ABCMdb

ABCC7 p.Leu88*

ClinVar:	c.263T>A , p.Leu88* ? , not provided c.263T>C , p.Leu88Ser ? , not provided c.263T>G , p.Leu88* ? , not provided
CF databases:	c.263T>A or c.263T>G , p.Leu88* D , CF-causing c.263T>C , p.Leu88Ser (CFTR1) ? , The mutation was detected by DNA sequencing and is a single base substitution from a thymine to a cytosine at position 395 of the CFTR gene. This results in the replacement of a leucine residue by a serine in codon 88. The patient has [delta]F508 on her other CF chromosome.

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[hide] Longitudinal follow-up of exocrine pancreatic func... J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 Apr;36(4):474-8. Walkowiak J, Nousia-Arvanitakis S, Agguridaki C, Fotoulaki M, Strzykala K, Balassopoulou A, Witt M, Herzig KH
Longitudinal follow-up of exocrine pancreatic function in pancreatic sufficient cystic fibrosis patients using the fecal elastase-1 test.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 Apr;36(4):474-8., [PMID:12658038]

Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: A progressive decline in pancreatic function is possible in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with exocrine pancreatic sufficiency. The secretin-cholecystokinin test is invasive and not acceptable as a repeatable procedure for children. Steatorrhea, conversely, has low sensitivity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of the noninvasive fecal elastase-1 (E1) test for the longitudinal assessment of exocrine pancreatic function (EPF) in pancreatic-sufficient (PS) CF patients. METHODS: One hundred eighty-four CF patients were included in the study. In all subjects, E1 concentrations and fecal fat excretion were measured. PS patients were followed for 5 years. RESULTS: At the beginning of the study, 35 (19.0%) CF patients were PS, and 32 (17.4%) had normal E1 concentrations. Longitudinal measurements of E1 concentrations in PS patients with CF demonstrated stable enzyme output in 27 and gradual decrease in 8. The decrease was rapid in five infant patients and gradual in three older patients. The decrease of E1 concentrations preceded the appearance of steatorrhea in all eight subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The decline of EPF in patients with CF appears more frequently during the first months and years of life. However, late PS to pancreatic-insufficient (PI) conversion is also possible. The appearance of maldigestion is preceded by the decrease of fecal E1 concentration. Thus, the fecal E1 test is a helpful screening tool for the longitudinal assessment of declining EPF in PS patients with CF to demonstrate pancreatic deterioration. In suspected patients, fecal fat excretion should be assessed.

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51 RESULTS Among the patients studied, the following mutations of the CFTR gene were present (n): ⌬F508 (223), 621+G-T (10), N1303K (9), 3849+10kbC-T (6), G542X (5), CFTRdele2,3(21kB) (4), E822X (4), 1717-1G-A (3), E836X (3), G1069-L88X (2), R533X (1), G85E (1), 1677delTA (1), G1069R (1), 1525-1G-A (1), and 2789+5G-A (1). Login to comment

[hide] A novel missense mutation A1081P in the cystic fib... J Trop Pediatr. 2004 Aug;50(4):239-40. Ngukam A, Jacquemont ML, Souville I, Viel M, Beldjord C, Hubert D, Hughes JN, Bienvenu T
A novel missense mutation A1081P in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene identified in a Laotian patient with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens.
J Trop Pediatr. 2004 Aug;50(4):239-40., [PMID:15357566]

Abstract [show]
Cystic fibrosis is the most common autosomal disorder in the Caucasion population. However, the disease is rare in Asia and little is known about the spectrum of CF transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR, mutations in this population. We studied a 39-year-old Loatian patient with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens and identified a novel missense mutation in exon 17b (3373G>C). Identification of novel mutations in this Asian population is of particular interest when designing a genetic testing strategy in Asian countries and also in other countries where immigration from Asia is common.

