ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser

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PMID: 17413420 [PubMed] Grangeia A et al: "Molecular characterization of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene in congenital absence of the vas deferens."
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93 DeltaF508 was the second most common mutation, representing 21 (23.3%) of total alleles, followed by R334W (6, Table 1 CFTR gene mutations and polymorphisms in patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens Mutation Location Nucleotide alteration Effect Method 1 CFTRdele2,3 Exons 2-3 Deletion of exons 2 and 3 Frameshift QFM-PCR 2 R117H Exon 4 G¡A at 482 AA substitution 31 mutation panel 3 P205S Exon 6a C¡T at 745 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 4 L206W Exon 6a T¡G at 749 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 5 R258G Exon 6b A¡G at 904 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 6 R334W Exon 7 C¡T at 1132 AA substitution 31 mutation panel 7 T5 allele Intron 8 Deletion of 2T at 1342-12 to -6 Aberrant splicing DGGE/DNA sequencing 8 P439S Exon 9 C¡T at 1447 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 9 D443Ya Exon 9 G¡T at 1459 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 10 I507del Exon 10 Deletion of 3 bp at 1648-1653 AA deletion 31 mutation panel 11 DeltaF508 Exon 10 Deletion of 3 bp at 1652-1655 AA deletion 31 mutation panel 12 G542X Exon 11 G¡T at 1756 Truncation 31 mutation panel 13 V562I Exon 12 G¡A at 1816 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 14 G576Aa Exon 12 G¡C at 1859 Aberrant splicing DGGE/dHPLC 15 D614G Exon 13 A¡G at 1973 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 16 R688Ca Exon 13 C¡T at 2134 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 17 V754M Exon 13 G¡A at 2392 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 18 E831X Exon 14a G¡T at 2623 Truncation DGGE/dHPLC 19 3272-26AϾG Intron 17a A¡G at 3272-26 Aberrant splicing DGGE/dHPLC 20 2789ϩ5G¡A Intron 14b G¡A at 2789ϩ5 Aberrant splicing 31 mutation panel 21 V1108L Exon 17b G¡C at 3454 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 22 L1227S Exon 19 T¡C at 3812 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 23 S1235R Exon 19 T¡G at 3837 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 24 P1290S Exon 20 C¡T at 4000 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC 25 N1303K Exon 21 C¡G at 4041 AA substitution 31 mutation panel 26 E1401K Exon 23 G¡A at 4333 AA substitution DGGE/dHPLC Polymorphisms 1 TG repeats Intron 8 9-13 copies at 1342-12 to -35 Sequence variation DGGE/DNA sequencing 2 M470V Exon 10 A or G at 1540 Sequence variation DNA sequencing 3 125G/C Exon 1 G¡C at 125 Sequence variation DGGE/dHPLC 4 1001ϩ11T/C Intron 6b C¡4T at 1001ϩ11 Sequence variation DGGE/dHPLC 5 1716G/A Exon 10 G¡A at 1716 Sequence variation DGGE/dHPLC 6 1899-136T/G Intron 12 T¡G at 1899-136 Sequence variation DGGE/dHPLC 7 T854T Exon 14a T¡G at 2694 Sequence variation DGGE/dHPLC 8 3601-65C/A Intron 18 C¡A at 3601-65 Sequence variation DGGE/dHPLC 9 4521G/A Exon 24 G¡A at 4521 Sequence variation DGGE/dHPLC QFM-PCR, semiquantitative fluorescent multiplex polymerase chain reaction; bp, base pair; DGGE, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; dHPLC, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 17413420:93:737
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101 The missense M470V polymorphism was evaluated in all 45 pa- tientswithCAVD(Table2).TheallelicfrequencyoftheM470variant Table 2 CFTR genotypes identified in patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens CFTR mutation genotypes [(TG)mTn] genotype M470V Patients N % DeltaF508 (TG)10T9 (TG)12T5 M V 11 24.4 DeltaF508 (TG)10T9 (TG)11T5 M M 1 2.2 DeltaF508 R117H (TG)10T9 (TG)10T7 M M 2 4.4 G542X (TG)10T9 (TG)12T5 M V 2a 4.4 DeltaF508 R334W (TG)10T9 (TG)11T7 M V 1 2.2 DeltaF508 D443Y-G576A-R668C (TG)10T9 (TG)10T7 M M 1 2.2 DeltaF508 D614G (TG)10T9 (TG)11T7 M V 1 2.2 DeltaF508 E831X (TG)10T9 (TG)11T7 M V 1 2.2 DeltaF508 L1227S (TG)10T9 (TG)11T7 M M 1 2.2 DeltaF508 E1401K (TG)10T9 (TG)11T7 M V 1 2.2 I507del D614G (TG)11T7 (TG)10T7 M V 1 2.2 N1303K L206W (TG)10T9 (TG)9T9 M M 1 2.2 R117H P205S (TG)11T7 (TG)10T7 M V 1 2.2 R117H R334W (TG)10T7 (TG)11T7 M V 1 2.2 R334W P439S (TG)11T7 (TG)11T7 M V 1 2.2 R334W R334Wb (TG)11T7 (TG)11T7 V V 1 2.2 R334W V562I (TG)11T7 (TG)11T5 V M 1 2.2 D443Y-G576A-R668C 3272-26A¡G (TG)10T7 (TG)10T7 M M 1 2.2 G576A-R668C V754Mb (TG)10T7 (TG)11T7 M M 1 2.2 S1235R S1235Rb (TG)13T5 (TG)13T5 M M 1 2.2 2789ϩ5G¡A S1235Rb (TG)10T7 (TG)13T5 M M 1 2.2 3272-26A¡G P1290S (TG)11T7 (TG)10T7 M V 1 2.2 P205S (TG)11T7 (TG)12T5 V V 1 2.2 G576A-R668C b (TG)10T7 (TG)11T5 M M 1 2.2 V1108L b (TG)11T7 (TG)11T5 V M 1 2.2 N1303K (TG)10T9 (TG)12T5 M V 1 2.2 3272-26A¡G b (TG)10T7 (TG)12T5 M V 1 2.2 CFTRdele2,3 b (TG)11T7 (TG)13T5 V M 1 2.2 b (TG)11T5 (TG)12T5 M V 1 2.2 b (TG)13T5 (TG)12T5 M V 1 2.2 DeltaF508 - (TG)10T9 (TG)11T7 M V 1a 2.2 L206W -b (TG)9T9 (TG)11T7 M V 1 2.2 R258G -b (TG)11T7 (TG)11T7 V V 1 2.2 a CUAVD.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 17413420:101:874
