ABCMdb

ABCC8 p.Phe591Leu

Predicted by SNAP2:	A: N (61%), C: N (57%), D: D (66%), E: D (66%), G: N (53%), H: D (53%), I: N (53%), K: N (61%), L: N (57%), M: N (72%), N: N (72%), P: D (71%), Q: N (61%), R: N (61%), S: N (66%), T: N (66%), V: N (53%), W: D (59%), Y: N (57%),
Predicted by PROVEAN:	A: D, C: D, D: D, E: D, G: D, H: D, I: D, K: D, L: D, M: D, N: D, P: D, Q: D, R: D, S: D, T: D, V: D, W: D, Y: N,

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[hide] Insight in eukaryotic ABC transporter function by ... FEBS Lett. 2006 Feb 13;580(4):1064-84. Epub 2006 Jan 19. Frelet A, Klein M
Insight in eukaryotic ABC transporter function by mutation analysis.
FEBS Lett. 2006 Feb 13;580(4):1064-84. Epub 2006 Jan 19., 2006-02-13 [PMID:16442101]

Abstract [show]
With regard to structure-function relations of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters several intriguing questions are in the spotlight of active research: Why do functional ABC transporters possess two ATP binding and hydrolysis domains together with two ABC signatures and to what extent are the individual nucleotide-binding domains independent or interacting? Where is the substrate-binding site and how is ATP hydrolysis functionally coupled to the transport process itself? Although much progress has been made in the elucidation of the three-dimensional structures of ABC transporters in the last years by several crystallographic studies including novel models for the nucleotide hydrolysis and translocation catalysis, site-directed mutagenesis as well as the identification of natural mutations is still a major tool to evaluate effects of individual amino acids on the overall function of ABC transporters. Apart from alterations in characteristic sequence such as Walker A, Walker B and the ABC signature other parts of ABC proteins were subject to detailed mutagenesis studies including the substrate-binding site or the regulatory domain of CFTR. In this review, we will give a detailed overview of the mutation analysis reported for selected ABC transporters of the ABCB and ABCC subfamilies, namely HsCFTR/ABCC7, HsSUR/ABCC8,9, HsMRP1/ABCC1, HsMRP2/ABCC2, ScYCF1 and P-glycoprotein (Pgp)/MDR1/ABCB1 and their effects on the function of each protein.

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426 Shyng et al. [204] have reported that H125Q, N188S, F591L, T1139M, R1215Q and G1382S generated functional channels in the absence of ATP, indicating that the lack or reduction of KATP channel sensitivity to MgADP is a common molecular defect associated with the disease. Login to comment

[hide] Functional analyses of novel mutations in the sulf... Diabetes. 1998 Jul;47(7):1145-51. Shyng SL, Ferrigni T, Shepard JB, Nestorowicz A, Glaser B, Permutt MA, Nichols CG
Functional analyses of novel mutations in the sulfonylurea receptor 1 associated with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy.
Diabetes. 1998 Jul;47(7):1145-51., [PMID:9648840]

Abstract [show]
The ATP-sensitive potassium channel, K(ATP) channel, a functional complex of the sulfonylurea receptor 1, SUR1, and an inward rectifier potassium channel subunit, Kir6.2, regulates insulin secretion in the pancreas. Mutations in both the Kir6.2 and SUR1 genes are associated with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI), a disorder of pancreatic beta-cell function characterized by excess insulin secretion and hypoglycemia. We have studied the functional properties of novel SUR1 mutations identified in PHHI patients, including H125Q, N188S, F591L, T1139M, R1215Q, G1382S, and R1394H. R1394H and deltaF1388 SUR1, a previously identified PHHI mutation, resulted in no functional channels when coexpressed with Kir6.2 in COS cells, while H125Q, N188S, F591L, T1139M, R1215Q, and G1382S SUR1 generated functional channels in the absence of ATP. With the exception of N188S and H125Q, all mutants had reduced response to stimulation by MgADP. These results indicate that lack of, or reduction of, K(ATP) channel sensitivity to MgADP is a common molecular defect associated with the disease. The mutant channels also showed varied response to activation by the potassium channel opener diazoxide. Because these mutations are distributed throughout the molecule, our data have new implications for structure-function relationships of the K(ATP) channel, suggesting that structural elements in SUR1 outside of the two nucleotide-binding folds are also important in regulating channel activity.