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4 Only a few CFTR mutations have been identified in that population (L88X, M152R, K166E, F508del, 1742delAC, 1525-18G>A, 1540del10, L568X, 1898ϩ1G>T, 1898ϩ5G>T, G970D, 451-458del8, 3121-2A>G, H1085R).1-6 We report here a novel missense mutation in a Laotian patient with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD). Login to comment

[hide] Heterogeneous spectrum of CFTR gene mutations in K... Korean J Lab Med. 2011 Jul;31(3):219-24. Epub 2011 Jun 28. Jung H, Ki CS, Koh WJ, Ahn KM, Lee SI, Kim JH, Ko JS, Seo JK, Cha SI, Lee ES, Kim JW
Heterogeneous spectrum of CFTR gene mutations in Korean patients with cystic fibrosis.
Korean J Lab Med. 2011 Jul;31(3):219-24. Epub 2011 Jun 28., [PMID:21779199]

Abstract [show]
BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common hereditary disorders among Caucasians. The most common mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene have been well established among Caucasian populations. In Koreans, however, there are very few cases of genetically confirmed CF thus far, and the spectrum of mutations seems quite different from that observed in Caucasians. METHODS: In the present study, we describe the cases of 2 Korean CF patients, present sequencing results identifying mutations in their CFTR gene, and summarize the results of CFTR mutational spectrum from previously reported Korean CF patients. The mutations described were identified by performing direct sequencing analysis of the complete coding regions and flanking intronic sequences of the CFTR gene, followed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis in order to detect gene deletions or duplications that could not be identified by a direct sequencing method. RESULTS: Three CFTR mutations were identified in the 2 patients, including p.Q98R, c.2052delA, and c.579+5G>A. In an analysis of 9 Korean CF patients that included the 2 patients presented in this study, p.Q98R mutation was the only recurrently observed mutation with a frequency of 18.8% (3/16 alleles). Furthermore, only one of the mutations (c.3272-26A>G) was found among the 32 common mutations in the screening panel for Caucasians from the Cystic Fibrosis Mutation Database. CONCLUSIONS: Sequencing of the entire CFTR gene followed by MLPA analysis, rather than using the targeted sequencing-based screening panel for mutations commonly found in Caucasian populations, is recommended for genetic analysis of Korean CF patients.

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90 del Deletion + - NA NA 7 Q1291X Exon20 4,003 C>T Nonsense Sequencing + - + NA [14] IVS8 T5 Splicing Sequencing - + - NA 8 L88X Exon3 263 T>G Nonsense Sequencing + - NA NA [29] R697KfsX33 Exon13 2,089-2,090 insA Insertion Sequencing - + NA NA 9 L441P Exon9 1,454 T>C Missense Sequencing&DGGE ND - ND NA [19] Abbreviations:IVS,interveningsequence;MLPA,multiplexligation-dependentprobeamplification;ND,notdone;NA,notapplicable;DGGE,denaturinggradientgelelectrophoresis. Login to comment
81 The identified mutations included 3 missense mutations (p.Q98R, p.Q1352H, and p.L441P), 3 nonsense mutations (p.Q220X, p.Q1291X, and p.L88X), 1 duplication with frameshift (c.3908dupA), 1 insertion with frameshift (c.2089-2090insA), 4 splice site mutations (c.1766+2T>C, c.3272-26A>G, c.579+5G>A, and IVS8-T5) and 2 deletion mutations (c.2052delA and c.2623-?_2751+?del). Login to comment

[hide] Sensitivity of the denaturing gradient gel electro... Hum Mutat. 1997;9(2):136-47. Macek M Jr, Mercier B, Mackova A, Miller PW, Hamosh A, Ferec C, Cutting GR
Sensitivity of the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis technique in detection of known mutations and novel Asian mutations in the CFTR gene.
Hum Mutat. 1997;9(2):136-47., [PMID:9067754]

Abstract [show]
More than 500 mutations have been identified in the CFTR gene, making it an excellent system for testing mutation scanning techniques. To assess the sensitivity of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), we collected a representative group of 202 CFTR mutations. All mutations analyzed were detected by scanning methods other than the DGGE approach evaluated in this study. DGGE analysis was performed on 24 of the 27 exons and their flanking splice site sequences. After optimization, 201 of the 202 control samples produced an altered migration pattern in the region in which an alteration occurred. The remaining sample was sequenced and found not to have the reported mutation. The ability of DGGE to identify novel mutations was evaluated in three Asian CF patients with four unknown CF alleles. Three novel Asian mutations were detected-K166E, L568X, and 3121-2 A-->G (in homozygosity)-accounting for all CF alleles. These results indicate that an optimized DGGE scanning strategy is highly sensitive and specific and can detect 100% of mutations.