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110 Large Table 3 Allelic frequencies of CFTR mutations in patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens CBAVD CUAVD Total Patients 42 3 45 Alleles 84 6 90 Mutations N % N % N % 1 T5 allele 26a 31 2 33.3 28 31.1 2 DeltaF508 20 23.8 1 16.7 21 23.3 3 R334W 6a 7.1 0 0 6 6.7 4 R117H 4 4.8 0 0 4 4.4 5 G576A 4b 4.8 0 0 4 4.4 6 R688C 4b 4.8 0 0 4 4.4 7 S1235R 3a 3.6 0 0 3 3.3 8 3272-26A¡G 3 3.6 0 0 3 3.3 9 P205S 2 2.4 0 0 2 2.2 10 L206W 2 2.4 0 0 2 2.2 11 D443Y 2b 2.4 0 0 2 2.2 13 D614G 2 2.4 0 0 2 2.2 14 N1303K 2 2.4 0 0 2 2.2 12 G542X 0 0 2 33.3 2 2.2 15 R258G 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 16 P439S 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 17 I507del 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 18 V562I 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 19 V754M 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 20 E831X 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 21 2789ϩ5G¡A 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 22 V1108L 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 23 L1227S 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 24 P1290S 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 25 E1401K 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 26 CFTRdele2,3 1 1.2 0 0 1 1.1 CBAVD, congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens; CUAVD, congenital unilateral absence of the vas deferens.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 17413420:110:589
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140 Three novel missense mutations (E1401K, P439S, and V1108L), not detected in the general population or in patients with CF, were here first described in patients with CAVD.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 17413420:140:40
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141 Although the pathogenicity of these mutations is still being assessed by expression and functional in vitro studies, the combination of the amino acid substitutions with other mutations (deltaF508/E1401K, R334W/P439S, V1108L/T5) might be responsible for the CBAVD phenotype.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 17413420:141:211
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142 In fact, they occur in highly conserved regions of the CFTR protein, which share 100% amino acid sequence homology between species48 and affect the NBD1, NBD2, and transmembrane regions of the protein, which are known to regulate chloride conductance and permeability.49-51 P439S was previously reported in a child with CF with pancreatic insufficiency and mild lung disease, in association with the P439S/R688C genotype.52 The E1401K mutation occurs at a position in which other mutations, E1401X and E1401A, have been described in patients with CF with pancreatic insufficiency.8 Some difficulties in defining CF or CAVD-causing mutations were observed with some missense mutations.6,27 G576A and R668C have been found independently, in pairs, or combined with the D443Y mutation on the same chromosome in patients withaCF-relatedsyndrome.Inaccordancewithpreviousstudies, we expected that G576A and R668C were located in cis in two patients and combined with D443Y in the same chromosome in two patients.6,9,12 Although initially described as polymorphisms,27 they were later considered mild mutations associated with the CBAVD phenotype when combined in trans with the severedeltaF508mutation.53 However,ourpresentresultssuggest they might also cause the CAVD phenotype when associated with other mild CFTR mutations, because three of four patients carry- ingthesecomplexallelesharboredamildorverymildmutationin the other chromosome (D443Y-G576A-R668C/3272-26A¡G, Table 5 Comparative analysis of CFTR mutation allelic frequencies (%) in patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens Countries Patients T5 allele DeltaF508 R334W R117H References Argentina 36 NA 20.8 NA 5.6 43 Austria 22 NA 13.6 NA 9.1 44 Italy 12 8.3 29.2 NA 4.2 39 The Netherlands 21 9.5 19.0 NA 21.4 38 Germany 106 12.3 26.4 0.5 11.3 30 Greece 14 14.3 14.3 NA NA 32 France 800 16.3 21.8 NA 4.4 6 United States 92 17.9 21.2 NA 2.2 41 Canada 74 18.2 16.9 1.4 6.1 5 Turkey 51 19.6 2.9 NA NA 35 Brazil 17 20.6 11.7 NA 2.9 34 Spain 134 20.9 16.0 0.4 3.0 33 Iran 113 25.7 12.4 0.9 3.5 37 Egypt 16 43.7 6.2 NA NA 40 Taiwan 27 44.4 NA NA NA 42 Portugal 45 31.1 23.3 6.7 4.4 13, 36, PS NA, not available; PS, present study.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 17413420:142:274
