ABCMdb

ABCC1 p.Trp445Ala

Predicted by SNAP2:	A: D (85%), C: D (80%), D: D (95%), E: D (91%), F: D (75%), G: D (91%), H: D (91%), I: D (80%), K: D (95%), L: D (85%), M: D (80%), N: D (91%), P: D (95%), Q: D (91%), R: D (91%), S: D (91%), T: D (91%), V: D (80%), Y: D (85%),
Predicted by PROVEAN:	A: D, C: D, D: D, E: D, F: D, G: D, H: D, I: D, K: D, L: D, M: D, N: D, P: D, Q: D, R: D, S: D, T: D, V: D, Y: D,

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[hide] Multiple membrane-associated tryptophan residues c... J Biol Chem. 2002 Dec 20;277(51):49495-503. Epub 2002 Oct 17. Koike K, Oleschuk CJ, Haimeur A, Olsen SL, Deeley RG, Cole SP
Multiple membrane-associated tryptophan residues contribute to the transport activity and substrate specificity of the human multidrug resistance protein, MRP1.
J Biol Chem. 2002 Dec 20;277(51):49495-503. Epub 2002 Oct 17., 2002-12-20 [PMID:12388549]

Abstract [show]
The multidrug resistance protein, MRP1, is a clinically important ATP-binding cassette transporter in which the three membrane-spanning domains (MSDs), which contain up to 17 transmembrane (TM) helices, and two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) are configured MSD1-MSD2-NBD1-MSD3-NBD2. In tumor cells, MRP1 confers resistance to a broad spectrum of drugs, but in normal cells, it functions as a primary active transporter of organic anions such as leukotriene C(4) and 17beta-estradiol 17beta-(D-glucuronide). We have previously shown that mutation of TM17-Trp(1246) eliminates 17beta-estradiol 17beta-(D-glucuronide) transport and drug resistance conferred by MRP1 while leaving leukotriene C(4) transport intact. By mutating the 11 remaining Trp residues that are in predicted TM segments of MRP1, we have now determined that five of them are also major determinants of MRP1 function. Ala substitution of three of these residues, Trp(445) (TM8), Trp(553) (TM10), and Trp(1198) (TM16), eliminated or substantially reduced transport levels of five organic anion substrates of MRP1. In contrast, Ala substitutions of Trp(361) (TM7) and Trp(459) (TM9) caused a more moderate and substrate-selective reduction in MRP1 function. More conservative substitutions (Tyr and Phe) of the Trp(445), Trp(553), and Trp(1198) mutants resulted in substrate selective retention of transport in some cases (Trp(445) and Trp(1198)) but not others (Trp(553)). Our findings suggest that the bulky polar aromatic indole side chain of each of these five Trp residues contributes significantly to the transport activity and substrate specificity of MRP1.