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155 Preliminary mutation analyses of the CFTR gene in Asian CF patients resulted in the identification of mutations L88X, 1898+1 GÃT, and 1898+5 GÃT (Macek et al., 1992; Crawford et al., 1995; Zielenski et al., 1995). Login to comment

[hide] Double mutant alleles: are they rare? Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jul;4(7):1169-71. Savov A, Angelicheva D, Balassopoulou A, Jordanova A, Noussia-Arvanitakis S, Kalaydjieva L
Double mutant alleles: are they rare?
Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Jul;4(7):1169-71., [PMID:8528204]

Abstract [show]
The presence of two different mutations carried by the same CF allele has been demonstrated in four out of 44 Bulgarian CF patients during a systematic search of the entire coding sequence of the CFTR gene. Two of the double mutant alleles include one nonsense and one missense mutation and although the nonsense mutation can be considered to be the main defect, the amino acid substitutions are good candidates for disease-causing mutations as well. One double mutant carries two missense mutations whose contribution to the CF phenotype is difficult to evaluate. The findings suggest that double mutant alleles may be more common than expected and could account for some of the problems in phenotype-genotype correlations. Such alleles may have important implications for molecular diagnosis and genetic counselling.

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28 (A) SSCP analysis of the 309 bp PCR product of exon 3 of the CFTR gene (primers 3i-5 and 3i-3); 12% 37.5:1 acrylamide:bisacrylamide gel run at 4°C, 1600 V for 24 h. Lanes 1, 2, 8, 9, 10, normal controls; lane 3, G85E/N heterozygote; lanes 4, 5, 7, L88X/N heterozygotes; lane 6, L88X/ L88X homozygote. Login to comment
31 G1069R and L88X A G->A transition at nucleotide position 3337 (exon 17b) which results in the substitution of arginine for glycine at amino acid position 1069 in the second transmembrane domain of the protein (TM10), in combination with a T-»G transversion at position 395 generating a termination signal at codon 88 was originally identified in the maternal CF allele of a patient from western Bulgaria (7). Login to comment
33 Both patients are compound heterozygotes for the G1069R + L88X allele and AF508 and have a classical CF phenotype with pancreatic insufficiency and severe pulmonary involvement. Login to comment
37 Subsequent SSCP analysis and direct sequencing of exon 3 of the CFTR gene revealed that this patient was in fact a homozygote for the double mutant G1069R + L88X allele (Fig. Login to comment
41 Severe cystic fibrosis with pancreatic insufficiency is present in the G1069R + L88X homozygote and, more important, in the patient who carries G1069R alone. Login to comment
42 Polymorphic analysis of RFLPs flanking the CFTR gene and of intragenic microsatellite repeats demonstrated that all double mutant G1069R + L88X alleles share a common haplotype 1-2-16-30 (for KM. 19-XV.2c-IVS8CA-IVS 17bTA) (8-11). Login to comment
51 Two of the double mutant alleles identified in this study carry one nonsense and one missense mutation (Q2X+R3W and L88X + G1069R). Login to comment
54 In the case of G1069R this is supported by the clinical findings in the Greek patient with this mutation (and without L88X) who has a severe CF phenotype. Login to comment
65 In the case of G1069R + L88X, a patient from the same geographic area has been found to carry G1069R alone, but on a chromosomal background which was different from that of the double mutant allele. Login to comment
66 The different polymorphic characteristics of the two alleles may suggest that the origin of G1069R is independent of that of G1069R + L88X. Login to comment

[hide] Cystic fibrosis: genotypic and phenotypic variatio... Annu Rev Genet. 1995;29:777-807. Zielenski J, Tsui LC
Cystic fibrosis: genotypic and phenotypic variations.
Annu Rev Genet. 1995;29:777-807., [PMID:8825494]