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2 We have studied the functional properties of novel SUR1 mutations identified in PHHI patients, including H125Q, N188S, F591L, T1139M, R1215Q, G1382S, and R1394H. Login to comment
3 R1394H and F1388 SUR1, a previously identified PHHI mutation, resulted in no functional channels when coexpressed with Kir6.2 in COS cells, while H125Q, N188S, F591L, T1139M, R1215Q, and G1382S SUR1 generated functional channels in the absence of ATP. Login to comment
75 The positions of the seven newly identified SUR1 mutations that are associated with the disease PHHI are shown in Fig. 1, including H125Q, N188S, F591L, T1139M, R1215Q, G1382S, and R1394H on both SUR1 topology models. Login to comment
90 The level of activity of other channels follows the order of WT ~N188S ~T1139M > G1382S > H125Q > F591L > R1215Q. Login to comment
102 Figure 5A illustrates the response ofmutant channels toMgADP.Inwild-type channels, MgADP stimulated channel activity in the presence of inhibitory ATP, and this stimulatory effect was reduced in mutant F591L, T1139M, R1215Q, and G1382S (Fig. 5B). Login to comment
112 Compared with wild-type channels, H125Q had a slightlygreater response to diazoxide (P < 0.1, ANOVA), N188S hada response that is similar to the wild-type channel (NS, ANOVA), T1139M and G1382S mutant channels had slightly reduced responses, while F591L and R1215Q channels had severely reduced responses (P < 0.005 and 0.025, respectively, ANOVA) (Fig. 6). Login to comment
124 Only F591L shows slightly increased ATP sensitivity (n = 3-8). Login to comment
141 The first had relatively mild disease andwas diazoxide-responsive even though the in vitro data on this mutation (F591L) might predict a more severe disease. Login to comment
158 F591L, T1139M, R1215Q, and G1382S all showed a reduced response to stimulation by MgADP. Login to comment
166 For two mutations, F591L and G1382S, it was not possible to correlate the in vitro and clinical characteristics, since the patients with these mutations were heterozygous with no mutation identified onthe second allele. Login to comment
175 Five others (H125Q, N188S, F591L, T1139M, and R1215Q) are outside of the predicted nucleotide-binding folds. Login to comment
185 Pancreatectomy BV N188S 3992-3 c-to-g <1 week Severe No Pancreatectomy CB H125Q F1388 1 year Mild No Pancreatectomy Q R1215Q 3992-9 g-to-a <1 week Severe Inadequate Pancreatectomy AO R1394H 3992-9 g-to-a < week Severe No Pancreatectomy BI F591L - <1 week Mild Yes Diazoxide BU G1382S - <1 week Severe ?? Login to comment

[hide] Genetic heterogeneity in familial hyperinsulinism. Hum Mol Genet. 1998 Jul;7(7):1119-28. Nestorowicz A, Glaser B, Wilson BA, Shyng SL, Nichols CG, Stanley CA, Thornton PS, Permutt MA
Genetic heterogeneity in familial hyperinsulinism.
Hum Mol Genet. 1998 Jul;7(7):1119-28., [PMID:9618169]