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 17413420:142:400
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PMID: 18769034 [PubMed] Grangeia A et al: "Molecular and functional characterization of CBAVD-causing mutations located in CFTR nucleotide-binding domains."
No. Sentence Comment
2 A previous screening of the entire coding region of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR [MIM 602421]) in CBAVD patients identified three novel mutations: P439S is located in the first nucleotide binding domain (NBD1) of CFTR, whereas P1290S and E1401K are located in NBD2.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:2:185
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4 Results: Although maturation patterns were not affected, total amounts of mature P439S-CFTR and P1290S-CFTR were reduced.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:4:81
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5 Confocal microscopy showed correct membrane localisation of E1401K-CFTR, whereas P439S-CFTR and P1290S-CFTR mutants were located mainly in the cytoplasm.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:5:81
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7 Conclusion: Dysfunction of CFTR is caused by either defective CFTR trafficking (P439S and P1290S) or/and Cl-channel function (P1290S and E1401K).
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:7:80
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59 Plasmids, cell culture, transient transfection CFTR mutations (P439S, P1290S and E1401K) were generated (QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit, Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) in the eukaryotic expression vector pCMVCFTRNot6.2, according to the manufacturer`s instructions.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:59:63
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97 The P439S mutation was evaluated using three-dimensional structures from MJ0796 dimer (PDBid: 1L2T), F508del-CFTR hNBD1 (PDBid 1XMJ), and CFTR mNBD1 (PDBid: ROZ).
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:97:4
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102 P439S (NBD1) was identified in a 34 year old patient who carried the R334W mutation on the other chromosome.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:102:0
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112 Multiple alignments of CFTR amino acid sequences from different species and localization of NBD1, NBD2 and three novel CFTR mutations (P439S, P1290S, E1401K).
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:112:135
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126 Biosynthesis of CFTR mutants Maturation patterns of wild-type (wt) CFTR and mutant CFTR (F508del-CFTR, P439S-CFTR, P1290S-CFTR and E1401K-CFTR) were compared by Western blotting.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:126:103
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130 However, total amounts of mature P439S-CFTR and P1290S-CFTR were significantly reduced compared to wtCFTR, as indicated by densitometric analysis (Fig. 2B).
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:130:33
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137 The mutants P439S-CFTR and P1290S-CFTR were mainly expressed in the cytoplasm with little membrane expression, while E1401K-CFTR was clearly present in the cell membrane, similar to wtCFTR (Fig. 3A-B).
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:137:12
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159 Intracellular cAMP was enhanced by stimulation of the cells with 2 µM FSK and 100 µM IBMX, which largely increased the rate of I- influx in HEK293 cells expressing wtCFTR, while non-transfected cells or F508del-CFTR expressing cellsdidnotrespondtostimulation(Fig.4A-B).Expression of all three mutants P439S-CFTR, P1290S-CFTR and E1401K-CFTR allowed for cAMP-induced increase in I- influx, although the rate of I- influx was significantly lower than that for wtCFTR (Fig. 4A-B).