Abstract [show]
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common genetic disorder in the Caucasian population. The gene was identified in 1989 on the basis of its map location on chromosome 7. The encoded gene product, named cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), corresponds to a cAMP-regulated chloride channel found almost exclusively in the secretory epithelial cells. Although the major mutation that results in a single amino acid deletion (F508) accounts for 70% of the disease alleles, more than 550 additional mutant alleles of different forms have been detected. Many of these mutations can be divided into five general classes in terms of their demonstrated or presumed molecular consequences. In addition, a good correlation has been found between CFTR genotype and one of the clinical variables--pancreatic function status. An unexpected finding, however, is the documentation of CFTR mutations in patients with atypical CF disease presentations, including congenital absence of vas deferens and several pulmonary diseases. Thus, the implication of CFTR mutation is more profound than CF alone.

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593 Not surprisingly, Rl17H is associated with CF only when the allele also contains Table 2 Examples of complex alleles in the CfTR gene Principal Second site mutationa Location alteration Location Reference R75X exon 3 125G --.. C promoter 57 405 + IG --.. A intron 3 3030G --.. A exon 15 57 R1l7H exon 4 129G --.. C promoter 203 RI17H exon 4 IVS8 : 5T or 7T intron 8 101 R297Q exon 7 IVS8 : 5T or 7T intron 8 60 aF508 exon 10 R553Q exon II 59 aF508 exon 10 1I027T exon I7a 57 8F508 exon 10 deletion of D7S8 500 kb 3' of 186 CfTR S549N exon II R75Q exon 3 205a L619S exon 13 1716G � A exon 10 57 G628R (G � C) exon 13 SI235R exon 19 47 2184insA exon 13 IVS:5T exon 9 J Zielenski, J Bal, 0 Markiewicz, L-C Tsui, unpublished data A800G exon 13 IVS8 : 5T or 7T intran 8 31 S912L exon 15 GI244V exon 20 149 GlO69R exon 17b L88X exon 3 149 3732deiA exon 19 Kl200E exon 19 70 3849 + IOkbC � intron 19 R668C exon 13 57 T SI251N exon 20 F508C exon 10 94 The status of principal mutation may not be clear in every case; e.g. G628R(G --> C) vs S1235R. Login to comment

[hide] Sensitivity of single-strand conformation polymorp... Hum Mol Genet. 1994 May;3(5):801-7. Ravnik-Glavac M, Glavac D, Dean M
Sensitivity of single-strand conformation polymorphism and heteroduplex method for mutation detection in the cystic fibrosis gene.
Hum Mol Genet. 1994 May;3(5):801-7., [PMID:7521710]

Abstract [show]
The gene responsible for cystic fibrosis (CF) contains 27 coding exons and more than 300 independent mutations have been identified. An efficient and optimized strategy is required to identify additional mutations and/or to screen patient samples for the presence of known mutations. We have tested several different conditions for performing single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis in order to determine the efficiency of the method and to identify the optimum conditions for mutation detection. Each exon and corresponding exon boundaries were amplified. A panel of 134 known CF mutations were used to test the efficiency of detection of mutations. The SSCP conditions were varied by altering the percentage and cross-linking of the acrylamide, employing MDE (an acrylamide substitute), and by adding sucrose and glycerol. The presence of heteroduplexes could be detected on most gels and in some cases contributed to the ability to distinguish certain mutations. Each analysis condition detected 75-98% of the mutations, and all of the mutations could be detected by at least one condition. Therefore, an optimized SSCP analysis can be used to efficiently screen for mutations in a large gene.