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48 Tryptophan substitutions were generated in the pGEM-3Z and pBluescriptSK(ϩ) plasmids above according to the manufacturer`s instructions with the following mutagenic primers (substituted nucleotides are underlined): MSD1 Trp mutants W40A (5Ј-G GTC CTC GTG GCC GTG CCT TG-3Ј, W47A (5Ј-GT TTT TAC CTC GCC GCC TGT TTC CCC-3Ј), W82A (5Ј-C TTG GGA TTT TTG CTG GCG ATC GTC TGC TGG GC-3Ј), W86A (5Ј-G CTG TGG ATC GTC TGC GCT GCA GAC CTC TTC TAC TC-3Ј), W94A (5Ј-C CTC TTC TAC TCT TTC GCG GAA AGA AGT CGG GGC-3Ј), W142A (5Ј-GGG ATC ATG CTC ACT TTC GCA CTG GTA GCC CTA ATG TG-3Ј), W142F (5Ј-G CTC ACT TTT TTC CTG GTA GCC C-3Ј); MSD2 Trp mutants W361A (5Ј-C ACG AAG GCC CCA GAT GCG CAG GGC TAC TTC TAC-3Ј), W445A (5Ј-G TAC ATT AAC ATG ATC GCG TCA GCC CCC CTG CAA G-3Ј), W445F (5Ј-CG TAC ATT AAC ATG ATC TTC TCA GCC CCC CTG CAA GTC-3Ј), W445Y (5Ј-CC ACG TAC ATT AAC ATG ATC TAC TCA GCG CCC CTG CAA GTC-3Ј), W459A (5Ј-GCT CTC TAC CTC CTG GCG CTG AAT CTG GGC CC-3Ј), W553A (5Ј-G GGC ACC TTC ACC GCG GTC TGC ACG CCC-3Ј), W553F (5Ј-G GGC ACC TTC ACC TTC GTC TGC ACG CCC-3Ј), W553Y (5Ј-GCC CTG GGC ACC TTC ACA TAT GTC TGC ACG CCC-3Ј; and MSD3 Trp mutants W1198A (5Ј-C GTG GCC AAC AGG GCG CTG GCC GTG CGG C-3Ј), W1198F (5Ј-GTG GCC AAC AGG TTC CTG GCC GTG CGG C-3Ј), W1198Y (5Ј-GTG GCC AAC AGG TAC CTG GCC GTG CGG C-3Ј). Login to comment
50 Construction of MRP1-GFP Fusion Proteins-Constructs encoding GFP fusion proteins of selected MRP1 Trp mutations were generated by exchanging the 1.3-kb ClaI/AflII fragment of a pcDNA3.1(-)-MRP1-GFP construct with the comparable fragments containing the W445A, W553A, and W1198A mutations generated above and designated pcDNA3.1-W445A/MRP1-GFP, pcDNA3.1-W553A/MRP1-GFP, and pcDNA3.1-W1198A/MRP1-GFP, respectively (39). Login to comment
108 All four mutants generated (W361A, W445A, W459A, and W553A) were expressed at levels 60-90% those of wild-type MRP1, indicating that none of the mutations had a major effect on the expression levels of the protein. Login to comment
110 After 1 min, ATP-dependent [3 H]LTC4 uptake by the W445A and W553A MRP1 mutants was reduced by ϳ75 and 50%, respectively, whereas uptake by the W361A and W459A mutants was comparable with wild-type MRP1 (Fig. 3B). Login to comment
113 In contrast, after 1 min, [3 H]E217betaG uptake by the W361A, W445A, and W553A MRP1 mutants was ϳ50, 25, and 10%, respectively, of wild-type MRP1 (Fig. 3D). Login to comment
117 As shown in Fig. 4A, Ala substitution of Trp445 and Trp553 essentially eliminated apigenin-stimulated [3 H]GSH uptake by MRP1. Login to comment
119 Similarly, GSH-stimulated E13SO4 uptake levels by the W445A and W553A mutants were just 30 and Ͻ10% of wild-type MRP1 levels, respectively, whereas uptake by the W361A mutant was similar to wild-type MRP1, and uptake by W459A MRP1 was reduced by just 25% (Fig. 4B). Login to comment
121 A, ATP-dependent uptake of [3 H]LTC4 was measured in membrane vesicles prepared from HEK293T cells transfected with empty vector pcDNA3.1(-) (E) and vectors containing wild-type MRP1 (f) and MSD2 Trp-Ala mutant MRP1 cDNAs (W361A, Œ; W445A, ; W459A, ࡗ; and W553A, q). Login to comment
124 C, the time course of ATP-dependent uptake of [3 H]E217betaG by wild-type MRP1 and MSD2 mutants W361A, W445A, W459A, and W553A was measured as described for A. D, relative levels of [3 H]E217betaG uptake at 1 min are shown and were determined from the time course shown in C as described for B. Login to comment
126 Finally, [3 H]MTX uptake by the W445A and W553A MRP1 mutants, as observed for GSH and E13SO4 uptake, was dramatically reduced by more than 80% (Fig. 4C). Login to comment
139 One mutant, W445Y, was reproducibly expressed at lower levels (approximately half) than the corresponding W445A and W445F mutants for reasons that are presently unclear. Login to comment
140 The most conservatively substituted MRP1-Trp445 mutant, W445Y, showed significant transport activity with respect to all five MRP1 substrates compared with the W445A mutant after correcting for differences in MRP1 expression levels. Login to comment
142 The Phe-substituted Trp445 mutant, W445F, showed levels of transport intermediate between those of the W445A and W445Y mutants. Login to comment
148 In contrast to the W445A and W1198A mutants, more conservative substitutions of the Ala-substituted Trp553 mutant W553A were much less effective in restoring MRP1 transport activity. Login to comment
153 Relative uptake levels of 3 H-labeled organic anions by membrane vesicles enriched for wild-type MRP1 (solid bar) and W361A, W445A, W459A, and W553A mutant MRP1 proteins (shaded bars) were determined as described under "Experimental Procedures." Login to comment
182 Thus, Ala substitution of Trp445 essentially eliminated the transport of all five MRP1 substrates tested. Login to comment
189 Ala substitution of Trp1198 in MSD3 also resulted in a broad and profound decrease in MRP1 transport activity except for FIG. 6. ATP-dependent organic anion transport activity of wild-type and mutant MRP1 containing conservative Phe and Tyr substitutions of Trp1198 in TM16 of MSD3. A, immunoblot of membrane vesicles prepared from HEK293T cells transfected with empty vector (pcDNA3.1(-)), wild-type (WT-MRP1), and mutant (W445A, W445F, and W445Y; W553A, W553F and W553Y; W1198A, W1198F, and W1198Y) MRP1 cDNAs. MRP1 proteins were detected with monoclonal antibody QCRL-1, and relative levels of expression shown under the blot were estimated by densitometry. Login to comment
191 Ala-substituted mutants (W445A, W553A, and W1198A; shaded bars) were included for comparison. Login to comment
224 HEK293T cells were transfected with pcDNA3.1(-)MRP1K-GFP (WT-MRP1-GFP) (A), pcDNA3.1-W445A/MRP1-GFP (B), pcDNA3.1-W553A/MRP1-GFP (C), and pcDNA3.1-W1198A/MRP1-GFP (D), and 48 h later, cells were processed for confocal fluorescence microscopy. Login to comment