Abstract [show]
Familial hyperinsulinism (HI) is a disorder characterized by dysregulation of insulin secretion and profound hypoglycemia. Mutations in both the Kir6.2 and sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1) genes have been associated with the autosomal recessive form of this disorder. In this study, the spectrum and frequency of SUR1 mutations in HI and their significance to clinical manifestations of the disease were investigated by screening 45 HI probands of various ethnic origins for mutations in the SUR1 gene. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and nucleotide sequence analyses of genomic DNA revealed a total of 17 novel and three previously described mutations in SUR1 . The novel mutations comprised one nonsense and 10 missense mutations, two deletions, three mutations in consensus splice-site sequences and an in-frame insertion of six nucleotides. One mutation occurred in the first nucleotide binding domain (NBF-1) of the SUR1 molecule and another eight mutations were located in the second nucleotide binding domain (NBF-2), including two at highly conserved amino acid residues within the Walker A sequence motif. The majority of the remaining mutations was distributed throughout the three putative transmembrane domains of the SUR1 protein. With the exception of the 3993-9G-->A mutation, which was detected on 4.5% (4/88) disease chromosomes, allelic frequencies for the identified mutations varied between 1.1 and 2.3% for HI chromosomes, indicating that each mutation was rare within the patient cohort. The clinical manifestations of HI in those patients homozygous for mutations in the SUR1 gene are described. In contrast with the allelic homogeneity of HI previously described in Ashkenazi Jewish patients, these findings suggest that a large degree of allelic heterogeneity at the SUR1 locus exists in non-Ashkenazi HI patients. These data have important implications for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of HI, and also provide a basis to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of this disease.

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63 Mutations within the SUR1 gene Patient Exon or intron Nucleotide changea Codona predicted effect Domainb Restriction site change Frequency (%) HI chromosomes (n = 88) Segregation demonstrated Frequency 200 normal chromosomes A1 exon 2 221G→A R74Q Tm PstI 1 (1.1%) NA 0 B2d exon3 375C→G H125Q Tm DdeIc 1 (1.1%) NA 0 C3e exon 4 563A→G N188S Tm TspRI 1 (1.1%) yes 0 D4 exon 6 949delC 317fs/ter Tm Bsp1286I 1 (1.1%) yes 0 E5 exon 8 1216A→G N406D Tm XcmI 1 (1.1%) NA 0 F6f intron 10 1630+1G→T aberrant splicing Tm BsrI 2 (2.3%) yes 0 G7 exon 12 1773C→G F591L Tm BsoF1 1 (1.1%) no 0 H8 exon 13 1893delT 631fs/ter Tm BstNI 1 (1.1%) yes 0 F6f intron 15 2117-1G→A aberrant splicing NBF-1 PstI 1 (1.1%) yes 0 I9 exon 24 2860C→T Q954X - BstNI 1 (1.1%) yes 0 J10g exon 28 3416C→Th T1139M Tm NlaIII 1 (1.1%) yes 0 K11 exon 29 3644G→A R1215Q Tm NciI 1 (1.1%) yes 0 J10g intron 32 3992-9G→Ai aberrant splicing NBF-2 NciI 4 (4.5%) yes 0 C3e intron 32 3992-3C→G aberrant splicing NBF-2 AvaI 1 (1.1%) yes 0 L12 exon 34 4135G→C G1379R NBF-2 EagI 1 (1.1%) yes 0 M13 exon 34 4144G→A G1382S NBF-2 BglI 1 (1.1%) yes 0 B2d exon 34 4162delTTCi,j delF 1388 NBF-2 BseRI 1 (1.1%) yes 0 J10g exon 34 4181G→Ah R1394H NBF-2 DraIII 1 (1.1%) yes 0 N14 exon 35 4310G→Ai aberrant splicing NBF-2 MspI 1 (1.1%) yes 0 O15 exon 37 4525insCGGCTT insertion of AlaSer ft d 1508 NBF-2 PvuIIk 1 (1.1%) yes 0 after codon 1508 aNucleotide and codon positions are according to the full-length human SUR1 cDNA sequence incorporating the alternative splicedform of exon 17 (GenBank accession nos L78208 and L78216). Login to comment
141 For proband G7, BsoF1 restriction enzyme analysis indicated that although the proband possessed a Phe591Leu mutation in the heterozygous state, this mutation was neither present in the proband`sparentsnorintwounaffectedsiblings(datanotshown). Login to comment
142 Nucleotide sequence analyses confirmed the absence of the Phe591Leu mutation in all first-degree relatives of proband G7. Login to comment
143 Since the results of extended haplotype analyses for kindred G were consistent with Mendelian inheritance for all offspring (data not shown), these data suggest that the Phe591Leu substitution occurred de novo in proband G7. Login to comment
144 With the exception of the Phe591Leu mutation, all other missense mutations examined co-segregated with the HI phenotype and displayed Mendelian inheritance (Fig. 4b and data not shown). Login to comment
200 A model for SUR1 (29) predicts that the remaining seven missense mutations (Arg74Gln, His125Gln, Asn188Ser, Asn406Asp, Phe591Leu, Thr1139Met, Arg1215Gln) are located either within transmembrane segments or are present on the extracellular or cytoplasmic loops connecting adjacent trans- membranehelices.Theidentificationofthesemissensemutations in HI patients provides a basis for further studies to elucidate the functions of these transmembrane domains in SUR1 and KATP channel activity. Login to comment
201 We have found that the His125Gln, Phe591Leu, Thr1139Met and Arg1215Gln mutations result in various reductions in the sensitivity of KATP channels to stimulation by MgADP in vitro (S.-L.Shyng et al., unpublished data). Login to comment
202 Furthermore, increased sensitivity of KATP channel activity to inhibition by ATP was observed in channels containing the Phe591Leu mutation. Login to comment