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:159:311
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160 Reduced I- influx seems to be in accordance with the reduced levels of protein expression for two mutants P439S-CFTR, P1290S-CFTR.Although E1401K did not interfere with Fig. 5.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:160:106
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165 GFP = green fluorescence protein, wt = wtCFTR, F508del = F508del-CFTR, P439S = P439S-CFTR, P1290S = P1290S-CFTR, E1401K = E1401K-CFTR.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:165:71
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:165:79
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178 Similar to the results from I- uptake studies, CFTR mutants P439S-CFTR, P1290S-CFTR and E1401K-CFTR showed a reduced but significant current increase and activation of whole cell conductance.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:178:60
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187 The location of the P439S mutation is also presented on the 3D structures of the MJ0796 dimer (PDBid: 1L2T; the two subunits are represented in green and yellow) and mNBD1 (PDBid: ROZ; orange) superimposed with MJ0796 monomer (PDBid: 1L2TA; green).
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:187:20
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198 While P439S and E1401K are close toATP binding sites and therefore likely to affect NBD-dimerization andATP binding, respectively, P1290S is located near the interface NBD/MSD, and may interfere with side-chain contacts within the membrane spanning subunit.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:198:6
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200 In the present study, we report biochemical and functional data on three CFTR missense mutations located in NBD1 (P439S) and in NBD2 (P1290S, E1401K).
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:200:114
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210 P439S was identified in heterozygosity with the mild class IV R334W mutation.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:210:0
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216 Mutation P439S was previously reported in a 10-year old Hispanic boy with the R668C mutation in the other chromosome and with somewhat atypical features of CF such as a sweat Cl- level of 59 mmol/L, mild lung disease and pancreatic insufficiency [45].
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:216:9
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217 Based on our present results and since P439S was associated with the very mild R688C mutation [30], it would not be expected a clinical phenotype of pancreatic insufficiency in that patient, as this is usually associated with the presence of severe CFTR mutations [1].
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:217:39
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220 Densitometric analysis showed that the ratio of mature fully-glycosylated to immature core-glycosylated bands detected for P439S-CFTR and P1290S-CFTR was lower than those obtained for wtCFTR, indicating that P439S and P1290S mutations cause dysfunction of CFTR by decreasing total amounts of mature protein.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:220:123
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:220:208
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221 Sub-cellular localization of the three CFTR mutants in HEK293 cells indicated dramatically reduced membrane staining for P439S-CFTR and P1290S-CFTR and suggests biosynthetic arrest of CFTR maturation similar to F508del-CFTR [43, 47].
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:221:121
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224 Thus E1401K probably reduces the activity of CFTR Cl- chan- nels while P439S-CFTR and P1290S-CFTR reduce the number of CFTR channels in the membrane.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:224:71
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225 Further studies using single channel patch clamp will assess if E1401K reduces whole cell conductance by affecting channel open probability or single channel conductance, and if P439S and P1290S also affect CFTR channel pore/gating mechanism.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:225:178
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247 Polyphen analysis indicated that while E1401K (PSIC 1.609) is "possibly damaging", P439S (PSIC 2.396) and P1290S (PSIC 2.108) are "probably damaging" (deleterious) to protein function.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:247:83
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250 Although, data obtained with the available bioinformatic tools must be interpreted with caution, these results confirmed experimental data, suggesting that P439S, P1290S and E1401K interfere with protein function.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:250:156
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253 The other two missense mutations, P439S and P1290S, cause a decrease in the total amounts of the mature protein that might be attributed to a defective processing or an increased protein turnover.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:253:34
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254 In fact, P439S seems to be able to impair the fold stability or folding of post-translational NBD1 subunit, which will disrupt the formation of the NBD1/NBD2 heterodimer.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:254:9
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256 Based on present data and in what has been established for the classification of different CFTR mutations, P439S and P1290S might be classified as class V mutations, associated with reduced levels of normally functioning CFTR.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:256:107
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259 This observation might explain the lower whole-cell Cl- currents determined for P1290S-CFTR when compared with P439S-CFTR and E1401K-CFTR.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:259:111
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264 Although P439S, P1290S and E1401K might not lead to a typical CF phenotpye, the knowledge of the mechanism by which they affect CFTR, improve the ability to interpret and predict the clinical phenotype in patients carrying the studied mutations and may give important insights about the molecular consequences of similar sequence alterations that have been, or remain to be characterized.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 18769034:264:9
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PMID: 15858154 [PubMed] Schrijver I et al: "Diagnostic testing by CFTR gene mutation analysis in a large group of Hispanics: novel mutations and assessment of a population-specific mutation spectrum."