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No. Sentence Comment
120 Exon 1: S4X (24), 186-13C-G (F£rec et al., pers. comm.); Exon 2: G27X (Shacldeton and Harris, pers. comm.), Q30X (Chilldn aal., pers. comm.), R31L (Zielenski et al., pers. comm.), Q39X (25); Exon 3: 300delA (Malone et al., pers. comm.), W57G (Ferrari et al., pers. comm.), W57X (26), E60X (Malone et al., pers. comm.), R74W (Claustres et al., pers. comm.), R75Q (27), G85E (28), 394delTT (Claustres et al., pers. comm.), L88X (Maceketal., pers. comm.), L88S (Malone et al., pers. comm.), 405 + 1G-A (Dork and Tummler, pers. comm.); Exon 4: E92K (Chillon et al., pers. comm.), E92X (D6rk a al., pers. comm.), P99L (Schwartz and Holmberg, pers. comm.), 441delA (Zielenski et al., pers. comm.), 444delA (29), 457TAT-C- (F£rec et al., pers. comm., (21), Dl 10H (14), Rl 17C (D6rk et al., pers. comm.), Rl 17H (14), A120T (Chillon et al., pers. comm.), 541delC (30), 556delA (28), I148T (Rininsland et al., pers. comm.), Q151X (Shacldeton et al., pers. comm.), 621 + 1C-T (28), 622-2A-C (31); Exon5:G178R (28), 681delC (Zielenski a al., pers. comm.), 711 + 1G-T (28); Exon 6a: H199Y (Dork and Tummler, pers. comm.), H199Q (Dean etal., pers. comm.), L206W (Claustres et al., pers. comm.), Q220X (Shacldeton and Harris, pers. comm., Schwartz and Holmberg, pers. comm.), 852del22 (32); Exon 6b: 977insA (33); Exon7:F311L(34). Login to comment

[hide] Identification of six novel mutations in the CFTR ... Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jan;3(1):57-60. Savov A, Mercier B, Kalaydjieva L, Ferec C
Identification of six novel mutations in the CFTR gene of patients from Bulgaria by screening the twenty seven exons and exon/intron boundaries using DGGE and direct DNA sequencing.
Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Jan;3(1):57-60., [PMID:7512860]

Abstract [show]
The CFTR gene, in which more than 300 mutations have been described, displays a spectrum of mutations which varies according to ethnic and geographic origin of patients. In this paper we report an exhaustive study of the 27 exons and exon/intron boundaries of a sample of 35 CF patients from Bulgaria which is situated in the south east of Europe. We have used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis assay followed by DNA sequencing and we report the identification of six previously undescribed CFTR alleles.

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39 This has permitted us to identify the following previously undescribed alleles: L88X A T - G transversion at nucleotide position 395 in exon 3 was detected in one Bulgarian CF allele of haplotype 2/1/1/16/28/13. Login to comment
59 Among the 6 molecular defects reported in this work, two are clearly defective alleles (L88X and Q2X), as these nucleotide changes lead to a stop codon. Login to comment

[hide] Erratum: Heterogeneous spectrum of CFTR gene mutat... Ann Lab Med. 2015 Jan;35(1):185-6. doi: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.185.
Erratum: Heterogeneous spectrum of CFTR gene mutations in Korean patients with cystic fibrosis.
Ann Lab Med. 2015 Jan;35(1):185-6. doi: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.1.185., [PMID:25553309]

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[This corrects the article on p. 219 in vol. 31.].

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7 del Deletion + - NA NA 7 Q1291X Exon 20 4,003 C>T Nonsense Sequencing + - + NA [14] IVS8 T5 Splicing Sequencing - + - NA 8 L88X Exon 3 263 T>G Nonsense Sequencing + - NA NA [29] R697KfsX33 Exon 13 2,089-2,090 insA Insertion Sequencing - + NA NA 9 L441P Exon 9 1,454 T>C Missense Sequencing & DGGE ND - ND NA [19] Abbreviations: IVS, intervening sequence; MLPA, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification; ND, not done; NA, not applicable; DGGE, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Login to comment
10 del Deletion MLPA + - NA NA 7 Q1291X Exon 20 3,871 C>T Nonsense Sequencing + - + NA [14] IVS8 T5 Splicing Sequencing - + - NA 8 L88X Exon 3 263 T>G Nonsense Sequencing + - NA NA [29] R697KfsX33 Exon 13 2,089 dupA Insertion Sequencing - + NA NA 9 L441P Exon 9 1,322 T>C Missense Sequencing & DGGE ND - ND NA [19] *Nucleotide numbers are based on the CFTR reference mRNA sequence, NM_000492.3. Login to comment