[hide] K(ATP) channels and insulin secretion disorders. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;283(2):E207-16. Huopio H, Shyng SL, Otonkoski T, Nichols CG
K(ATP) channels and insulin secretion disorders.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Aug;283(2):E207-16., [PMID:12110524]

Abstract [show]
ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels are inhibited by intracellular ATP and activated by ADP. Nutrient oxidation in beta-cells leads to a rise in [ATP]-to-[ADP] ratios, which in turn leads to reduced K(ATP) channel activity, depolarization, voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channel activation, Ca(2+) entry, and exocytosis. Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (HI) is a genetic disorder characterized by dysregulated insulin secretion and, although rare, causes severe mental retardation and epilepsy if left untreated. The last five or six years have seen rapid advance in understanding the molecular basis of K(ATP) channel activity and the molecular genetics of HI. In the majority of cases for which a genotype has been uncovered, causal HI mutations are found in one or the other of the two genes, SUR1 and Kir6.2, that encode the K(ATP) channel. This article will review studies that have defined the link between channel activity and defective insulin release and will consider implications for future understanding of the mechanisms of control of insulin secretion in normal and diseased states.

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76 Reduced sensitivity to stimulation by MgADP is a defect of channels generated by a number of HI-associated SUR1 mutations, including F591L, T1139M, R1215Q, G1382S, and E1506K (25, 59) (Fig. 1B). Login to comment
65 Reduced sensitivity to stimulation by MgADP is a defect of channels generated by a number of HI-associated SUR1 mutations, including F591L, T1139M, R1215Q, G1382S, and E1506K (25, 59) (Fig. 1B). Login to comment

[hide] Identification of a familial hyperinsulinism-causi... J Biol Chem. 2002 May 10;277(19):17139-46. Epub 2002 Feb 26. Taschenberger G, Mougey A, Shen S, Lester LB, LaFranchi S, Shyng SL
Identification of a familial hyperinsulinism-causing mutation in the sulfonylurea receptor 1 that prevents normal trafficking and function of KATP channels.
J Biol Chem. 2002 May 10;277(19):17139-46. Epub 2002 Feb 26., [PMID:11867634]

Abstract [show]
Mutations in the pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel subunits sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) and the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir6.2 cause persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy. We have identified a SUR1 mutation, L1544P, in a patient with the disease. Channels formed by co-transfection of Kir6.2 and the mutant SUR1 in COS cells have reduced response to MgADP ( approximately 10% that of the wild-type channels) and reduced surface expression ( approximately 19% that of the wild-type channels). However, the steady-state level of the SUR1 protein is unaffected. Treating cells with lysosomal or proteasomal inhibitors did not improve surface expression of the mutant channels, suggesting that increased degradation of mutant channels by either pathway is unlikely to account for the reduced surface expression. Removal of the RKR endoplasmic reticulum retention/retrieval trafficking motif in either SUR1 or Kir6.2 increased the surface expression of the mutant channel by approximately 35 and approximately 20%, respectively. The simultaneous removal of the RKR motif in both channel subunits restored surface expression of the mutant channel to the wild-type channel levels. Thus, the L1544P mutation may interfere with normal trafficking of K(ATP) channels by causing improper shielding of the RKR endoplasmic reticulum retention/retrieval trafficking signals in the two channel subunits.