[hide] The MRP-related and BCRP/ABCG2 multidrug resistanc... Curr Drug Metab. 2004 Feb;5(1):21-53. Haimeur A, Conseil G, Deeley RG, Cole SP
The MRP-related and BCRP/ABCG2 multidrug resistance proteins: biology, substrate specificity and regulation.
Curr Drug Metab. 2004 Feb;5(1):21-53., [PMID:14965249]

Abstract [show]
Several members of different families of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transport proteins are capable of transporting an extraordinarily structurally diverse array of endo- and xenobiotics and their metabolites across cell membranes. Together, these transporters play an important role in the absorption, disposition and elimination of these chemicals in the body. In tumor cells, increased expression of these drug transporters is associated with resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, current knowledge of the biochemical, physiological and pharmacological properties of nine members of the multidrug resistance protein (MRP)-related ABCC family (MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, MRP5, MRP6, MRP7, ABCC11 and ABCC12) as well as the G family member, ABCG2/BCRP, are summarized. A focus is placed on the structural similarities and differences of these drug transporters as well as the molecular determinants of their substrate specificities and transport activities. Factors that regulate expression of the MRP-related proteins and ABCG2/BCRP are also reviewed.

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No. Sentence Comment
264 Thus, Ala substitution of Trp445 (TM8), Trp553 (TM10) and Trp1198 (TM16) eliminated or substantially reduced transport of multiple organic anion substrates of MRP1. Login to comment

[hide] Transmembrane transport of endo- and xenobiotics b... Physiol Rev. 2006 Jul;86(3):849-99. Deeley RG, Westlake C, Cole SP
Transmembrane transport of endo- and xenobiotics by mammalian ATP-binding cassette multidrug resistance proteins.
Physiol Rev. 2006 Jul;86(3):849-99., [PMID:16816140]

Abstract [show]
Multidrug Resistance Proteins (MRPs), together with the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR/ABCC7) and the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1/ABCC8 and SUR2/ABCC9) comprise the 13 members of the human "C" branch of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily. All C branch proteins share conserved structural features in their nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) that distinguish them from other ABC proteins. The MRPs can be further divided into two subfamilies "long" (MRP1, -2, -3, -6, and -7) and "short" (MRP4, -5, -8, -9, and -10). The short MRPs have a typical ABC transporter structure with two polytropic membrane spanning domains (MSDs) and two NBDs, while the long MRPs have an additional NH2-terminal MSD. In vitro, the MRPs can collectively confer resistance to natural product drugs and their conjugated metabolites, platinum compounds, folate antimetabolites, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, arsenical and antimonial oxyanions, peptide-based agents, and, under certain circumstances, alkylating agents. The MRPs are also primary active transporters of other structurally diverse compounds, including glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugates of a large number of xeno- and endobiotics. In vivo, several MRPs are major contributors to the distribution and elimination of a wide range of both anticancer and non-anticancer drugs and metabolites. In this review, we describe what is known of the structure of the MRPs and the mechanisms by which they recognize and transport their diverse substrates. We also summarize knowledge of their possible physiological functions and evidence that they may be involved in the clinical drug resistance of various forms of cancer.

