion by restriction enzymes, leading to variable results, we developed a pyrosequencing assay to identify samples completely digested, on which to perform the XCI assay. Pyrosequencing was also used to quantify ABCD1 allele-specific expression. Moreover, very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) levels were determined in the same patients. RESULTS: We found severely (>/=90:10) or moderately (>/=75:25) skewed XCI in 23 out of 30 (77%) X-ALD carriers and proved that preferential XCI is mainly associated with the preferential expression of the mutant ABCD1 allele, irrespective of the manifestation of symptoms. The expression of mutant ABCD1 allele also correlates with plasma VLCFA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that preferential XCI leads to the favored expression of the mutant ABCD1 allele. This emerges as a general phenomenon in X-ALD carriers not related to the presence of symptoms. Our data support the postulated growth advantage of cells with the preferential expression of the mutant ABCD1 allele, but argue against the use of XCI pattern, ABCD1 allele-specific expression pattern and VLCFA plasma concentration as biomarkers to predict the development of symptoms in X-ALD carriers.
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53 All samples were tested in Table 1 Clinical Findings, Genotype, X-Chromosome Inactivation (XCI), ABCD1 Allele-Specific Expression (ASE) and Biochemical Findings (VLCFA plasma levels) of X-ALD carriers Nr of family, consultants Age (yrs) Presence of symptoms (age at onset, yrs) Mutations XCI pattern ABCD1 ASE (mut:wt) C26 (nv) C26/C22 (nv) C24/C22 (nv) F1 II-3 67 Yes (45) 410G > A W137X 97:03 84:16 1,09 (<0,75) 48 (<17) 1644 (<1100) F1 III-2 34 No 410G > A W137X 91:09 nd 0,58 (<0,75) 47 (<17) 1482 (<1100) F2 I-2 61 Yes (59) 427C > G P143A 71:29 93:07 0,85 (<0,75) 18 (<17) 1222 (<1100) F2 II-1 38 No 427C > G P143A 85:15 83:17 nd nd nd F2 II-2 35 No 427C > G P143A 76:24 77:23 nd nd nd F3 II-2 73 Yes (45) 428C > A P143H 60:40 38:62 1,45 (<1,50) 28 (<40) 700 (<820) F3 III.1 46 No 428C > A P143H 84:16 84:16 1,53 (<1,50) 40 (<40) 860 (<820) F3 III-2 50 No 428C > A P143H 83:17 75:25 1,75 (<1,50) 37 (<40) 733 (<820) F4 II-3 75 Yes (50) 652C > T; 664G > T P218S; V222L 81:19 82:18 1,57 (<0,75) 19 (<17) 1680 (<1100) F4 III-1 44 No 652C > T; 664G > T P218S; V222L 83:17 81:19 2,38 (<1,50) 53 (<40) 1424 (<820) F4 III-3 45 Yes (29) 652C > T; 664G > T P218S; V222L 89:11 82:18 1,00 (<0,75) 36 (<17) 1611 (<1100) F5 II-1 55 Yes (54) 1202G > A R401Q 98:02 82:18 1,96 (<1,50) 38 (<40) 1031 (<820) F6 II-1 76 Yes (58) 1727T > C L576P 73:27 76:24 2,10 (<0,75) 21 (<17) 1039 (<1100) F7 I-2 72 No 1772G > A R591Q n/a n/a 1,23 (<1,5) 16 (<40) 798 (<820) F7 II-1 44 Yes (34) 1772G > A R591Q 96:04 97:03 2,7 (<1,50) 56 (<40) 957 (<820) F8 II-1 62 Yes (40) 1992G > A W664X 83:17 82:18 3,08 (<1,50) 56 (<40) 1132 (<820) F9 II-1 63 No 293C > T S98L 83:17 93:07 1,82 (<1,50) 37 (<40) 888 (<820) F9 II-3 57 No 293C > T S98L 79:21 75:25 1,99 (<1,50) 42 (<40) 913 (<820) F9 III-2 20 No 293C > T S98L 75:25 61:39 2,65 (<1,50) 46 (<40) 1149 (<820) F10 I-2 63 No 443A > G N148S 86:14 42:58 2,16 (<1,50) 42 (<40) 788 (<820) F10 II-2 40 No 443A > G N148S 96:04 84:16 2,17 (<1,50) 43 (<40) 757 (<820) F11 III-1 67 No 1165C > T R389C 52:48 72:28 0,7 (<1,50) 13 (<40) 572 (<820) F11 III-3 64 No 1165C > T R389C 78:22 34:66 1,1 (<1,50) 16 (<40) 823 (<820) F11 III-5 49 No 1165C > T R389C 98:02 20:80 1,05 (<1,50) 16 (<40) 848 (<820) F11 III-6 46 No 1165C > T R389C 71:29 74:26 1,30 (<1,50) 18 (<40) 1000 (<820) F11 V-1 26 No 1165C > T R389C 57:43 58:42 0,68 (<1,50) 14 (<40) 663 (<820) F12 I-2 53 No 1211C > A S404X 95:05 09:91 nd nd nd F13 I-2 60 No del. ex8-10 n/a 76:24 nd nd nd nd duplicate and one male DNA sample was included in each experiment as a control for enzymatic digestion.
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ABCD1 p.Trp137* 22280810:53:384
status: NEWX
ABCD1 p.Trp137* 22280810:53:461
status: NEW