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222 Another mutation, F591L, which is also outside of the two NBFs, has similar detrimental effects on channel response to MgADP and diazoxide (20). Login to comment
221 Another mutation, F591L, which is also outside of the two NBFs, has similar detrimental effects on channel response to MgADP and diazoxide (20). Login to comment

[hide] Genotypes of the pancreatic beta-cell K-ATP channe... Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Apr;62(4):458-65. Ohkubo K, Nagashima M, Naito Y, Taguchi T, Suita S, Okamoto N, Fujinaga H, Tsumura K, Kikuchi K, Ono J
Genotypes of the pancreatic beta-cell K-ATP channel and clinical phenotypes of Japanese patients with persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Apr;62(4):458-65., [PMID:15807877]

Abstract [show]
OBJECTIVE: Persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia of infancy (PHHI) is a disorder of glucose metabolism that is characterized by dysregulated secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells. This disease has been reported to be associated with mutations of the sulfonylurea receptor SUR1 (ABCC8) or the inward-rectifying potassium channel Kir6.2 (KCNJ11), which are two subunits of the pancreatic beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channel. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In 14 Japanese PHHI patients, all exons of SUR1 and Kir6.2 genes were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing. Four patients responded to diazoxide, and nine patients underwent a subtotal pancreatectomy. Histologically, seven patients were diagnosed to have a focal form and two a diffuse form of the disease. RESULTS: We found nine novel mutations in the SUR1 gene and two in the Kir6.2 gene. In the SUR1 gene mutations, three were nonsense mutations (Y512X, Y1354X and G1469X), one was a one-base deletion in exon 7, and two were missense mutations in the nucleotide-binding domain 2 (K1385Q, R1487K). The other three mutations occurred in introns 14, 29 and 36, which might cause aberrant splicing of RNA. Two siblings in one family were heterozygotes for a missense mutation, K1385Q, which was maternally inherited. In Kir6.2 gene screening, one patient was found to be a compound heterozygote of a missense mutation (R34H) and a one-base deletion (C344fs/ter). CONCLUSION: The novel mutations reported here could be pathological candidates for PHHI in Japan. They also reveal that SUR1 and Kir6.2 mutations in the Japanese population exhibit heterogeneity and that they occurred at a frequency similar to other genetic populations.

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130 For example, the patients having some kinds of missense mutations in the SUR1 gene such as F591L,13 R1420C, 20 R1506K 6 and K1385Q in this report showed mild hypoglycaemia, which is known to be responsive to drug therapy, and thus they do not need an operation. Login to comment

[hide] Clinical characteristics and phenotype-genotype an... Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Jun;170(6):885-92. doi: 10.1530/EJE-14-0045. Epub 2014 Mar 31. Demirbilek H, Arya VB, Ozbek MN, Akinci A, Dogan M, Demirel F, Houghton J, Kaba S, Guzel F, Baran RT, Unal S, Tekkes S, Flanagan SE, Ellard S, Hussain K
Clinical characteristics and phenotype-genotype analysis in Turkish patients with congenital hyperinsulinism; predominance of recessive KATP channel mutations.
Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Jun;170(6):885-92. doi: 10.1530/EJE-14-0045. Epub 2014 Mar 31., [PMID:24686051]