No. Sentence Comment
102 Novel Variants Detected in 257 Hispanic Patients Patient Novel variant 1 Other variants Age and symptoms 1 1429del7bp G542X Newborn with intestinal blockage 2 S573C None 9 years old, pancreatitis, limited clinical history 3 Y913X deltaF508/I1027T 1 month old, vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea 4 E588V deltaF508/R1438W Identified one time in a family, family studies revealed deltaF508 and R1438W are in cis 5 E588V G542X Newborn with pneumonia and sweat chloride of 59 mmol/L 6 P439S R668C 10 years old with mild CF symptoms; another patient with CBAVD has P439S/R334W 7 T604S deltaF508 1 month old 8 874insTACA deltaF508 Newborn with meconium ileus and IUGR 9 2585delT deltaF508/I1027T 13 years old with CF 10 1811 ϩ 1 G to A None 44 years old with positive sweat chloride; also seen in 5-year-old CF patient with 3821delT mutation 11 I285F None 1 year old with chronic respiratory problems, also carries a silent mutation at A455 12 P1372L None 1 month old, rule out CF 13 3271 ϩ 8 A to G None 16 years old, borderline sweat test 14 1341 ϩ 80 G to A None Recurrent sinusitis 15 1525 - 42 G to A None Two patients, one 9 years old with FTT, and one 18 months old with chronic lung disease, pulmonary hypotension, hypoxia CBAVD, congenital bilateral absence of the vas deference; IUGR, intrauterine growth retardation.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 15858154:102:477
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 15858154:102:556
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115 P439S A 10-year-old Hispanic boy with somewhat atypical features of CF has a novel mutation, P439S (1447CϾT), in exon 9.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 15858154:115:0
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 15858154:115:93
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187 CFTR Sequence Variants Identified in Five Comprehensive CFTR Studies in US Hispanics CFTR mutations Alleles Relative mutation frequency (%) (of 317) deltaF508 123 38.80 3876delA 15 4.70 G542X 12 3.80 406 - 1GϾA 8 2.50 3849 ϩ 10kbCϾT 5 1.60 R75X 4 1.30 935delA 4 1.30 S549N 4 1.30 W1204X 4 1.30 R334W 4 1.30 2055del9ϾA 3 1 R74W 3 1 H199Y 3 1 L206W 3 1 663delT 3 1 3120 ϩ 1GϾA 3 1 L997F 3 1 I1027T 3 1 R1066C 3 1 W1089X 3 1 D1270N 3 1 2105del13insAGAAA 3 1 Q98R 2 Ͻ1 E116K 2 Ͻ1 I148T 2 Ͻ1 R668C 2 Ͻ1 P205S 2 Ͻ1 V232D 2 Ͻ1 S492F 2 Ͻ1 T501A 2 Ͻ1 1949del84 2 Ͻ1 Q890X 2 Ͻ1 3271delGG 2 Ͻ1 3272 - 26AϾG 2 Ͻ1 G1244E 2 Ͻ1 D1445N 2 Ͻ1 R553X 2 Ͻ1 E588V 2 Ͻ1 1717 - 8GϾA 2 Ͻ1 A1009T 2 Ͻ1 S1235R 2 Ͻ1 G85E 1 Ͻ1 296 ϩ 28AϾG 1 Ͻ1 406 - 6TϾC 1 Ͻ1 V11I 1 Ͻ1 Q179K 1 Ͻ1 V201 mol/L 1 Ͻ1 874insTACA 1 Ͻ1 I285F 1 Ͻ1 deltaF311 1 Ͻ1 F311L 1 Ͻ1 L320V 1 Ͻ1 T351S 1 Ͻ1 R352W 1 Ͻ1 1248 ϩ 1GϾA 1 Ͻ1 1249 - 29delAT 1 Ͻ1 1288insTA 1 Ͻ1 1341 ϩ 80GϾA 1 Ͻ1 1429del7 1 Ͻ1 1525 - 42GϾA 1 Ͻ1 P439S 1 Ͻ1 1717 - 1GϾA 1 Ͻ1 1811 ϩ 1GϾA 1 Ͻ1 deltaI507 1 Ͻ1 G551D 1 Ͻ1 A559T 1 Ͻ1 Y563N 1 Ͻ1 (Table continues) In this study, we used temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) and direct DNA sequencing to increase the sensitivity of mutation detection in U.S. Hispanics, and to determine whether additional mutations are recurrent.
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ABCC7 p.Pro439Ser 15858154:187:1280
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