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No. Sentence Comment
884 Thus Ala substitution of Trp445 (TM8), Trp553 (TM10), and Trp1198 (TM16) eliminated or dramatically reduced transport levels of a broad range of organic anion substrates. Login to comment
883 Thus Ala substitution of Trp445 (TM8), Trp553 (TM10), and Trp1198 (TM16) eliminated or dramatically reduced transport levels of a broad range of organic anion substrates. Login to comment
885 Thus Ala substitution of Trp445 (TM8), Trp553 (TM10), and Trp1198 (TM16) eliminated or dramatically reduced transport levels of a broad range of organic anion substrates. Login to comment

[hide] A molecular understanding of ATP-dependent solute ... Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007 Mar;26(1):15-37. Chang XB
A molecular understanding of ATP-dependent solute transport by multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP1.
Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007 Mar;26(1):15-37., [PMID:17295059]

Abstract [show]
Over a million new cases of cancers are diagnosed each year in the United States and over half of these patients die from these devastating diseases. Thus, cancers cause a major public health problem in the United States and worldwide. Chemotherapy remains the principal mode to treat many metastatic cancers. However, occurrence of cellular multidrug resistance (MDR) prevents efficient killing of cancer cells, leading to chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Numerous mechanisms of MDR exist in cancer cells, such as intrinsic or acquired MDR. Overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp or ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP or ABCG2) and/or multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1 or ABCC1), confers an acquired MDR due to their capabilities of transporting a broad range of chemically diverse anticancer drugs. In addition to their roles in MDR, there is substantial evidence suggesting that these drug transporters have functions in tissue defense. Basically, these drug transporters are expressed in tissues important for absorption, such as in lung and gut, and for metabolism and elimination, such as in liver and kidney. In addition, these drug transporters play an important role in maintaining the barrier function of many tissues including blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebral spinal fluid barrier, blood-testis barrier and the maternal-fetal barrier. Thus, these ATP-dependent drug transporters play an important role in the absorption, disposition and elimination of the structurally diverse array of the endobiotics and xenobiotics. In this review, the molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transport by MRP1 will be addressed.

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No. Sentence Comment
110 W445A and P448A mutations in TM8 substantially reduced the ATP-dependent transport of some MRP1 substrates, including LTC4, GSH, MTX, E217βG or E13SO4 [75, 77]. Login to comment

[hide] Molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transp... Methods Mol Biol. 2010;596:223-49. Chang XB
Molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transport by multidrug resistance-associated protein 1.
Methods Mol Biol. 2010;596:223-49., [PMID:19949927]

Abstract [show]
Millions of new cancer patients are diagnosed each year and over half of these patients die from this devastating disease. Thus, cancer causes a major public health problem worldwide. Chemotherapy remains the principal mode to treat many metastatic cancers. However, occurrence of cellular multidrug resistance (MDR) prevents efficient killing of cancer cells, leading to chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Over-expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters, such as P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein and/or multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), confers an acquired MDR due to their capabilities of transporting a broad range of chemically diverse anticancer drugs across the cell membrane barrier. In this review, the molecular mechanism of ATP-dependent solute transport by MRP1 will be addressed.

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No. Sentence Comment
104 Mutations of C43S in TM1 (112); P343A, K332L and K332D in TM6 (113, 114); W445A and P448A in TM8 (113, 115); T550A, T556A and P557A in TM10 (113, 116); N590A, F594A, P595A, N597A, S604A and S605A in TM11 (113, 117, 118); E1089Q, E1089A, E1089L, E1089N, K1092, S1097 and N1100 in TM14 (119, 120); R1197K in TM16 (121); Y1236F, T1241A, T1242A, T1242C, T1242S, T1242L, Y1243F, N1245A, W1246C, W1246A, W1246F, W1246Y or R1249K in TM17 (121-124) significantly affect MRP1 function. Login to comment