Abstract [show]
OBJECTIVE: Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the commonest cause of hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia in the neonatal, infancy and childhood periods. Its clinical presentation, histology and underlying molecular biology are extremely heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics, analyse the genotype-phenotype correlations and describe the treatment outcome of Turkish CHI patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 35 patients with CHI were retrospectively recruited from four large paediatric endocrine centres in Turkey. Detailed clinical, biochemical and genotype information was collected. RESULTS: Diazoxide unresponsiveness was observed in nearly half of the patients (n=17; 48.5%). Among diazoxide-unresponsive patients, mutations in ABCC8/KCNJ11 were identified in 16 (94%) patients. Among diazoxide-responsive patients (n=18), mutations were identified in two patients (11%). Genotype-phenotype correlation revealed that mutations in ABCC8/KCNJ11 were associated with an increased birth weight and early age of presentation. Five patients had p.L1171fs (c.3512del) ABCC8 mutations, suggestive of a founder effect. The rate of detection of a pathogenic mutation was higher in consanguineous families compared with non-consanguineous families (87.5 vs 21%; P<0.0001).Among the diazoxide-unresponsive group, ten patients were medically managed with octreotide therapy and carbohydrate-rich feeds and six patients underwent subtotal pancreatectomy. There was a high incidence of developmental delay and cerebral palsy among diazoxide-unresponsive patients. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study to report genotype-phenotype correlations among Turkish patients with CHI. Mutations in ABCC8 and KCNJ11 are the commonest causes of CHI in Turkish patients (48.6%). There is a higher likelihood of genetic diagnosis in patients with early age of presentation, higher birth weight and from consanguineous pedigrees.

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67 The remaining six ABCC8 mutations, p.R168C, p.N188S, p.L533P, p.W232G, p.R842Q and p.F591L were each identified in a single patient. Login to comment
85 Gene Current age (year) Exon/intron DNA description Protein description Consequence Transmission Treatment Follow-up Developmental delay Comments Diazoxide responsive Octreotide responsive Pancreatectomy (histology) ABCC8 1 3.9 Exon 28 c.3554COA p.Ala1185Glu Missense Homozygous K C K Octreotide CCC Novel mutation 2 0.7 Exon 28 c.3554COA p.Ala1185Glu Missense Homozygous K C K Octreotide Novel mutation 3 9.1 Exon 28 c.3554COA p.Ala1185Glu Missense Homozygous K K K Irregular CCCC Novel mutation 4 0.7 Exon 28 c.3554COA p.Ala1185Glu Missense Homozygous K C K Octreotide C Novel mutation 5 0.2 Exon 28 c.3554COA p.Ala1185Glu Missense Homozygous K C K Octreotide Novel mutation 6 0.7 Exon 28 c.3512delT p.Leu1171fs Frameshift Homozygous K K C (diffuse) Remission 7 0.7 Exon 28 c.3512delT p.Leu1171fs Frameshift Homozygous K C C (diffuse) Octreotide 8 Died Exon 28 c.3512del p.Leu1171fs Frameshift Heterozygous paternal K K C (diffuse) Died 9 5.8 Exon 28 c.3512delT p.Leu1171fs Frameshift Homozygous K C K Octreotide CCC Ectodermal dysplasia 10 9.6 Exon 28 c.3512delT p.Leu1171fs Frameshift Homozygous K C K Octreotide CCC 11 0.7 Exon 4 c.502COT c.563AOG p.Arg168Cys/ p.Asn188Ser Missense Compound heterozygous K C C (diffuse) Octreotide K 12 Died Exon 10 c.1598TOC p.Leu533Pro Missense Homozygous K C K Died Novel mutation 13 10.6 Exon 5/ exon 21 c.694TOG/ c.2525GOA p.Trp232Gly/ p.Arg842Gln Missense/ Missense Compound heterozygous K C K Octreotide CC 14 5.5 Exon 12 c.1771TOC p.Phe591Leu Missense Heterozygous C K Diazoxide K KCNJ11 15 2.4 Exon 1 c.101GOA/ c.376GOA p.Arg34His/ p.Glu126Lys Missense/ Missense Compound heterozygous K C K Octreotide K 16 3.3 Exon 1 c.272GOA p.Trp91X Nonsense Homozygous K C C (diffuse) Octreotide CC 17 3.2 Exon 1 c.376GOA p.Glu126Lys Missense Homozygous K C C (diffuse) Octreotide CC HADH 18 4.4 Exon 6 c.706COT p.Arg236X Nonsense Homozygous C Diazoxide C Genotype-phenotype correlation " Comparison between KATP mutation-positive and KATP mutation-negative groups highlighted a statistically significant increased birth weight and younger age of presentation in KATP mutation-positive group as compared with KATP mutation-negative patients (Table 3). Login to comment